scholarly journals Spatial Intra- and Intercellular Alignment of Respiratory Cilia and its Relation to Function

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schneiter ◽  
Sebastian Halm ◽  
Adolfo Odriozola ◽  
Helga Mogel ◽  
Jaroslav Rička ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Respiratory Cilia ◽  
Transport Direction ◽  
Mucociliary Function ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ciliary Dyskinesia ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Volume Electron Microscopy

Ciliary alignment is considered necessary to establish respiratory tract mucociliary clearance, and disorientation is often associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a detailed analysis of ciliary orientation (CO). We used volume electron microscopy to examine CO relative to the tracheal long axis (TLA) by measuring the inter- and intracellular basal body orientation (BBO) and axonemal orientation (AO), which are considered to coincide, both equivalently indicating the effective stroke direction. Our results, however, reveal that only the mean BBO is aligned with the TLA, whereas the AO determines the effective stroke direction as well as the mucociliary transport direction. Furthermore, we show that even if the mean CO is conserved across cell boundaries, a considerable gradient in CO exists within individual cells, which we suspect to be crucial for the emergence of coordinated ciliary activity. Our findings provide new quantitative insight into CO and correlate this new structural information with mucociliary function.

Nasal mucociliary clearance in patients with diabetes mellitus

1989 ◽  
Vol 103 (9) ◽  
pp. 853-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Yue
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Nasal Disease ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insulin Dependent ◽  
Mucociliary Function ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nasal Mucociliary Clearance

AbstractFifty insulin-dependent diabetics and 50 non-diabetics without a history of nasal disease have been studied for nasal problems including mucociliary function complicated by diabetes mellitus. For the diabetics, the mean value of nasal mucociliary clearance was considerably decreased and this was more often associated with dry noses but increased pH-values, both of which were higher than those for non-diabetics (p<0.05). As suggested in earlier literature, more aggressive nasal moistening therapy must be recommended for those patients presenting with these conditions in the light of systemic diabetic abnormalities.

scholarly journals A Quantitative Interspecies Comparison of The Respiratory Mucociliary Clearance Mechanism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Burn ◽  
Martin Schneiter ◽  
Manuel Ryser ◽  
Peter Gehr ◽  
Jaroslav Ricka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Field ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Mucociliary Transport ◽  
Metachronal Wave ◽  
Transport Direction ◽  
Clearance Mechanism ◽  
Lower Ratio ◽  
Metachronal Waves

Abstract Background: Collectively coordinated ciliary activity constantly propels the airway surface liquid, which lines the luminal surface of the vertebrate respiratory system, in cranial direction – constituting mucociliary clearance, the primary defence mechanism of our airways. Our contemporary understanding on how the quantitative characteristics of the metachronal wave field determines the resulting mucociliary transport is still limited, which is partly due to the sparse availability of quantitative observational data. Methods: We employed high-speed video reflection contrast microscopy to simultaneously image and quantitatively characterize the metachronal wave field as well as the mucociliary transport in excised bovine, porcine, ovine, lapine, turkey and ostrich samples of the luminal tracheal wall. Advanced image processing techniques were used to determine the ciliary beating frequency (CBF), the velocity and the wavelength of the metachronal wave as well as the mucociliary transport velocity. Results: The mucociliary transport direction was found to strongly correlate with the mean wave propagation direction in all six species. The CBF yielded similar values (10−15 Hz) for all six species. Birds were found to exhibit considerably higher transport speeds (130−260 μm/s) than mammals (20−80 μm/s). While the average transport direction significantly deviates from the tracheal long axis (TLA) in mammals, no significant deviation from the TLA was found in birds. In comparison to mammals, longer metachronal wavelengths were found in birds. Finally, the metachronal waves were found to propagate at about 4−8 times the speed of mucociliary transport in mammals, whereas the metachronal waves propagate at about the speed of mucociliary transport in birds. Conclusions: The tracheal mucociliary clearance mechanism is based on a symplectic metachronsim in all examined species. The mucociliary transport in birds is fast and roughly follows the TLA, whereas the transport is slower and proceeds along a left-handed spiral in mammals. The longer wavelengths and the lower ratio between the metachronal wave speed and the mucociliary transport speed provide further evidence that the mucociliary clearance mechanism operates differently in birds than in mammals.

scholarly journals Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae surface-associated proteases cleave bradykinin, substance P, neurokinin A and neuropeptide Y

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Maria Jarocki ◽  
Benjamin Bernard Armando Raymond ◽  
Jessica Leigh Tacchi ◽  
Matthew Paul Padula ◽  
Steven Philip Djordjevic
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Ciliary Beat Frequency ◽  
Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae ◽  
Neurokinin A ◽  
Mucociliary Function ◽  
Infectious State ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is an economically-devastating and geographically-widespread pathogen that colonises ciliated epithelium, and destroys mucociliary function. M. hyopneumoniae devotes ~5% of its reduced genome to encode members of the P97 and P102 adhesin families that are critical for colonising epithelial cilia, but mechanisms to impair mucociliary clearance and manipulate host immune response to induce a chronic infectious state have remained elusive. Here we identified two surface exposed M. hyopneumoniae proteases, a putative Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase (MHJ_0659; PepP) and a putative oligoendopeptidase F (MHJ_0522; PepF), using immunofluorescence microscopy and two orthogonal proteomic methodologies. MHJ_0659 and MHJ_0522 were purified as polyhistidine fusion proteins and shown, using a novel MALDI-TOF MS assay, to degrade four pro-inflammatory peptides that regulate lung homeostasis; bradykinin (BK), substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). These findings provide insight into the mechanisms used by M. hyopneumoniae to influence ciliary beat frequency, impair mucociliary clearance, and initiate a chronic infectious disease state in swine, features that are a hallmark of disease caused by this pathogen.

A Systematic Review on Popularity, Application and Characteristics of Protein Secondary Structure Prediction Tools

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaheh Kashani-Amin ◽  
Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy ◽  
Amirhossein Sakhteman ◽  
Bagher Larijani ◽  
Azadeh Ebrahim-Habibi
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Structure Prediction ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Secondary Structure Prediction ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Protein Secondary Structure ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Prediction Tools ◽  
Insight Into

Background: Prediction of proteins’ secondary structure is one of the major steps in the generation of homology models. These models provide structural information which is used to design suitable ligands for potential medicinal targets. However, selecting a proper tool between multiple Secondary Structure Prediction (SSP) options is challenging. The current study is an insight into currently favored methods and tools, within various contexts. Objective: A systematic review was performed for a comprehensive access to recent (2013-2016) studies which used or recommended protein SSP tools. Methods: Three databases, Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus were systematically searched and 99 out of the 209 studies were finally found eligible to extract data. Results: Four categories of applications for 59 retrieved SSP tools were: (I) prediction of structural features of a given sequence, (II) evaluation of a method, (III) providing input for a new SSP method and (IV) integrating an SSP tool as a component for a program. PSIPRED was found to be the most popular tool in all four categories. JPred and tools utilizing PHD (Profile network from HeiDelberg) method occupied second and third places of popularity in categories I and II. JPred was only found in the two first categories, while PHD was present in three fields. Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive insight into the recent usage of SSP tools which could be helpful for selecting a proper tool.

Some Explicit Results for the Mean Spherical Approximation for Mixtures of Yukawa Fluids

2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Henderson ◽  
Osvaldo H. Scalise
Keyword(s):  
Integral Equation ◽  
Spherical Approximation ◽  
Mean Spherical Approximation ◽  
Inverse Temperature ◽  
Temperature Expansion ◽  
Yukawa Fluid ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Full Solution ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Reasonable Model

The mean spherical approximation (MSA) is of interest because it produces an integral equation that yields useful analytical results for a number of fluids. One such case is the Yukawa fluid, which is a reasonable model for a simple fluid. The original MSA solution for this fluid, due to Waisman, is analytic but not explicit. Ginoza has simplified this solution. However, Ginoza's result is not quite explicit. Some years ago, Henderson, Blum, and Noworyta obtained explicit results for the thermodynamic functions of a single-component Yukawa fluid that have proven useful. They expanded Ginoza's result in an inverse-temperature expansion. Even when this expansion is truncated at fifth, or even lower, order, this expansion is nearly as accurate as the full solution and provides insight into the form of the higher-order coefficients in this expansion. In this paper Ginoza's implicit result for the case of a rather special mixture of Yukawa fluids is considered. Explicit results are obtained, again using an inverse-temperature expansion. Numerical results are given for the coefficients in this expansion. Some thoughts concerning the generalization of these results to a general mixture of Yukawa fluids are presented.

Sinonasal effects of external dacryocystorhinostomy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
H Eyigor ◽  
E A Cetinkaya ◽  
D T Coban ◽  
G Ozturk ◽  
Ö Erdem
Keyword(s):  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Nasal Symptom ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Saccharine Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Symptom Scores ◽  
Endoscopic Score ◽  
External Dacryocystorhinostomy

Abstract Objective External dacryocystorhinostomy is thought to cause mucociliary dysfunction by damaging the mucosa, in turn affecting ciliary activity and mucus quality. This study investigated the effect of external dacryocystorhinostomy on sinonasal function. Methods Patients scheduled for unilateral external dacryocystorhinostomy who underwent endoscopic nasal examination and paranasal sinus computed tomography were included in this study. A saccharine test was performed on the planned surgical side and the mucociliary clearance time was determined. The sinonasal quality of life was measured in all patients, pre-operatively and at six months post-operatively, using the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22. The Lund–Kennedy endoscopic score was also determined in all patients, both pre- and post-operatively. Results The study comprised 28 patients (22 females and 6 males). A statistically significant difference was found between the pre- and post-operative saccharine test results (p = 0.006), but not between the pre- and post-operative Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 scores (p > 0.05). Conclusion This study is one of only a few to investigate the effect of external dacryocystorhinostomy on sinonasal function. The results showed that external dacryocystorhinostomy impairs mucociliary clearance. The surgical procedure is well tolerated and does not significantly change nasal symptom scores.

A reduced-peak equivalence for queues with a mixture of light-tailed and heavy-tailed input flows

2003 ◽  
Vol 35 (03) ◽  
pp. 793-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sem Borst ◽  
Bert Zwart
Keyword(s):  
Service Rate ◽  
Opposite Case ◽  
Peak Rate ◽  
Workload Distribution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Heavy Tailed ◽  
Insight Into

We determine the exact large-buffer asymptotics for a mixture of light-tailed and heavy-tailed input flows. Earlier studies have found a ‘reduced-load equivalence’ in situations where the peak rate of the heavy-tailed flows plus the mean rate of the light-tailed flows is larger than the service rate. In that case, the workload is asymptotically equivalent to that in a reduced system, which consists of a certain ‘dominant’ subset of the heavy-tailed flows, with the service rate reduced by the mean rate of all other flows. In the present paper, we focus on the opposite case where the peak rate of the heavy-tailed flows plus the mean rate of the light-tailed flows is smaller than the service rate. Under mild assumptions, we prove that the workload distribution is asymptotically equivalent to that in a somewhat ‘dual’ reduced system, multiplied by a certain prefactor. The reduced system now consists of only the light-tailed flows, with the service rate reduced by the peak rate of the heavy-tailed flows. The prefactor represents the probability that the heavy-tailed flows have sent at their peak rate for more than a certain amount of time, which may be interpreted as the ‘time to overflow’ for the light-tailed flows in the reduced system. The results provide crucial insight into the typical overflow scenario.

Abstract 17199: Airway Mucociliary Clearance is Impaired After Infant Congenital Cardiac Surgery

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 138 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip S Adams ◽  
Timothy Corcoran ◽  
Michael Czachowski ◽  
Al Saville ◽  
Ivy Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Sulfur Colloid ◽  
Congenital Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Icu Length Of Stay ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
First Time ◽  
Ciliary Dyskinesia ◽  
Postoperative Pulmonary Dysfunction

Introduction: A link between congenital heart disease and airway ciliary dyskinesia has been identified. Postoperative pulmonary dysfunction is highly prevalent after cardiac surgery and contributes to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. We hypothesized that respiratory mucociliary clearance (MCC) would be impaired in the immediate postoperative period after infant congenital cardiac surgery. Methods: 41 infants from 5-254 days old underwent MCC scans using nebulized technetium-99m sulfur colloid either immediate postoperative or later postoperative periods after congenital cardiac surgery. Physiologic variables and medications at the time of scan were recorded. Results: There was no significant correlation between MCC and age, gender, race or any of the of the physiologic variables, such as temperature, SpO2, or FiO2, at the time of the MCC scan. MCC was lowest on the first 2 postoperative days, increased at days 3-7, and highest beyond postoperative day 7 (Fig1). Fentanyl (p=0.023) and paralytics agents (p=0.018) were significantly associated with lower MCC, while benzodiazepines (p=0.447) and dexmedetomidine (p=0.675) showed no measurable impact (Table 1). Conclusion: We show for the first time, with quantitative measurements, the near absence of infant MCC in the immediate postoperative period after congenital cardiac surgery. This may be exacerbated by opioid exposure, which should be minimized. Our results further suggest sedative alternatives such as benzodiazepines and dexmedetomidine are preferable to help optimize infant airway clearance. This may reduce ICU length of stay and improve outcomes after cardiac surgery.

Effect of arginine on mucociliary function in primary ciliary dyskinesia

The Lancet ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 352 (9125) ◽  
pp. 371-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J Barnes ◽  
Stelios Loukides ◽  
Sergei Kharitonov ◽  
Teresa Wodehouse ◽  
Peter J Cole
Keyword(s):  
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia ◽  
Mucociliary Function ◽  
Ciliary Dyskinesia
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