scholarly journals A cross-species neural integration of gravity for motor optimisation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremie Gaveau ◽  
Sidney Grospretre ◽  
Dora Angelaki ◽  
Charalambos Papaxanthis
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Strategy ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Single Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Neural Integration ◽  
Gravity Effects ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Muscular Activation

AbstractRecent kinematic results, combined with model simulations, have provided support for the hypothesis that the human brain uses an internal model of gravity to shape motor patterns that minimise muscle effort. Because many different muscular activation patterns can give rise to the same trajectory, here we analyse muscular activation patterns during single-degree-of-freedom arm movements in various directions, which allow to specifically investigating gravity-related movement properties. Using a well-known decomposition method of tonic and phasic electromyographic activities, we demonstrate that phasic EMGs present systematic negative phases. This negativity demonstrates that gravity effects are harvested to save muscle effort and reveals that the brain implements an optimal motor plan using gravity to accelerate downward and decelerate upward movements. Furthermore, for the first time, we compare experimental findings in humans to monkeys, thereby generalising the Effort-optimization strategy across species.

scholarly journals A cross-species neural integration of gravity for motor optimization

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (15) ◽  
pp. eabf7800
Author(s):  
Jeremie Gaveau ◽  
Sidney Grospretre ◽  
Bastien Berret ◽  
Dora E. Angelaki ◽  
Charalambos Papaxanthis
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Strategy ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Single Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Single Degree ◽  
Neural Integration ◽  
Gravity Effects ◽  
Neural Signature ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Muscular Activation

Recent kinematic results, combined with model simulations, have provided support for the hypothesis that the human brain shapes motor patterns that use gravity effects to minimize muscle effort. Because many different muscular activation patterns can give rise to the same trajectory, here, we specifically investigate gravity-related movement properties by analyzing muscular activation patterns during single-degree-of-freedom arm movements in various directions. Using a well-known decomposition method of tonic and phasic electromyographic activities, we demonstrate that phasic electromyograms (EMGs) present systematic negative phases. This negativity reveals the optimal motor plan’s neural signature, where the motor system harvests the mechanical effects of gravity to accelerate downward and decelerate upward movements, thereby saving muscle effort. We compare experimental findings in humans to monkeys, generalizing the Effort-optimization strategy across species.

Information-based decoding of the coupling among human brain activity and movement paths

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shahul Mujib Kamal ◽  
Norazryana Mat Dawi ◽  
Hamidreza Namazi
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Physiological Signals ◽  
Human Walking ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Rehabilitation Science ◽  
Information Contents ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Reaction

BACKGROUND: Walking like many other actions of a human is controlled by the brain through the nervous system. In fact, if a problem occurs in our brain, we cannot walk correctly. Therefore, the analysis of the coupling of brain activity and walking is very important especially in rehabilitation science. The complexity of movement paths is one of the factors that affect human walking. For instance, if we walk on a path that is more complex, our brain activity increases to adjust our movements. OBJECTIVE: This study for the first time analyzed the coupling of walking paths and brain reaction from the information point of view. METHODS: We analyzed the Shannon entropy for electroencephalography (EEG) signals versus the walking paths in order to relate their information contents. RESULTS: According to the results, walking on a path that contains more information causes more information in EEG signals. A strong correlation (p= 0.9999) was observed between the information contents of EEG signals and walking paths. Our method of analysis can also be used to investigate the relation among other physiological signals of a human and walking paths, which has great benefits in rehabilitation science.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of anandamide and N-palmitoylethanolamine by sequential actions of phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase D

2004 ◽  
Vol 380 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Xin SUN ◽  
Kazuhito TSUBOI ◽  
Yasuo OKAMOTO ◽  
Takeharu TONAI ◽  
Makoto MURAKAMI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Brain Homogenate ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Lysophospholipase D ◽  
Pla2 Enzyme ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
The Brain

Anandamide (an endocannabinoid) and other bioactive long-chain NAEs (N-acylethanolamines) are formed by direct release from N-acyl-PE (N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine) by a PLD (phospholipase D). However, the possible presence of a two-step pathway from N-acyl-PE has also been suggested previously, which comprises (1) the hydrolysis of N-acyl-PE to N-acyl-lysoPE by PLA1/PLA2 enzyme(s) and (2) the release of NAEs from N-acyllysoPE by lysoPLD (lysophospholipase D) enzyme(s). In the present study we report for the first time the characterization of enzymes responsible for this pathway. The PLA1/PLA2 activity for N-palmitoyl-PE was found in various rat tissues, with the highest activity in the stomach. This stomach enzyme was identified as group IB sPLA2 (secretory PLA2), and its product was determined as N-acyl-1-acyl-lysoPE. Recombinant group IB, IIA and V of sPLA2s were also active with N-palmitoyl-PE, whereas group X sPLA2 and cytosolic PLA2α were inactive. In addition, we found wide distribution of lysoPLD activity generating N-palmitoylethanolamine from N-palmitoyl-lysoPE in rat tissues, with higher activities in the brain and testis. Based on several lines of enzymological evidence, the lysoPLD enzyme could be distinct from the known N-acyl-PE-hydrolysing PLD. sPLA2-IB dose dependently enhanced the production of N-palmitoylethanolamine from N-palmitoyl-PE in the brain homogenate showing the lysoPLD activity. N-Arachidonoyl-PE and N-arachidonoyl-lysoPE as anandamide precursors were also good substrates of sPLA2-IB and the lysoPLD respectively. These results suggest that the sequential actions of PLA2 and lysoPLD may constitute another biosynthetic pathway for NAEs, including anandamide.

NO nerves in a tapeworm. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry in adult Hymenolepis diminuta

Parasitology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 559-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. S. Gustafsson ◽  
A. M. Lindholm ◽  
N. B. Terenina ◽  
M. Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nadph Diaphorase ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Internal Seminal Vesicle ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nerve Cords

SUMMARYThe free radical nitric oxide (NO), which is synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), has recently been discovered to function as a neuronal messenger. The presence of NOS was detected in the nervous system of adult Hymenolepis diminuta with NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. The NADPH-d histochemical reaction is regarded as a selective marker for NOS in neuronal tissue. NADPH-d staining was observed in nerve fibres in the main and minor nerve cords and the transverse ring commissures, and in cell bodies in the brain commissure, along the main nerve cords, in the suckers and the rostellar sac. NADPH-d staining was also observed in the wall of the internal seminal vesicle and the genital atrium. The pattern of NADPH-d staining was compared with that of the 5-HT immunoreactive nervous elements. The NADPH-d staining reaction and the 5-HT immunoreactivity occur in separate sets of neurons. This is the first time the NADPH-d reaction has been demonstrated in the nervous system of a flatworm, indicating that NOS is present and that NO can be produced at this level of evolution.

Cocaine Dependence Produce Psychiatric Symptoms - a Case Report

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
M. Stankovic ◽  
S. Vucetic-Arsic ◽  
S. Alcaz ◽  
J. Cvejic
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Male Patient ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Cocaine Dependence ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Outpatient Unit ◽  
Special Hospital ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain

Aim:We want to present a polymorphic clinical features like: hallutinations, paranoid ideas, agitation and violence as a result of prolonged cocaine intranasal consumption.Methods:We exposed a 30-year old male patient with ICD-X diagnostic criteria for cocaine dependence (intranasal consumption) that treated in the outpatient unit of Special Hospital of Addicitons, Belgrade, Serbia from April to July 2008. We used the medical records, psychical examination, psychiatric interwievs, standard blood sampling and cocaine urine detections sample (positive).Results:Observations a specific and polymorphic clinical features with presence of psychotic symptoms after cocaine consumptions in our male patient, for the first time after 5 years of cocaine dependence: auditory hallucinations (two- voice speakers), paranoid persecution ideas and suspiciousness, agitation with appearance of vegetative symptomatology (palpitations, sweating, pupil dilatation), extremely violence behavior to other people, complete social reductions (“armed to the outside world”, refused any personal contact and isolated from friends and family, permanent outdoor checking). There was an intensive fear too and impaired judgment.Conclusions:Permanent cocaine consumption can result with produce a numerous of psychiatric symptoms and syndromes as our experience does. It is similar to the findings of other studies and papers reviewed. It is suppose that cocaine has numerous effects on important neurotransmitters in the brain, such as increase as well as the release of dopamine and it related with aggressiveness, hallucinations and other psychiatric symptoms.

Simultaneous estimation of simvstatin and piperine in its formulation by UV spectrophotometric method

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Vijayamma G ◽  
Panneerselvam P ◽  
Siddeswari T ◽  
Nithya Kalyani K ◽  
Jeslin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
The Body ◽  
Simultaneous Estimation ◽  
Chemical Release ◽  
Standard Solution ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Herbal Formulations ◽  
Validation Experiments

The active ingredient, called piperine, is present in black pepper. The ions are very small so they are easily consumed by the tissue and nervous system, causing the chemical release within the brain. Piperine has been shown to help ease gastrointestinal ailments, help with vomiting, and has the ability to help with inflammation of the body. This explains to us how simvastatin can help expedite piperine in the body. The new, clear, effective, quick, accurate ultraviolet spectrophotometric method has to be validated and developed for the study of simvastatin and piperine in bulk and poly-herbal formulations. Data from validation experiments was tested using methodological techniques. Since processing at a wavelength of 285nm, the standard solution appeared to have a far higher absorbance than at other wavelengths. Normal simvastatin and piperine have been measured in varying amounts, and they make spectrums of overlays. In Beer Law, the concentration (C) of a solvent is plotted against the absorbance (A) from a calibration curve, as a result. A linearity range of between 14and 39μg/mL was observed. The sample was tested by prorating the standard deviation and standard error of the approximate means with the sample size, demonstrating the accuracy and the precision of the methods used in the analysis. Based on the experimental findings, it can be easily inferred that for UV spectrometry estimation of simvastatin and piperine from pharmaceutical intravenous liquid formulation, the proposed method is very simple, fast, accurate, precise, economical and reproducible.

Information-based analysis of the coupling between brain and heart reactions to olfactory stimulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Najmeh Pakniyat ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Babini ◽  
Vladimir V. Kulish ◽  
Hamidreza Namazi
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Ecg Signals ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg ◽  
First Time ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
The Brain

BACKGROUND: Analysis of the heart activity is one of the important areas of research in biomedical science and engineering. For this purpose, scientists analyze the activity of the heart in various conditions. Since the brain controls the heart’s activity, a relationship should exist among their activities. OBJECTIVE: In this research, for the first time the coupling between heart and brain activities was analyzed by information-based analysis. METHODS: Considering Shannon entropy as the indicator of the information of a system, we recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals of 13 participants (7 M, 6 F, 18–22 years old) in different external stimulations (using pineapple, banana, vanilla, and lemon flavors as olfactory stimuli) and evaluated how the information of EEG signals and R-R time series (as heart rate variability (HRV)) are linked. RESULTS: The results indicate that the changes in the information of the R-R time series and EEG signals are strongly correlated (ρ=-0.9566). CONCLUSION: We conclude that heart and brain activities are related.

scholarly journals Mapping the common and distinct neural correlates of visual, rule and motor conflict

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryony Goulding Mew ◽  
Darije Custovic ◽  
Eyal Soreq ◽  
Romy Lorenz ◽  
Ines Violante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
The Common ◽  
Full Factorial ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Categorical Scale ◽  
Conflict Types

AbstractFlexible behaviour requires cognitive-control mechanisms to efficiently resolve conflict between competing information and alternative actions. Whether a global neural resource mediates all forms of conflict or this is achieved within domainspecific systems remains debated. We use a novel fMRI paradigm to orthogonally manipulate rule, response and stimulus-based conflict within a full-factorial design. Whole-brain voxelwise analyses show that activation patterns associated with these conflict types are distinct but partially overlapping within Multiple Demand Cortex (MDC), the brain regions that are most commonly active during cognitive tasks. Region of interest analysis shows that most MDC sub-regions are activated for all conflict types, but to significantly varying levels. We propose that conflict resolution is an emergent property of distributed brain networks, the functional-anatomical components of which place on a continuous, not categorical, scale from domain-specialised to domain general. MDC brain regions place towards one end of that scale but display considerable functional heterogeneity.

scholarly journals Galectin-3 in the Gut-liver axis Regulates Autistic-like Behaviors by Mechanism Associated with Cerebral Shank-3+ cell Niches in BALB/c Mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Lemos ◽  
Caio Prins ◽  
Raul Carpi-Santos ◽  
Ingrid Waclawiak ◽  
Sofia Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Cell Junctions ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Autistic Behavior ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Galectin 3 ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Galectin-3 stabilizes cell-cell junctions and regulates inflammatory pathways in the gut-liver axis. Galectin-3 knockout (Lgals3−/−) mice have atypical behaviors by obscure mechanisms. Given that BALB/c mice naturally develop low-sociability, stereotypies and restrict interest, they have been included as autism experimental model. Our major aims were to investigate whether galectin-3 in the gut-liver axis interferes with autistic-like behaviors analyzing BALB/c Lgals3−/− mice or under partial inhibition of galectin-3 oral intake of cow’s milk for 7 days. Behavioral patterns were assessed using a three-chambers test, open field, and self-grooming. Histological analysis and immunohistochemistry (Galectin-3, NOS-2, Iba-1, Ki-67, Dll-4, Shank-3, Synaptophysin and Drebrin) were performed in gut, liver, and/or brain. Lgals3−/− mice amplified stereotypies, social retraction and restrict interest associated with reduction of cerebral Shank-3+ cells. In Lgals3+/+ mice, cow’s milk intake also amplified atypical behaviors, reduced galectin-3 in enterocytes and Kupffer cells, and disturbed niches of intestinal KI67+ and Dll-4+ cells and hepatic NOS2+ cells. In the brain of milk-treated mice, Iba-1+ microglial cells and NOS2+ Purkinje cells were increased whereas Shank-3+ and Drebrin+Synaptophysin+ cells were reduced suggesting, for the first time, that galectin-3 interferes with autistic behavior. Perhaps, a perspective to new therapies in genetically predisposed individuals to atypical behaviors.

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