scholarly journals Adolescent Stress Increases Adult Ethanol Self-administration and Alters Ventral Tegmental Area GABA Signaling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A Connor ◽  
Ruthie E Wittenberg ◽  
Jillian Drogin ◽  
Allison Mak ◽  
John A Dani

AbstractAlcohol use disorders (AUDs) continue to be a significant public health problem. Early life stress and adversity have long-lasting effects on a wide range of behaviors, including responses to drugs of abuse. Epidemiological evidence indicates that exposure to early life stress contributes to alcohol use disorders and, while it is known that stress and alcohol both act on overlapping mesolimbic circuitry, the cellular mechanisms underlying the relationship between stress and alcohol intake are not well understood. Previous work has demonstrated that acute stress increases ethanol intake mediated by changes in GABA signaling within the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Here we investigated if adolescent stress exposure might elicit long-term, persistent increases in ethanol self-administration associated with altered VTA GABA signaling. To this end, we exposed adolescent postnatal day (PND) 28 male rats to 14 days of chronic variable stress (CVS) and then examined operant ethanol self-administration begun at least 30 days later. We found that adolescent stress exposure resulted in significantly increased ethanol self-administration in adulthood. In contrast, adult (PND 82) male rats exposed to the same CVS protocol did not display increased ethanol self-administration that was begun 30 days later. Furthermore, we found that adolescent stress exposure resulted in enhancement of ethanol-induced GABA signaling onto VTA dopamine neurons and impairments in VTA GABA chloride homeostasis. The results indicate that adolescence is a period vulnerable to stress, which produces long-term changes in VTA GABA signaling associated with increased ethanol self-administration behavior.

Author(s):  
V.A. Vokina

Long-term consequences of impaired perinatal development are very significant. They appear during the neonatal period and in the first years of life, and persist during ontogenesis. There is little data on the impact of any prenatal factors on the sensitivity of a sexually mature organism to medications. The aim of the study is to assess the impact of early life stress on the development of individual antidepressant sensitivity. Materials and Methods. The authors conducted the experiments on sexually mature outbred male rats. To simulate the early life stress, a standard protocol was used. From the 2nd to 15th days of the postnatal period the pup rats were separated from their mother for 3 hours and kept in an incubator. The open-field test, Porsolt test and Sucrose consumption test were used to determine rat’s anxiety level as well as motor, orientation and exploratory activity at puberty. Then, for 14 days, the rats were intragastrically administered with a fluoxetine solution (10 mg/kg/daily), followed by their full examination. Statistical analysis of results was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test to compare unrelated groups and Wilcoxon's test to compare related groups. Results. Fluoxetine did not have a pronounced antidepressant effect in animals that survived the early life stress. Such animals demonstrated passive floating during the Porsolt test, without any changes in immobility time. When testing in an open field, a sharp increase in the number of freezing behavior was observed, which was an indicator of an increased anxiety level in animals. Conclusion. The results obtained indicate that the long-term effects of neonatal stress may be associated with a change in antidepressant sensitivity or an increase in development of unwanted adverse reactions. Keywords: early life stress, depression, antidepressants, fluoxetine, rats. Отдаленные последствия нарушения перинатального развития весьма значительны и не только проявляются в период новорожденности и в первые годы жизни, но и сохраняются в период онтогенеза. Данные о влиянии каких-либо пренатальных факторов на чувствительность половозрелого организма к действию лекарственных веществ в доступной литературе представлены незначительно. Цель исследования – оценить роль стресса раннего периода жизни в формировании индивидуальной чувствительности к действию антидепрессантов. Материалы и методы. Эксперименты проведены на половозрелых беспородных крысах-самцах. Для моделирования стресса раннего периода жизни использовали стандартный протокол, подразумевающий отделение детенышей от матери со 2-го по 15-й дни постнатального периода на 3 ч в условиях инкубатора. В половозрелом возрасте проводили оценку уровня тревожности, двигательной и ориентировочно-исследовательской активности крыс в условиях теста открытого поля, теста Порсолта и теста «Потребление раствора сахарозы». Затем в течение 14 дней крысам внутрижелудочно вводили раствор флуоксетина (10 мг/кг/сут), после чего обследование повторяли в том же объеме. Статистический анализ результатов исследования проводили с использованием U-критерия Манна–Уитни для сравнения несвязанных групп и критерия Вилкоксона для сравнения связанных групп. Результаты. У животных, переживших стресс раннего периода жизни, флуоксетин не оказывал выраженного антидепрессантного действия. У данных животных в тесте Порсолта преобладало пассивное плавание, без изменения длительности иммобильности. При тестировании в открытом поле наблюдалось резкое повышение числа актов фризинга, что является показателем повышенного уровня тревожности у животных. Выводы. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что отдаленные последствия неонатального стресса могут быть связанны с изменением чувствительности к действию антидепрессантов или повышением риска развития нежелательных побочных реакций. Ключевые слова: стресс раннего периода жизни, депрессия, антидепрессанты, флуоксетин, крысы.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludovic D. Langlois ◽  
Rina Y. Berman ◽  
Ryan D. Shepard ◽  
Sarah C. Simmons ◽  
Mumeko C. Tsuda ◽  
...  

AbstractEarly life stress (ELS) presents an important risk factor for drug addiction and comorbid depression and anxiety through persistent effects on the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathways1. Using an ELS model for child neglect (a single 24 h episode of maternal deprivation, MD) in rats, recent published works from our lab show that MD induces dysfunction in ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons 2–4 and its negative controller, the lateral habenula (LHb) 5–7. In regard to LHb, MD-induced potentiation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission onto LHb neurons shifts the coordination of excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance towards excitation, resulting in an increase in the overall spontaneous neuronal activity with elevation in bursting and tonic firing, and intrinsic excitability of LHb neurons in early adolescent male rats 5–7. Here, we explored how MD affects intravenous morphine self-administration (MSA) acquisition and sucrose preference as well as glutamatergic synaptic function in LHb neurons of adult male rats self-administering morphine. We found that MD-induced increases in LHb neuronal and glutamatergic synaptic activity and E/I ratio persisted into adulthood. Moreover, MD significantly reduced morphine intake, triggered anhedonia-like behavior in the sucrose preference test (SPT), and was associated with persistent glutamatergic potentiation 24h after the last MSA session. MSA also triggered postsynaptic glutamatergic potentiation in LHb neurons of control rats during this time period. Our data highlights that ELS-induced glutamatergic plasticity in LHb may dampen the positive reinforcing properties of natural rewards and opioids, and contribute to the development of anhedonic and dysphoric states associated with opioids.


Stress ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Banqueri ◽  
Marta Méndez ◽  
Eneritz Gómez-Lázaro ◽  
Jorge L. Arias

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 182-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candace R. Lewis ◽  
Kelsey Staudinger ◽  
Seven E. Tomek ◽  
Raymundo Hernandez ◽  
Tawny Manning ◽  
...  

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 2851-2861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candace R Lewis ◽  
Ryan M Bastle ◽  
Tawny B Manning ◽  
Sarah M Himes ◽  
Paulette Fennig ◽  
...  

2016 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 64-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dafne M. Silberman ◽  
Gabriela B. Acosta ◽  
María A. Zorrilla Zubilete

Hypertension ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Analia S Loria ◽  
Michael W Brands ◽  
David M Pollock ◽  
Jennifer S Pollock

We previously reported that maternal separation (MS), a model of early life stress, does not modify baseline blood pressure in adult rats, but increases sensitivity to hypertensive stimuli. Under baseline conditions, adult male rats exposed to MS have significantly reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Acute phenylephrine-induced reductions in renal blood flow is significantly attenuated in rats exposed to MS compared to control rats. Furthermore, norephinephrine (NE) content was increased in renal cortex of MS rats compared to control rats (p<0.05). These data indicate that MS induces increased renal sympathetic outflow. Thus, we hypothesized that renal denervation will normalize GFR in rats exposed to MS. Male WKY rat pups were separated from their mothers for 3 hrs/day during the morning hours from day 2 to 14 of life. Male non-separated littermates served as control rats. Experiments were performed in 300-320 g adult rats. Denervation (DnX) was performed mechanically stripping all visible renal nerves followed by topical phenol (10%) on the renal artery. Control-sham, MS-sham, control-DnX, and MS-DnX rats were instrumented with catheters in the femoral vein and abdominal aorta. Rats were placed in metabolic cages, connected to swivels, and allowed to recover for 4-5 days. Sodium intake was clamped at 2.8 mEq/day in both groups by combining sodium deficient diet and 24 hr/day 0.9% iv saline infusion (20 ml/day). GFR was determined by plasma clearance of [125I]iothalamate in the conscious state. During baseline conditions, MAP was not different between control-sham and MS-sham rats (99±4 vs 97±2 mmHg, respectively). MAP was reduced in both control-DnX and MS-DnX rats (91±2 mmHg and 83±3 mmHg, p<0.05, respectively) compared with the respective sham group. The reduction in MAP tended to be greater in MS than in control rats (-9±1 and -14±2 mmHg, p=0.074). DnX did not modify GFR in control rats (sham: 3.1±0.1 ml/min vs DnX: 3.5±0.4 ml/min). However, DnX significantly increased GFR in rats exposed to MS (sham: 2.4±0.2 ml/min vs DnX: 3.8±0.4 ml/min, p<0.05). These data support our hypothesis that MS induces increased renal sympathetic tone to reduce GFR in MS male rats, and may contribute to the exacerbated response to hypertensive stimuli observed in MS rats.


2021 ◽  
Vol 521 ◽  
pp. 111125
Author(s):  
Lucy Babicola ◽  
Rossella Ventura ◽  
Sebastian Luca D'Addario ◽  
Donald Ielpo ◽  
Diego Andolina ◽  
...  

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