scholarly journals Diversity of responses of soil saprobic fungi to recurring heat events

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Szymczak ◽  
Masahiro Ryo ◽  
Matthias C. Rillig
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Perturbation ◽  
Saprobic Fungi ◽  
Extreme Heat Events ◽  
Synergistic Response ◽  
Heat Pulses ◽  
Heat Events

AbstractAs a consequence of ongoing climate change, the frequency of extreme heat events is expected to increase. Recurring heat pulses may disrupt functions supported by soil microorganisms, thus affecting the entire ecosystem. However, most perturbation experiments only test effects of single heat events, and therefore it remains largely unknown how soil microorganisms react to repeated pulse events. Here we present data from a lab experiment exposing 32 filamentous fungi, originally isolated from the same soil, to sequential heat perturbations. Soil saprobic fungi isolates were exposed to one or two heat pulses: mild (35°C/2h), strong (45°C/1h), or both in sequence (35°C/2h+45°C/1h), and we assessed growth rate. Out of the 32 isolates 13 isolates showed an antagonistic response, 3 isolates a synergistic response and 16 isolates responded in an additive manner. These differences in species responses to the thermal environment may contribute to species coexistence, and such dissimilarities in thermal perturbation responses may be a key aspect influencing ecosystem services that soil saprobic fungi support.

scholarly journals A heatwave forecast service for Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynette Bettio ◽  
John R. Nairn ◽  
Steven C. McGibbony ◽  
Pandora Hope ◽  
Andrew Tupper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Australian Bureau ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Extreme Heat Events ◽  
Health Infrastructure ◽  
Weather And Climate ◽  
High Maximum ◽  
Heat Events

The Australian Bureau of Meteorology monitors, researches, predicts and communicates Australia’s weather and climate. Australia’s mean temperature has risen by over 1°C since 1910, leading to an increase in the frequency of extreme heat events. Extreme heat can profoundly impact human health, infrastructure and the environment. Research conducted at the Bureau and elsewhere shows that climate change is impacting the intensity and frequency of extreme heat events. One way that the Bureau has responded to this challenge is by providing a forecast service specifically targeted at identifying heatwaves. The heatwave service identifies areas expected to be impacted by three or more consecutive days of unusually high maximum and minimum temperatures on a national map. The service has been developed with clear impact-based categories of heatwave severity. This heatwave service is now available operationally on the Bureau’s website during the heatwave season (nominally November to March) and is proving a valuable tool for engaging the community, including emergency services, with forecasts and warnings of extreme heat.

scholarly journals Extreme heat events and the vulnerability of endemic montane fishes to climate change

Ecography ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1913-1925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Troia ◽  
Xingli Giam
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Extreme Heat Events ◽  
Heat Events

Climate Change and Extreme Heat Events

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Luber ◽  
Michael McGeehin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Extreme Heat Events ◽  
Heat Events

scholarly journals Climate Change and the Impact of Extreme Temperatures on Aviation

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Coffel ◽  
R. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Airline Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Weight Restrictions ◽  
Weight Restriction ◽  
Extreme Heat Events ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Heat Events

Abstract Temperature and airport elevation significantly influence the maximum allowable takeoff weight of an aircraft by changing the surface air density and thus the lift produced at a given speed. For a given runway length, airport elevation, and aircraft type, there is a temperature threshold above which the airplane cannot take off at its maximum weight and thus must be weight restricted. The number of summer days necessitating weight restriction has increased since 1980 along with the observed increase in surface temperature. Climate change is projected to increase mean temperatures at all airports and to significantly increase the frequency and severity of extreme heat events at some. These changes will negatively affect aircraft performance, leading to increased weight restrictions, especially at airports with short runways and little room to expand. For a Boeing 737-800 aircraft, it was found that the number of weight-restriction days between May and September will increase by 50%–200% at four major airports in the United States by 2050–70 under the RCP8.5 emissions scenario. These performance reductions may have a negative economic effect on the airline industry. Increased weight restrictions have previously been identified as potential impacts of climate change, but this study is the first to quantify the effect of higher temperatures on commercial aviation. Planning for changes in extreme heat events will help the aviation industry to reduce its vulnerability to this aspect of climate change.

scholarly journals Organizing the institutional Public Health response to heat under climate change: A scoping review

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Boeckmann ◽  
G Sanchez Martinez ◽  
V Kendrovski
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Extreme Heat Events ◽  
Health Action ◽  
Heat Events

Abstract Background Extreme heat events are a major health risk, and their intensity and frequency are expected to increase under climate change. Heat health action plans (HHAP) aim to prevent adverse health effects through measures such as warning systems or communication campaigns. This scoping review asked whether the peer-reviewed Public Health literature suggests evidence for good practice governance of HHAP. Methods Databases PubMed and Web of Science were searched using search string combinations of heat, policy, warning system, and related terms. Data was extracted into a pre-defined extraction table based on theory-driven variables related to responsibilities, processes of stakeholder involvement, evaluation and whether good practice advice was provided. Findings were narratively synthesized and gaps in the current knowledge evaluated from a normative standpoint. Results Searches resulted in 6681 hits. After title, abstract and full text screening, 20 articles were assessed, 11 from Europe and 9 from other regions. Findings on structure of governance revealed that the Ministry of Health or Ministry for the Environment leads the development of an adaptation plan or HHAP guidance, while locally Departments of Health most often lead coordination of actions. Interagency cooperation was reported as essential, while in the majority of included studies the public are perceived as recipients of advice and warnings rather than as active stakeholders. Tailoring national guidance to local contexts as well as raising awareness of the plan not only among the public but also among all levels of management was one suggested good practice. Conclusions Few articles explicitly examine the organization of HHAP and no conclusions about whether a specific approach is superior can be drawn from these studies. To adequately protect human health from extreme heat events, an assessment of whether current governance structures are able to provide effective heat health action could be useful. Key messages The peer-reviewed literature does not provide information on which type of HHAP governance is superior. In the absence of a gold standard, it should be assessed what stakeholders and discourses are absent from HHAP governance to ensure vulnerable groups are adequately addressed by HHAP.

Foraging behaviour of mulga birds in Western Australia. I. Use of resources and temporal effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry F. Recher ◽  
William E. Davis Jr
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Extreme Heat Events ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Heat Events

The foraging behaviour of mulga birds in the Murchison and Gascoyne Bioregions was studied in 1999 following a period of heavy rain and again in 2002 when it was dry. Mulga birds allocated foraging resources in a similar fashion to other bird communities, with species differing in the way that prey were taken, the substrates and plant species on which prey were found, and the heights at which prey were sought. The numbers of birds and bird species in the study areas declined with drier conditions and there was less breeding activity. Nomadic species, including honeyeaters, seed-eaters, and insect-eaters, largely left the area as it became drier and food resources changed. The birds that remained foraged differently when it was drier than when conditions were wetter and food more abundant. These observations illustrate the fragility of the mulga avifauna and its likely sensitivity to long-term climate change with predicted increasing temperatures, more extreme heat events, and reduced winter rainfall. Conservation of mulga birds and associated flora and fauna requires a whole-of-landscape approach and the adoption of land management practices by Australian governments and land managers that will allow species to adapt to climate change and guarantee their right to evolve.

Extreme heat events and health vulnerabilities among immigrant and newcomer populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Joann Varickanickal ◽  
K. Bruce Newbold
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Extreme Heat Events ◽  
Canadian Context ◽  
Socially Isolated ◽  
Heat Events

With higher temperatures linked to increased human morbidity and mortality, the projected increase in the number of extreme heat events (EHEs) due to climate change poses increased risks. Although the old, individuals with pre-existing illnesses, the socially isolated, and individuals with low income or low educational status are more vulnerable to the health effects of EHEs and are targeted in public health messaging, newcomers and immigrants may be less aware of the dangers of EHEs. The impacts of EHEs on the immigrant and newcomer population are not well documented in the Canadian context and the combination of a greater number of heat events and a growing and diverse immigrant population necessitates further exploration. Framed by intersectionality and using Hamilton, Ontario, as a case example, this work explores the barriers that may affect immigrant’s awareness of EHEs.

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