scholarly journals Maternal circulating syncytiotrophoblast-derived extracellular vesicles contain biologically active 5’-tRNA halves

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R Cooke ◽  
Adam Cribbs ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Neva Kandzija ◽  
Carolina Motta-Mejia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Placental Perfusion ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Trna Species ◽  
Trna Half ◽  
Trna Halves

AbstractThe placenta releases syncytiotrophoblast-derived extracellular vesicles (STB-EV) into the maternal circulation throughout gestation. STB-EV dependent signalling is believed to contribute to the widespread maternal adaptive physiological changes seen in pregnancy. Transfer RNA (tRNA) halves have been identified in vesicles released from other human and murine organ systems, which alter gene expression in target cells. Here, we characterise tRNA-half expression in STB-EV and demonstrate biological activity of a highly abundant tRNA-half. Short RNA from ex-vivo, dual-lobe placental perfusion STB-EV was sequenced, showing that most (>95%) comprised tRNA species. Whole placental tissue contained <50% tRNA species, suggesting selective packaging and export of tRNA into STB-EV. Most tRNA within STB-EV were 5’-tRNA halves cleaved at 30-32 nucleotides. The pattern of tRNA expression differed depending on the size/origin of the STB-EV; this was confirmed by qPCR. Protein synthesis was suppressed in human fibroblasts when they were cultured with a 5’-tRNA half identified from STB-EV sequencing. This study is the first to evaluate tRNA species in STB-EV. The presence of biologically active 5’-tRNA halves, specific to a vesicular origin, suggests a novel mechanism for maternal-fetal signalling in normal pregnancy.

scholarly journals Oncogenic H-Ras Expression Induces Fatty Acid Profile Changes in Human Fibroblasts and Extracellular Vesicles

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krizia Sagini ◽  
Lorena Urbanelli ◽  
Eva Costanzi ◽  
Nico Mitro ◽  
Donatella Caruso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Membrane Bilayer ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Profile Changes

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer surrounded particles that are considered an additional way to transmit signals outside the cell. Lipids have not only a structural role in the organization of EVs membrane bilayer, but they also represent a source of lipid mediators that may act on target cells. Senescent cells are characterized by a permanent arrest of cell proliferation, but they are still metabolically active and influence nearby tissue secreting specific signaling mediators, including those carried by EVs. Notably, cellular senescence is associated with increased EVs release. Here, we used gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to investigate the total fatty acid content of EVs released by fibroblasts undergoing H-RasV12-induced senescence and their parental cells. We find that H-RasV12 fibroblasts show increased level of monounsaturated and decreased level of saturated fatty acids, as compared to control cells. These changes are associated with transcriptional up-regulation of specific fatty acid-metabolizing enzymes. The EVs released by both controls and senescent fibroblasts show a higher level of saturated and polyunsaturated species, as compared to parental cells. Considering that fibroblasts undergoing H-RasV12-induced senescence release a higher number of EVs, these findings indicate that senescent cells release via EVs a higher amount of fatty acids, and in particular of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids, as compared to control cells.

scholarly journals Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevindzh Kletukhina ◽  
Olga Neustroeva ◽  
Victoria James ◽  
Albert Rizvanov ◽  
Marina Gomzikova
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
New Evidence

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that takes place during embryonic development, wound healing, and under some pathological processes, including fibrosis and tumor progression. The molecular changes occurring within epithelial cells during transformation to a mesenchymal phenotype have been well studied. However, to date, the mechanism of EMT induction remains to be fully elucidated. Recent findings in the field of intercellular communication have shed new light on this process and indicate the need for further studies into this important mechanism. New evidence supports the hypothesis that intercellular communication between mesenchymal stroma/stem cells (MSCs) and resident epithelial cells plays an important role in EMT induction. Besides direct interactions between cells, indirect paracrine interactions by soluble factors and extracellular vesicles also occur. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of intercellular communication, through the transfer of biologically active molecules, genetic material (mRNA, microRNA, siRNA, DNA), and EMT inducers to the target cells, which are capable of reprogramming recipient cells. In this review, we discuss the role of intercellular communication by EVs to induce EMT and the acquisition of stemness properties by normal and tumor epithelial cells.

scholarly journals Extracellular vesicles from symbiotic vaginal lactobacilli inhibit HIV-1 infection of human tissues

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogers A. Ñahui Palomino ◽  
Christophe Vanpouille ◽  
Luca Laghi ◽  
Carola Parolin ◽  
Kamran Melikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Isolated Cells ◽  
Viral Attachment ◽  
Vaginal Lactobacilli ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Hiv 1

AbstractThe vaginal microbiota, dominated by Lactobacillus spp., plays a key role in preventing HIV-1 transmission. Here, we investigate whether the anti-HIV effect of lactobacilli is mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by these bacteria. Human cervico-vaginal and tonsillar tissues ex vivo, and cell lines were infected with HIV-1 and treated with EVs released by lactobacilli isolated from vaginas of healthy women. EVs released by L. crispatus BC3 and L. gasseri BC12 protect tissues ex vivo and isolated cells from HIV-1 infection. This protection is associated with a decrease of viral attachment to target cells and viral entry due to diminished exposure of Env that mediates virus-cell interactions. Inhibition of HIV-1 infection is associated with the presence in EVs of several proteins and metabolites. Our findings demonstrate that the protective effect of Lactobacillus against HIV-1 is, in part, mediated by EVs released by these symbiotic bacteria. If confirmed in vivo, this finding may lead to new strategies to prevent male-to-female sexual HIV-1 transmission.

Immunotherapy with Anti-CD3 x Anti-CMV Bispecific Antibody (CMVBi) Armed Donor Derived Activated T Cells (ATC) – A Novel Strategy against Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Post Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (SCT).

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 1157-1157
Author(s):  
Mayur S Ramesh ◽  
Archana Thakur ◽  
Philip Pellett ◽  
Subhendu Das ◽  
Zaid S Al-Kadhimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Bispecific Antibody ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Normal Donor ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Specific Cytotoxicity ◽  
Novel Strategy

Abstract Abstract 1157 Poster Board I-179 Introduction CMV reactivation and infection can cause profound negative outcome post allogeneic SCT. Current management strategies against CMV are suboptimal and are associated with adverse effects. Induction of anti-CMV T cell responses by vaccination has not been helpful in immunocompromised hosts. Immunotherapy with CMV specific donor-derived cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) is effective after allografting, but it is expensive, labor intensive, and diffcult to replicate in most centers. Non-toxic targeted therapy is needed to improve clinical outcomes. In earlier studies, we generated anti-CD3 chemically heteroconjugated with anti-Her2/neu or anti-CD20 bispecific antibody (BiAb). Ex vivo expanded anti-CD3 activated T cells (ATC) and armed with BiAb exhibit high levels of specific cytotoxicity directed at the respective tumor antigens. We propose a novel strategy of using ATC armed ex-vivo with engineered CMVBi to target CMV antigens. We tested the strategy initially in an in vitro cell culture model using CMV-infected fibroblasts and T cells from normal human donors. We hypothesize that donor anti-CD3 ATC armed with CMVBi will target and eliminate CMV-infected target cells. Materials and methods Normal donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were used to generate ATC by activation with anti-CD3 (OKT3) and interleukin 2 (IL-2). CMVBi was created by chemical heteroconjugation of OKT3 (murine IgG2a) monoclonal antibody and polyclonal anti-CMV (Cytogam®). Specific cytotoxicity was tested by 51Cr release assay using CMV-infected or uninfected human fibroblasts as target cells. Effector populations tested included CMVBi armed ATC and ATC alone; additional controls included CMVBi alone, Cytogam® alone, CMVBi armed, and unarmed PBMC. Cytotoxicity was assessed for CMVBi and an irrelevant BiAb at arming doses ranging from 1 to 500 ng/106 ATC with effector to target ratios (E:T) ranging from 25:1 to 3.125:1. Interferon gamma (IFNγ) EliSpots were used to determine cytokine response after exposing CMV-infected and uninfected fibroblasts to unarmed and CMVBi-armed ATC. Results CMVBi arming with as little as 1 ng/106 ATC was significantly more cytotoxic for target cells than unarmed ATC. There was an incremental increase in cytotoxicity with CMVBi armed ATC as the mutiplicity of infection (MOI) was increased in target cells. At all E:T ratios (25:1, 12.5:1, 6.25:1, 3.125:1 ), ATC armed with a dose of 50 ng/106 CMVBi demonstrated markedly enhanced killing of CMV-infected targets (MOI 1) compared to unarmed ATC (see table). In the uninfected control cells, both unarmed and armed ATC lysis was barely detectable over spontaneous lysis. Immunofluorescent studies showed that CMVBi-armed ATC specifically aggregated around GFP fluorescence-marked CMV-infected fibroblasts, whereas unarmed ATC did not aggregate. Cytokine secretion analyzed by IFNγ EliSpot confirmed the superior cytotoxicity of CMVBi-armed ATC. Conclusion We used polyclonal Cytogam® to make CMVBi-armed ATC that were able to kill target cells expressing various CMV antigens with high specificity. CMVBi-armed PBMC was only minimally cytotoxic in comparision to CMVBi-armed ATC. Hence, infusion of CMVBi alone to patients is unlikely to be as effective as infusion of ATC armed ex-vivo with CMVBi. We demonstrated similar degree of cytotoxicity using different donor ATC including CMV sero-negative donors. This effect is independent of MHC mediated antigen presentation hence, overcomes CMV immune escape. This non-MHC restricted specific killing strategy could be easily adapted for the prevention and/or treatment of CMV infection/disease after allogeneic SCT using donor-derived ATC. Our current use of BiAb-armed ATC for cancer immunotherapy in humans illustrates the feasibility of adoptive immunotherapy with CMVBi-armed ATC in SCT. Disclosures Lum: Transtarget Corporation: Founder.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles in Innate Immune Cell Programming

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 713
Author(s):  
Naveed Akbar ◽  
Daan Paget ◽  
Robin P. Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cell ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Parent Cell ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Organ Systems

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are a heterogeneous group of bilipid-enclosed envelopes that carry proteins, metabolites, RNA, DNA and lipids from their parent cell of origin. They mediate cellular communication to other cells in local tissue microenvironments and across organ systems. EV size, number and their biologically active cargo are often altered in response to pathological processes, including infection, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and in response to metabolic perturbations such as obesity and diabetes, which also have a strong inflammatory component. Here, we discuss the broad repertoire of EV produced by neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, their precursor hematopoietic stem cells and discuss their effects on the innate immune system. We seek to understand the immunomodulatory properties of EV in cellular programming, which impacts innate immune cell differentiation and function. We further explore the possibilities of using EV as immune targeting vectors, for the modulation of the innate immune response, e.g., for tissue preservation during sterile injury such as myocardial infarction or to promote tissue resolution of inflammation and potentially tissue regeneration and repair.

scholarly journals Extracellular vesicles in lung health, disease, and therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 316 (6) ◽  
pp. L977-L989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. McVey ◽  
Mazharul Maishan ◽  
Kaj E. C. Blokland ◽  
Nathan Bartlett ◽  
Wolfgang M. Kuebler
Keyword(s):  
Lung Disease ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Molecular Physiology ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Lung Physiology ◽  
Subcellular Membrane ◽  
Lung Health

Both physiological homeostasis and pathological disease processes in the lung typically result from complex, yet coordinated multicellular responses that are synchronized via paracrine and endocrine intercellular communication pathways. Of late, extracellular vesicles have emerged as important information shuttles that can coordinate and disseminate homeostatic and disease signals. In parallel, extracellular vesicles in biological fluids such as sputum, mucus, epithelial lining fluid, edema fluid, the pulmonary circulation, pleural fluid, and lymphatics have emerged as promising candidate biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in lung disease. Extracellular vesicles are small, subcellular, membrane-bound vesicles containing cargos from parent cells such as lipids, proteins, genetic information, or entire organelles. These cargos endow extracellular vesicles with biologically active information or functions by which they can reprogram their respective target cells. Recent studies show that extracellular vesicles found in lung-associated biological fluids play key roles as biomarkers and effectors of disease. Conversely, administration of naïve or engineered extracellular vesicles with homeostatic or reparative effects may provide a promising novel protective and regenerative strategy to treat lung disease. To highlight this rapidly developing field, the American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology is now launching a special Call for Papers on extracellular vesicles in lung health, disease, and therapy. This review aims to set the stage for this call by introducing extracellular vesicles and their emerging roles in lung physiology and pathobiology.

scholarly journals Characterization, Stability, and In Vivo Efficacy Studies of Recombinant Human CNTF and Its Permeation into the Neural Retina in Ex Vivo Organotypic Retinal Explant Culture Models

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaakko Itkonen ◽  
Ada Annala ◽  
Shirin Tavakoli ◽  
Blanca Arango-Gonzalez ◽  
Marius Ueffing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Neural Retina ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
In Vivo Efficacy

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is one of the most studied neuroprotective agents with acknowledged potential in treating diseases of the posterior eye segment. Although its efficacy and mechanisms of action in the retina have been studied extensively, it is still not comprehensively understood which retinal cells mediate the therapeutic effects of CNTF. As with therapeutic proteins in general, it is poorly elucidated whether exogenous CNTF administered into the vitreous can enter and distribute into the retina and hence reach potentially responsive target cells. Here, we have characterized our purified recombinant human CNTF (rhCNTF), studied the protein’s in vitro bioactivity in a cell-based assay, and evaluated the thermodynamic and oligomeric status of the protein during storage. Biological activity of rhCNTF was further evaluated in vivo in an animal model of retinal degeneration. The retinal penetration and distribution of rhCNTF after 24 h was studied utilizing two ex vivo retina models. Based on our characterization findings, our rhCNTF is correctly folded and biologically active. Moreover, based on initial screening and subsequent follow-up, we identified two buffers in which rhCNTF retains its stability during storage. Whereas rhCNTF did not show photoreceptor preservative effect or improve the function of photoreceptors in vivo, this could possibly be due to the used disease model or the short duration of action with a single intravitreal injection of rhCNTF. On the other hand, the lack of in vivo efficacy was shown to not be due to distribution limitations; permeation into the retina was observed in both retinal explant models as in 24 h rhCNTF penetrated the inner limiting membrane, and being mostly observed in the ganglion cell layer, distributed to different layers of the neural retina. As rhCNTF can reach deeper retinal layers, in general, having direct effects on resident CNTF-responsive target cells is plausible.

scholarly journals Maternal circulating syncytiotrophoblast-derived extracellular vesicles contain biologically active 5’-tRNA halves

2019 ◽  
Vol 518 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Cooke ◽  
Adam Cribbs ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Neva Kandzija ◽  
Carolina Motta-Mejia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Trna Halves

scholarly journals Syncytiotrophoblast Extracellular Vesicles From Late-Onset Preeclampsia Placentae Suppress Pro-Inflammatory Immune Response in THP-1 Macrophages

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toluwalase Awoyemi ◽  
Carolina Motta-Mejia ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Lubna Kouser ◽  
Kirsten White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Cytokine Gene Expression ◽  
Alternative Mechanism ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Placental Perfusion ◽  
Significant Difference

Syncytiotrophoblast derived Extracellular Vesicles (STBEV) from normal pregnancy (NP) have previously been shown to interact with circulating monocytes and B cells and induce pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Early-onset preeclampsia (EOPE) is associated with an exacerbated inflammatory response, yet there is little data regarding late-onset PE (LOPE) and immune function. Here, using a macrophage/monocyte cell line THP-1, we investigated the inflammatory potential of STBEV, comprising medium/large-STBEV (&gt;200nm) and small-STBEV (&lt;200nm), isolated from LOPE (n=6) and normal (NP) (n=6) placentae via dual-lobe ex-vivo placental perfusion and differential centrifugation. THP-1 cells bound and internalised STBEV isolated from NP and LOPE placentae, as revealed by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and ELISA. STBEV-treated THP-1 cells were examined for cytokine gene expression by RT-qPCR and the cell culture media examined for secreted cytokines/chemokines. As expected, NP medium/large-STBEV significantly upregulated the transcriptional expression of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, IL-12, IL-8 and TGF-β compared to PE medium/large-STBEV. However, there was no significant difference in the small STBEV population between the two groups, although in general, NP small STBEVs slightly upregulated the same cytokines. In contrast, LOPE STBEV (medium and large) did not induce pro-inflammatory responses by differentiated THP-1 macrophages. This decreased effect of LOPE STBEV was echoed in cytokine/chemokine release. Our results appear to suggest that STBEV from LOPE placentae do not have a major immune-modulatory effect on macrophages. In contrast, NP STBEV caused THP-1 cells to release pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles from LOPE dampen immune functions of THP-1 macrophages, suggesting an alternative mechanism leading to the pro-inflammatory environment observed in LOPE.

Processing and Characterization of Recombinant von Willebrand Factor Expressed in Different Cell Types Using a Vaccinia Virus Vector

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (01) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Meulien ◽  
M Nishino ◽  
C Mazurier ◽  
K Dott ◽  
G Piétu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Von Willebrand Factor ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
L Cells ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Willebrand Factor

SummaryThe cloning of the cDNA encoding von Willebrand factor (vWF) has revealed that it is synthesized as a large precursor (pre-pro-vWF) molecule and it is now clear that the prosequence or vWAgll is responsible for the intracellular multimerization of vWF. We have cloned the complete vWF cDNA and expressed it using a recombinant vaccinia virus as vector. We have characterized the structure and function of the recombinant vWF (rvWF) secreted from five different cell types: baby hamster kidney (BHK), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), human fibroblasts (143B), mouse fibroblasts (L) and primary embryonic chicken cells. Forty-eight hours after infection, the quantity of vWF antigen found in the cell supernatant varied from 3 to 12 U/dl depending on the cell type. By SDS-agarose gel electrophoresis, the percentage of high molecular weight forms of vWF varied from 39 to 49% relative to normal plasma for BHK, CHO, 143B and chicken cells but was less than 10% for L cells. In all cell types, the two anodic subbands of each multimer were missing. The two cathodic subbands were easily detected only in BHK and L cells. By SDS-PAGE of reduced samples, pro-vWF was present in similar quantity to the fully processed vWF subunit in L cells, present in moderate amounts in BHK and CHO and in very low amounts in 143B and chicken cells. rvWF from all cells bound to collagen and to platelets in the presence of ristocetin, the latter showing a high correlation between binding efficiency and degree of multimerization. rvWF from all cells was also shown to bind to purified FVIII and in this case binding appeared to be independent of the degree of multimerization. We conclude that whereas vWF is naturally synthesized only by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, it can be expressed in a biologically active form from various other cell types.

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