scholarly journals Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF66 is essential for late gene expression and virus production via interaction with ORF34

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadashi Watanabe ◽  
Mayu Nishimura ◽  
Taisuke Izumi ◽  
Kazushi Kuriyama ◽  
Yuki Iwaisako ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽  
Virus Production ◽  
Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Immediate Early ◽  
Late Gene ◽  
Viral Production ◽  
Late Gene Expression

ABSTRACTKaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is closely associated with B-cell and endothelial cell malignancies. After the initial infection, KSHV retains its viral genome in the nucleus of the host cell and establishes a lifelong latency. During lytic infection, KSHV encoded lytic-related proteins are expressed in a sequential manner and are classified as immediate early, early, and late gene transcripts. The transcriptional initiation of KSHV late genes is thought to require the complex formation of the virus specific pre-initiation complex (vPIC), which may consist of at least 6 transcription factors (ORF18, 24, 30, 31, 34, and 66). However, the functional role of ORF66 in vPIC during KSHV replication remains largely unclear. Here, we generated ORF66-deficient KSHV using a BAC system to evaluate its role during viral replication. While ORF66-deficient KSHV demonstrated mainly attenuated late gene expression and decreased viral production, viral DNA replication was unaffected. CHIP analysis showed that ORF66 bound to the promoters of late gene (K8.1), but did not to those of latent gene (ORF72), immediate early gene (ORF16) and early gene (ORF46/47). Furthermore, we found that three highly conserved C-X-X-C sequences and a conserved leucine-repeat in the C-terminal region of ORF66 were essential for interaction with ORF34 and viral production. The interaction between ORF66 and ORF34 occurred in a zinc-dependent manner. Our data support a model, in which ORF66 serves as a critical vPIC component to promote late viral gene expression and viral production.IMPORTANCEKSHV ORF66, a late gene product, and vPIC are thought to contribute significantly to late gene expression during the lytic replication. However, the physiological importance of ORF66 in terms of viral replication and vPIC formation remains poorly understood. Therfore, we generated a ORF66-deficient BAC clone and evaluated its viral replication. Results showed that ORF66 played a critical role in virus production and the transcription of L genes. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing ORF66 function in virus replication using ORF66-deficient KSHV. We also clarified that ORF66 interacted with the transcription start site ofK8.1gene, a late gene. Furthermore, we identified the ORF34-binding motifs in the ORF66 C-terminus: three C-X-X-C sequences and a leucine-repeat sequence, which are highly conserved among β- and γ-herpesviruses. Our study provides insights into the regulatory mechanisms of not only the late gene expression of KSHV but also those of other herpesviruses.

scholarly journals Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF66 Is Essential for Late Gene Expression and Virus Production via Interaction with ORF34

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadashi Watanabe ◽  
Mayu Nishimura ◽  
Taisuke Izumi ◽  
Kazushi Kuriyama ◽  
Yuki Iwaisako ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽  
Virus Production ◽  
Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽  
Lytic Infection ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Immediate Early ◽  
Late Gene ◽  
Late Gene Expression

ABSTRACT Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is closely associated with B-cell and endothelial cell malignancies. After the initial infection, KSHV retains its viral genome in the nucleus of the host cell and establishes a lifelong latency. During lytic infection, KSHV-encoded lytic-related proteins are expressed in a sequential manner and are classified as immediate early, early, and late (L) gene transcripts. The transcriptional initiation of KSHV late genes is thought to require the complex formation of the viral preinitiation complex (vPIC), which may consist of at least 6 transcription factors (ORF18, -24, -30, -31, -34, and -66). However, the functional role of ORF66 in vPIC during KSHV replication remains largely unclear. Here, we generated ORF66-deficient KSHV using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) system to evaluate its role during viral replication. While ORF66-deficient KSHV demonstrated mainly attenuated late gene expression and decreased virus production, viral DNA replication was unaffected. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that ORF66 bound to the promoters of a late gene (K8.1) but did not bind to those of a latent gene (ORF72), an immediate early gene (ORF16), or an early gene (ORF46/47). Furthermore, we found that three highly conserved C-X-X-C sequences and a conserved leucine repeat in the C-terminal region of ORF66 were essential for the interaction with ORF34, the transcription of K8.1, and virus production. The interaction between ORF66 and ORF34 occurred in a zinc-dependent manner. Our data support a model in which ORF66 serves as a critical vPIC component to promote late viral gene expression and virus production. IMPORTANCE KSHV ORF66 is expressed during the early stages of lytic infection, and ORF66 and vPIC are thought to contribute significantly to late gene expression. However, the physiological importance of ORF66 in terms of vPIC formation remains poorly understood. Therefore, we generated an ORF66-deficient BAC clone and evaluated its viral replication. The results showed that ORF66 plays a critical role in virus production and the transcription of L genes. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing the function of ORF66 in virus replication using ORF66-deficient KSHV. We also clarified that ORF66 interacts with the transcription start site of the K8.1 gene, a late gene. Furthermore, we identified the ORF34-binding motifs in the ORF66 C terminus: three C-X-X-C sequences and a leucine-repeat sequence, which are highly conserved among beta- and gammaherpesviruses. Our study provides insights into the regulatory mechanisms of not only the late gene expression of KSHV but also those of other herpesviruses.

scholarly journals Murine Cytomegalovirus Protein pM91 Interacts with pM79 and Is Critical for Viral Late Gene Expression

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deng Pan ◽  
Tian Han ◽  
Shubing Tang ◽  
Wenjia Xu ◽  
Qunchao Bao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Virus Production ◽  
Progeny Virus ◽  
Late Gene ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Late Gene Expression ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Progeny Virus Production

ABSTRACTViral gene expression is tightly regulated during cytomegalovirus (CMV) lytic replication, but the detailed mechanism of late gene transcription remains to be fully understood. Previous studies reported that six viral proteins (named viral transactivation factors [vTFs]) supporting late gene expression were conserved in beta- and gammaherpesviruses but not in alphaherpesviruses. Here, we performed coimmunoprecipitation experiments to elucidate the organization of these six proteins in murine CMV. Our results showed that these proteins formed a complex by both direct and indirect interactions. Specifically, pM91 strongly bound to pM79 even in the absence of other vTFs. Similar to pM79, pM91 exhibited early-late expression kinetics and localized within nuclear viral replication compartments during infection. Functional analysis was also performed using the pM91-deficient virus. Real-time PCR results revealed that abrogation of M91 expression markedly reduced viral late gene expression and progeny virus production without affecting viral DNA synthesis. Using mutagenesis, we found that residues E61, D62, D89, and D96 in pM91 were required for the pM91-pM79 interaction. Disruption of the interaction via E61A/D62A or D89A/D96A double mutation in the context of virus infection inhibited progeny virus production. Our data indicate that pM91 is a component of the viral late gene transcription factor complex and that the pM91-pM79 interaction is essential for viral late gene expression.IMPORTANCECytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the leading cause of birth defects and causes morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. The regulation of viral late gene transcription is not well elucidated, and understanding of this process benefits the development of novel therapeutics against CMV infection. This study (i) identified that six viral transactivation factors encoded by murine CMV form a complex, (ii) demonstrated that pM91 interacts with pM79 and that pM91 and pM79 colocalize in the nuclear viral replication compartments, (iii) confirmed that pM91 is critical for viral late gene expression but dispensable for viral DNA replication, and (iv) revealed that the pM91-pM79 interaction is required for progeny virus production. These findings give an explanation of how CMV regulates late gene expression and have important implications for the design of antiviral strategies.

scholarly journals The Interaction between ORF18 and ORF30 Is Required for Late Gene Expression in Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelica F. Castañeda ◽  
Britt A. Glaunsinger
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽  
Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽  
Late Gene ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Gene Promoters ◽  
Late Gene Expression ◽  
Late Genes ◽  
Kaposi's Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus ◽  
Kaposi’S Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus

ABSTRACTIn the beta- and gammaherpesviruses, a specialized complex of viral transcriptional activators (vTAs) coordinate to direct expression of virus-encoded late genes, which are critical for viral assembly and whose transcription initiates only after the onset of viral DNA replication. The vTAs in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are ORF18, ORF24, ORF30, ORF31, ORF34, and ORF66. While the general organization of the vTA complex has been mapped, the individual roles of these proteins and how they coordinate to activate late gene promoters remain largely unknown. Here, we performed a comprehensive mutational analysis of the conserved residues in ORF18, which is a highly interconnected vTA component. Surprisingly, the mutants were largely selective for disrupting the interaction with ORF30 but not the other three ORF18 binding partners. Furthermore, disrupting the ORF18-ORF30 interaction weakened the vTA complex as a whole, and an ORF18 point mutant that failed to bind ORF30 was unable to complement an ORF18 null virus. Thus, contacts between individual vTAs are critical as even small disruptions in this complex result in profound defects in KSHV late gene expression.IMPORTANCEKaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma and other B-cell cancers and remains a leading cause of death in immunocompromised individuals. A key step in the production of infectious virions is the transcription of viral late genes, which generates capsid and structural proteins and requires the coordination of six viral proteins that form a complex. The role of these proteins during transcription complex formation and the importance of protein-protein interactions are not well understood. Here, we focused on a central component of the complex, ORF18, and revealed that disruption of its interaction with even a single component of the complex (ORF30) prevents late gene expression and completion of the viral lifecycle. These findings underscore how individual interactions between the late gene transcription components are critical for both the stability and function of the complex.

scholarly journals Interaction between ORF24 and ORF34 in the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Late Gene Transcription Factor Complex Is Essential for Viral Late Gene Expression

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 599-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe H. Davis ◽  
Charles R. Hesser ◽  
Jimin Park ◽  
Britt A. Glaunsinger
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽  
Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽  
Late Gene ◽  
Late Gene Expression ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Interaction Interface ◽  
Kaposi's Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus ◽  
Kaposi’S Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus ◽  
Transcription Factor Complex

Transcription of herpesviral late genes is stimulated after the onset of viral DNA replication but otherwise restricted. Late gene expression in gammaherpesviruses requires the coordination of six early viral proteins, termed viral transactivation factors (vTFs). Here, we mapped the organization of this protein complex for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Disruption of this complex via point mutation of the interaction interface between the open reading frame 24 (ORF24) and ORF34 vTFs ablated both late gene expression and viral replication.

scholarly journals The interaction between ORF18 and ORF30 is required for late gene expression in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelica F Castañeda ◽  
Britt A Glaunsinger
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽  
Mutational Analysis ◽  
Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽  
Late Gene ◽  
Gene Promoters ◽  
Late Gene Expression ◽  
Kaposi's Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Kaposi’S Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus

AbstractIn the beta- and gammaherpesviruses, a specialized complex of viral transcriptional activators (vTAs) coordinate to direct expression of virus-encoded late genes, which are critical for viral assembly and whose transcription initiates only after the onset of viral DNA replication. The vTAs in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are ORF18, ORF24, ORF30, ORF31, ORF34, and ORF66. While the general organization of the vTA complex has been mapped, the individual roles of these proteins, and how they coordinate to activate late gene promoters, remains largely unknown. Here, we performed a comprehensive mutational analysis of the conserved residues in ORF18, which is a highly interconnected vTA component. Surprisingly, the mutants were largely selective for disrupting the interaction with ORF30 but not the other three ORF18 binding partners. Furthermore, disrupting the ORF18-ORF30 interaction weakened the vTA complex as a whole, and an ORF18 point mutant that failed to bind ORF30 was unable to complement an ORF18 null virus. Thus, contacts between individual vTAs are critical, as even small disruptions in this complex result in profound defects in KSHV late gene expression.

scholarly journals Kinetics of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Gene Expression

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 2232-2242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ren Sun ◽  
Su-Fang Lin ◽  
Katherine Staskus ◽  
Lyndle Gradoville ◽  
Elizabeth Grogan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽  
Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽  
Immediate Early Gene ◽  
Lytic Cycle ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Immediate Early ◽  
Early Genes ◽  
Kaposi’S Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus

ABSTRACT Herpesvirus gene expression can be classified into four distinct kinetic stages: latent, immediate early, early, and late. Here we characterize the kinetic class of a group of 16 Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)/human herpesvirus 8 genes in a cultured primary effusion cell line and examine the expression of a subset of these genes in KS biopsies. Expression of two latent genes, LANA and vFLIP, was constitutive and was not induced by chemicals that induce the lytic cycle in primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell lines. An immediate-early gene, Rta (open reading frame 50 [ORF50]), was induced within 4 h of the addition of n-butyrate, and its 3.6-kb mRNA was resistant to inhibition by cycloheximide. Early genes, including K3 and K5 that are homologues of the “immediate-early” gene of bovine herpesvirus 4, K8 that is a positional homologue of Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1, vMIP II, vIL-6, and polyadenylated nuclear (PAN) RNA, appeared 8 to 13 h after chemical induction. A second group of early genes that were slightly delayed in their appearance included viral DHFR, thymidylate synthase, vMIP I, G protein-coupled receptor, K12, vBcl2, and a lytic transcript that overlapped LANA. The transcript of sVCA (ORF65), a late gene whose expression was abolished by Phosphonoacetic acid, an inhibitor of KSHV DNA replication, did not appear until 30 h after induction. Single-cell assays indicated that the induction of lytic cycle transcripts resulted from the recruitment of additional cells into the lytic cycle. In situ hybridization of KS biopsies showed that about 3% of spindle-shaped tumor cells expressed Rta, ORF K8, vIL-6, vMIP I, vBcl-2, PAN RNA, and sVCA. Our study shows that several KSHV-encoded homologues of cellular cytokines, chemokines, and antiapoptotic factors are expressed during the viral lytic cycle in PEL cell lines and in KS biopsies. The lytic cycle of KSHV, probably under the initial control of the KSHV/Rta gene, may directly contribute to tumor pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Association of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF31 with ORF34 and ORF24 Is Critical for Late Gene Expression

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (11) ◽  
pp. 6148-6154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Brulois ◽  
Lai-Yee Wong ◽  
Hye-Ra Lee ◽  
Priyanka Sivadas ◽  
Armin Ensser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽  
Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽  
Late Gene ◽  
Late Gene Expression ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Late Genes ◽  
Kaposi's Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus ◽  
Kaposi’S Sarcoma Associated Herpesvirus

Transcription of herpesvirus late genes depends on several virus-encoded proteins whose function is not completely understood. Here, we identify a viral trimeric complex of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) open reading frame 31 (ORF31), ORF24, and ORF34 that is required for late gene expression but not viral DNA replication. We found that (i) ORF34 bridges the interaction between ORF31 and ORF24, (ii) the amino-terminal cysteine-rich and carboxyl-terminal basic domains of ORF31 mediate the ORF31-ORF34 interaction required for late gene expression, and (iii) a complex consisting of ORF24, ORF31, and ORF34 specifically binds to the K8.1 late promoter. Together, our results support the model that a subset of lytic viral proteins assembles into a transcriptional activator complex to induce expression of late genes.

scholarly journals Prolonged activation of NF-κB by human cytomegalovirus promotes efficient viral replication and late gene expression

Virology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 346 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian B. DeMeritt ◽  
Jagat P. Podduturi ◽  
A. Michael Tilley ◽  
Maciej T. Nogalski ◽  
Andrew D. Yurochko
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Late Gene ◽  
Late Gene Expression ◽  
Efficient Viral Replication
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