scholarly journals Multiple Measures Reveal The Value of Both Race And Geographic Ancestry For Self-Identification

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Damotte ◽  
Chao Zhao ◽  
Chris Lin ◽  
Eric Williams ◽  
Yoram Louzoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Family History ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genetic Ancestry ◽  
Multiple Measures ◽  
Direct To Consumer

AbstractThere is long-standing tension regarding whether and how to use race or geographic ancestry in biomedical research. We examined multiple self-reported measures of race and ancestry from a cohort of over 100,000 U.S. residents alongside genetic data. We found that these measures are often non-overlapping, and that no single self-reported measure alone provides a better fit to genetic ancestry than a combination including both race and geographic ancestry. We also found that patterns of reporting for race and ancestry appear to be influenced by participation in direct-to-consumer genetic ancestry testing. Our results demonstrate that there is a place for the language of both race and geographic ancestry as we seek to empower individuals to fully describe their family history in research and medicine.One Sentence SummarySelf-identification in the United States according to both racial and geographic terms best reflects genetic ancestry in individuals.

Science, Politics, and the Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 (820) ◽  
pp. 303-309
Author(s):  
J. Nicholas Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scientific Advice ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Scientific Expertise ◽  
The Uk

Comparing the virus responses in Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States shows that in order for scientific expertise to result in effective policy, rational political leadership is required. Each of these three countries is known for advanced biomedical research, yet their experiences in the COVID-19 pandemic diverged widely. Germany’s political leadership carefully followed scientific advice and organized public–private partnerships to scale up testing, resulting in relatively low infection levels. The UK and US political responses were far more erratic and less informed by scientific advice—and proved much less effective.

scholarly journals Controversial advertising of medicines. A comparison between Poland and the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 67-79
Author(s):  
Marta Makowska
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Direct To Consumer ◽  
Law And Ethics ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Law ◽  
Direct To Consumer Advertising

For many years, the subject of aggressive marketing campaigns conducted by pharmaceutical companies has been raised in Poland. Drug ads are everywhere, on television, the radio, magazines and on the Internet. Therefore, it is extremely important is to ensure both their legal and ethical dimension. This article will present the differences between direct-to-consumer advertising of medicines in Poland and in the US. The dissimilarities result mainly from differences in legislation. In Poland, the law is much stricter than in the US. For example, in the United States companies are allowed to advertise prescription drugs directly to patients. In the whole of the European Union, and thus in Poland, it is strictly prohibited. The article will also present other regulations existing in Poland and in the United States and it will compare them. It will offer examples of violations of the law and ethics in the advertising of medicine in both countries. Lastly, it will briefly outline the negative consequences of unacceptable pharmaceutical marketing.

Epilogue

2021 ◽  
pp. 199-208
Author(s):  
Brian Masaru Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Family History ◽  
Asian American ◽  
State Department ◽  
The United States ◽  
Revolutionary War ◽  
Trojan Horse ◽  
The State ◽  
Foreign Agent ◽  
Double Agent

Each of the three Asian American suspects were considered and then dismissed as the Trojan Horse within the OSS. The suspicion that the double agent was someone with a short family history in the United States was proven incorrect. Instead, the foreign agent inside the OSS was one whose family heritage traced back to the American Revolutionary War and whose ancestor signed the Declaration of Independence. Yet blame for the intelligence leakage to a foreign power ultimately rests on the FBI, the State Department, and the director of the OSS itself for their inadequacies in securing classified documents and ineptitude at counterintelligence.

scholarly journals The introduction of the medicinal partner in direct-to-consumer advertising: Viagra’s contribution to pharmaceutical fetishism and patient-as-consumer discourse in healthcare

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janelle Applequist
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Meaning ◽  
Pharmaceutical Advertising ◽  
Direct To Consumer ◽  
Look Back ◽  
Market Transaction ◽  
Direct To Consumer Advertising

Pfizer, manufacturer of the erectile dysfunction prescription treatment Viagra, has been a staple in the pharmaceutical advertising arena since broadcast versions of such ads became legally permissible in the United States in 1997. Given that the patent for Viagra is soon set to expire, it is important that research take a look back in an attempt to contextualize the brand’s place in shaping medicinal marketing culture. Of particular interest is the period beginning in 2014, when Viagra’s most unconventional campaign yet began using a tactic that was the first of its kind for the pharmaceutical industry. By removing the actual consumer of the medication from these ads (males), Viagra has paved the way for pharmaceutical advertising to target the medicinal partner. This manuscript reviews the first use of the medicinal partner in the pharmaceutical advertising sector, conducting a textual analysis of Viagra’s use of this mediated relationship. The medicinal partner is the pharmaceutical industry’s attempt to target a patient’s social circle in an effort to promote a discourse that suggests a medicinal remedy for a problem. This analysis describes how social meaning and relationships underlie the market transaction of obtaining a prescription, as has been previously established through the processes of medicalization and pharmaceutical fetishism. These advertisements create belief in the larger sense, meaning Pfizer is infiltrating upon the patient’s process of choice and consumption of medicinal remedies. Viagra is simultaneously encouraging male consumers to celebrate the brand while using female ambassadors to influence the decision to request medicinal intervention.

scholarly journals Varying Effects of APOE Alleles on Extreme Longevity in European Ethnicities

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S45-S51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Gurinovich ◽  
Stacy L Andersen ◽  
Annibale Puca ◽  
Gil Atzmon ◽  
Nir Barzilai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Mortality ◽  
Genetic Ancestry ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Extreme Longevity ◽  
E4 Allele

Abstract APOE is a well-studied gene with multiple effects on aging and longevity. The gene has three alleles: e2, e3, and e4, whose frequencies vary by ethnicity. While the e2 is associated with healthy cognitive aging, the e4 allele is associated with Alzheimer’s disease and early mortality and therefore its prevalence among people with extreme longevity (EL) is low. Using the PopCluster algorithm, we identified several ethnically different clusters in which the effect of the e2 and e4 alleles on EL changed substantially. For example, PopCluster discovered a large group of 1,309 subjects enriched of Southern Italian genetic ancestry with weaker protective effect of e2 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.27, p = .14) and weaker damaging effect of e4 (OR = 0.82, p = .31) on the phenotype of EL compared to other European ethnicities. Further analysis of this cluster suggests that the odds for EL in carriers of the e4 allele with Southern Italian genetic ancestry differ depending on whether they live in the United States (OR = 0.29, p = .009) or Italy (OR = 1.21, p = .38). PopCluster also found clusters enriched of subjects with Danish ancestry with varying effect of e2 on EL. The country of residence (Denmark or United States) appears to change the odds for EL in the e2 carriers.

scholarly journals Effect of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising on Statin Use in the United States

Medical Care ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 759-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsien-Yen Chang ◽  
Irene Murimi ◽  
Matthew Daubresse ◽  
Dima M. Qato ◽  
Sherry L. Emery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct To Consumer ◽  
Direct To Consumer Advertising ◽  
Statin Use

Attitudes towards lexical borrowing and intra-sentential code-switching among Spanish-English bilinguals

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Kimball Anderson ◽  
Almeida Jacqueline Toribio
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Spanish Text ◽  
The United States ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
Multiple Measures ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Linguistic Assessment

The present study seeks to evaluate bilinguals’ attitudes towards the contact forms that are manifested in the speech of Spanish-English bilinguals in the United States, and the factors that contribute to this linguistic assessment. Towards that end, bilinguals of diverse proficiencies are presented with five versions of the fairytale Little Red Riding Hood/La Caperucita Roja: a normative Spanish text, two Spanish texts that contrast in the type of English lexical insertions made, and two code-switched texts, differentiated by type of intra-sentential alternation represented. Multiple measures are used to evaluate participants’ attitudes, including scalar judgments on personality characteristics of the authors of the texts. Data from fifty-three participants unveil a continuum of preferences that largely confirms the hypotheses posited: Spanish-English bilinguals evaluate single-noun insertions more positively than code-switching and report more fine-grained distinctions — differentiating specific versus core noun insertions and felicitous versus infelicitous code-switching — as commensurate with social and linguistic factors, such as language heritage and linguistic competence.

scholarly journals Bioconstitutional Imaginaries and the Comparative Politics of Genetic Self-knowledge

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1087-1118
Author(s):  
J. Benjamin Hurlbut ◽  
Ingrid Metzler ◽  
Luca Marelli ◽  
Sheila Jasanoff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct To Consumer ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Self Knowledge

Genetic testing has become a vehicle through which basic constitutional relationships between citizens and the state are revisited, reaffirmed, or rearticulated. The interplay between the is of genetic knowledge and the ought of government unfolds in the context of diverse imaginaries of the forms of human well-being, freedom, and flourishing that states have a duty to support. This article examines how the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States governed testing for Alzheimer’s disease, and how they diverged in defining potential harms, benefits, and objects of regulation. Comparison before and after the arrival of direct-to-consumer genetic tests reveals differences in national understandings of what it means to protect life and citizenship: in the United Kingdom, ensuring physical wellness through clinical utility; in the United States, protecting both citizens’ physical well-being and freedom to choose through a framework of consumer protection; and in Germany, emphasizing individual flourishing and an unburdened sense of human development that is expressed in genetic testing law and policy as a commitment to the stewardship of personhood. Operating with their own visions of what it means to protect life and citizenship, these three states arrived at settlements that coproduced substantially different bioconstitutional regimes around Alzheimer’s testing.

scholarly journals Assessing “Cell Therapy” Clinics Offering Treatments of Ocular Conditions using Direct-to-Consumer Marketing Websites in the United States

Ophthalmology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (10) ◽  
pp. 1350-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajinder S. Nirwan ◽  
Thomas A. Albini ◽  
Jayanth Sridhar ◽  
Harry W. Flynn ◽  
Ajay E. Kuriyan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct To Consumer ◽  
Consumer Marketing
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