scholarly journals Environmental specificity in Drosophila-bacteria symbiosis affects host developmental plasticity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Guilhot ◽  
Antoine Rombaut ◽  
Anne Xuéreb ◽  
Kate Howell ◽  
Simon Fellous
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Microbial Symbionts ◽  
Host Evolution

ABSTRACTEnvironmentally acquired microbial symbionts could contribute to host adaptation to local conditions like vertically transmitted symbionts do. This scenario necessitates symbionts to have different effects in different environments. We investigated this idea in Drosophila melanogaster, a species which communities of bacterial symbionts vary greatly among environments. We isolated four bacterial strains isolated from the feces of a D. melanogaster laboratory strain and tested their effects in two conditions: the ancestral environment (i.e. the laboratory medium) and a new environment (i.e. fresh fruit with live yeast). All bacterial effects on larval and adult traits differed among environments, ranging from very beneficial to marginally deleterious. The joint analysis of larval development speed and adult size further shows bacteria affected developmental plasticity more than resource acquisition. This effect was largely driven by the contrasted effects of the bacteria in each environment. Our study illustrates that understanding D. melanogaster symbiotic interactions in the wild will necessitate working in ecologically realistic conditions. Besides, context-dependent effects of symbionts, and their influence on host developmental plasticity, shed light on how environmentally acquired symbionts may contribute to host evolution.

scholarly journals Environmental specificity and evolution in Drosophila-bacteria symbiosis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Guilhot ◽  
Antoine Rombaut ◽  
Anne Xuéreb ◽  
Kate Howell ◽  
Simon Fellous
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Host Adaptation ◽  
Resource Acquisition ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Bacterial Symbionts ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Microbial Symbionts ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Host Evolution

AbstractEnvironmentally acquired microbial symbionts could contribute to host adaptation to local adaptation like vertically transmitted symbionts do. This scenario necessitates symbionts to have different effects in different environments. In Drosophila melanogaster, communities of extracellular bacterial symbionts vary largely among environments, which could be due to variable effects on phenotype. We investigated this idea with four bacterial strains isolated from the feces of a D. melanogaster lab strain, and tested their effects in two environments: the environment of origin (i.e. the laboratory medium) and a new one (i.e. fresh fruit with live yeast). All bacterial effects on larval and adult traits differed among environments, ranging from very beneficial to marginally deleterious. The joint analysis of larval development speed and adult size further suggests bacteria would affect developmental plasticity more than resource acquisition in males. The context-dependent effects of bacteria we observed, and its underlying mechanisms, sheds light on how environmentally acquired symbionts may contribute to host evolution.

scholarly journals Housing microbial symbionts: evolutionary origins and diversification of symbiotic organs in animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1808) ◽  
pp. 20190603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela E. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Genetic Technologies ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Microbial Symbionts ◽  
Developmental Programme ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Evo Devo ◽  
Host Evolution

In many animal hosts, microbial symbionts are housed within specialized structures known as symbiotic organs, but the evolutionary origins of these structures have rarely been investigated. Here, I adopt an evolutionary developmental (evo-devo) approach, specifically to apply knowledge of the development of symbiotic organs to gain insights into their evolutionary origins and diversification. In particular, host genetic changes associated with evolution of symbiotic organs can be inferred from studies to identify the host genes that orchestrate the development of symbiotic organs, recognizing that microbial products may also play a key role in triggering the developmental programme in some associations. These studies may also reveal whether higher animal taxonomic groups (order, class, phylum, etc.) possess a common genetic regulatory network for symbiosis that is latent in taxa lacking symbiotic organs, and activated at the origination of symbiosis in different host lineages. In this way, apparent instances of convergent evolution of symbiotic organs may be homologous in terms of a common genetic blueprint for symbiosis. Advances in genetic technologies, including reverse genetic tools and genome editing, will facilitate the application of evo-devo approaches to investigate the evolution of symbiotic organs in animals. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of the microbiome in host evolution’.

Strain specificity in the Myricaceae - Frankia symbiosis is correlated to plant root phenolics

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Popovici ◽  
Vincent Walker ◽  
Cédric Bertrand ◽  
Floriant Bellvert ◽  
Maria P. Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Strain Specificity ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
Legume Symbiosis

Plant secondary metabolites play an important role in the interaction between plants and their environment. For example, mutualistic nitrogen-fixing symbioses typically involve phenolic-based recognition between host plants and bacteria. Although these mechanisms are well studied in the rhizobia–legume symbiosis, little is known about the role of plant phenolics in the symbiosis between actinorhizal plants and the actinobacterium Frankia. In this study, the responsiveness of two Myricaceae plant species, Myrica gale L. and Morella cerifera L., to Frankia inoculation was correlated with the plant–bacteria compatibility status. Two Frankia strains were inoculated: ACN14a, compatible with both M. gale and M. cerifera and Ea112, compatible only with M. cerifera. The effect of inoculation on root phenolic metabolism was evaluated by metabolic profiling based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and principal component analysis (PCA). Our results revealed that: (i) both Frankia strains induced major modifications in root phenolic content of the two Myricaceae species and (ii) strain-dependant modifications of the phenolic contents were detected. The main plant compounds differentially affected by Frankia inoculation are phenols, flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids. This work provides evidence that during the initial phases of symbiotic interactions, Myricaceae plants adapt their secondary metabolism in accordance with the compatibility status of Frankia bacterial strains.

The role of the microbiota in human genetic adaptation

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 370 (6521) ◽  
pp. eaaz6827
Author(s):  
Taichi A. Suzuki ◽  
Ruth E. Ley
Keyword(s):  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Host Diet ◽  
Redundant Functions ◽  
Host Evolution ◽  
Collective Influence ◽  
Dynamic Community ◽  
Pathogen Exposure

As human populations spread across the world, they adapted genetically to local conditions. So too did the resident microorganism communities that everyone carries with them. However, the collective influence of the diverse and dynamic community of resident microbes on host evolution is poorly understood. The taxonomic composition of the microbiota varies among individuals and displays a range of sometimes redundant functions that modify the physicochemical environment of the host and may alter selection pressures. Here we review known human traits and genes for which the microbiota may have contributed or responded to changes in host diet, climate, or pathogen exposure. Integrating host–microbiota interactions in human adaptation could offer new approaches to improve our understanding of human health and evolution.

Behavioral and Developmental Plasticity of Buoyancy in the Longnose, Rhinichthys cataractae, and Blacknose, R. atratulus (Cyprinidae) Dace

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Gee
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Behavioral Plasticity ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Volume Weight ◽  
Rhinichthys Cataractae ◽  
Negative Buoyancy

The hypothesis that developmental plasticity contributes to variation in swimbladder length, volume, weight of tissue, and buoyancy was examined in two species of dace. At both maximum and minimum buoyancy attained dace reared in still water to adult size possessed swimbladders of a greater length, volume, and weight of tissue than those reared in current. Such developmental plasticity affected the range over which buoyancy could be adjusted (behavioral plasticity). Those reared in still water attained a more buoyant condition than those reared in current while the latter attained a greater degree of negative buoyancy.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequences of Four Bacterial Strains Isolated from a Polymicrobial Culture of Naked (N-Type) Emiliania huxleyi CCMP1516: TABLE 1 

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabini D. Orata ◽  
Albert Remus R. Rosana ◽  
Yue Xu ◽  
Danielle N. Simkus ◽  
Anna R. Bramucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Draft Genome ◽  
Emiliania Huxleyi ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
By Products

Strains of Sulfitobacter spp., Erythrobacter sp., and Marinobacter sp. were isolated from a polymicrobial culture of the naked (N-type) haptophyte Emiliania huxleyi strain CCMP1516. The genomes encode genes for the production of phytohormones, vitamins, and the consumption of their hosts’ metabolic by-products, suggesting symbiotic interactions within this polymicrobial culture.

scholarly journals Resolving the structure of phage-bacteria interactions in the context of natural diversity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn M Kauffman ◽  
William K Chang ◽  
Julia M Brown ◽  
Fatima Aysha Hussain ◽  
Joy Y Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Phage Evolution ◽  
Marine Vibrio ◽  
In The Wild

Microbial communities are shaped by viral predators. Yet, resolving which viruses (phages) and bacteria are interacting is a major challenge in the context of natural levels of microbial diversity. Thus, fundamental features of how phage-bacteria interactions are structured and evolve in "the wild" remain poorly resolved. Here we use large-scale isolation of environmental marine Vibrio bacteria and their phages to obtain quantitative estimates of strain-level phage predator loads, and use all-by-all host range assays to discover how phage and host genomic diversity shape interactions. We show that killing in environmental interaction networks is sparse - with phage predator loads low for most bacterial strains and phages host-strain-specific in their killing. Paradoxically, we also find that although overlap in killing is generally rare between phages, recombination is common. Together, these results indicate that the number of hosts that phages infect is often larger than the number that they kill and suggest that recombination during cryptic co-infections is an important mode of phage evolution in microbial communities. In the development of phages for bioengineering and therapeutics it will be important to consider that nucleic acids of introduced phages may spread into local phage populations through recombination, and that the likelihood of transfer is not predictable based on killing host range.

scholarly journals Rapid evolutionary turnover of mobile genetic elements drives microbial resistance to viruses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Aysha Hussain ◽  
Javier Dubert ◽  
Joseph Elsherbini ◽  
Mikayla Murphy ◽  
David VanInsberghe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Bacterial Genome ◽  
Mobile Genetic Elements ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Genomic Features ◽  
Genetic Elements ◽  
Flexible Genome ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Putative Phage ◽  
Resistance To Viruses

AbstractAlthough it is generally accepted that viruses (phages) drive bacterial evolution, how these dynamics play out in the wild remains poorly understood. Here we show that the arms race between phages and their hosts is mediated by large and highly diverse mobile genetic elements. These phage-defense elements display exceedingly fast evolutionary turnover, resulting in differential phage susceptibility among clonal bacterial strains while phage receptors remain invariant. Protection afforded by multiple elements is cumulative, and a single bacterial genome can harbor as many as 18 putative phage-defense elements. Overall, elements account for 90% of the flexible genome amongst closely related strains. The rapid turnover of these elements demonstrates that phage resistance is unlinked from other genomic features and that resistance to phage therapy might be as easily acquired as antibiotic resistance.

scholarly journals Intestinal microbiota of whitefish (Coregonus sp.) species pairs and their hybrids in natural and controlled environment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maelle Sevellec ◽  
Martin Laporte ◽  
Alex Bernatchez ◽  
Nicolas Derome ◽  
Louis Bernatchez
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Coregonus Clupeaformis ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Species Effect ◽  
Evolutionary Paths

AbstractIt is becoming increasingly clear that wild animals have never existed without symbiotic interactions with microbiota. Therefore, investigating relationships between microbiota and their host is essential towards a full understanding of how animal evolve and adapt to their environment. The Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) is a well-documented model for the study of ecological speciation, where the dwarf species (limnetic niche specialist) evolved independently and repeatedly from the normal species (benthic niche specialist). In this study, we compared the transient intestinal microbiota among five wild sympatric species pairs of whitefish as well as captive representatives of dwarf and normal species and their reciprocal hybrids reared in identical controlled conditions. We sequenced the 16s rRNA gene V3-V4 regions of the transient intestinal microbiota present in a total of 185 whitefish to (i) test for parallelism in the transient intestinal microbiota among sympatric pairs of whitefish, (ii) test for transient intestinal microbiota differences among dwarf, normal and both hybrids reared under identical conditions and (iii) compare intestinal microbiota between wild and captive whitefish. A significant effect of host species on microbiota taxonomic composition was observed in the wild when all lakes where analyzed together, and species effect was observed in three of the five species pairs. In captive whitefish, an influence of host (normal, dwarf and hybrids) was also detected on microbiota taxonomic composition and tens of genera specific to dwarf, normal or hybrids were highlighted. Hybrid microbiota was not intermediate; instead its composition fell outside of that observed in the parental forms and this was observed in both reciprocal hybrid crosses. Interestingly, six genera formed a bacterial core which was present in captive and wild whitefish, suggesting a horizontal microbiota transmission. Although diet appeared to be a major driving force for microbiota evolution, our results suggested a more complex interaction among the host, the microbiota and the environment leading to three distinct evolutionary paths of the intestinal microbiota.

scholarly journals The Significance of Microbial Symbionts in Ecosystem Processes

mSystems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxanne A. Beinart
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Processes ◽  
Sulfur Cycling ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
Host Ecology ◽  
Microbial Symbionts ◽  
Key Aspects

ABSTRACT It is increasingly accepted that the microbial symbionts of eukaryotes can have profound effects on host ecology and evolution. However, the relative contribution that they make directly to ecosystem processes, like energy and nutrient flows, is less explicitly acknowledged and, in many cases, only poorly constrained. Here, I explore the idea that, in some habitats, host-associated microbes may have an outsized role in ecosystem processes relative to functionally equivalent free-living microbes due to key aspects of the physiology, ecology, and evolution of symbiotic interactions. My research quantifying symbiont metabolism has shown that microbial symbionts have the potential to make a substantial impact on carbon and sulfur cycling. It is my perspective that direct measurement of symbiont activity and comparison to free-living counterparts will expand our understanding of the significance of microbial symbioses and, more broadly, the role of microbial processes in ecosystems.

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