scholarly journals Oomycete small RNAs invade the plant RNA-induced silencing complex for virulence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Dunker ◽  
Adriana Trutzenberg ◽  
Jan Samuel Rothenpieler ◽  
Sarah Kuhn ◽  
Reinhard Pröls ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rnas ◽  
Rna Silencing ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Race Pcr ◽  
Hyaloperonospora Arabidopsidis ◽  
First Time

AbstractFungal small RNAs (sRNAs) hijack the plant RNA silencing pathway to manipulate host gene expression, named cross-kingdom RNA interference (ckRNAi). It is currently unknown how conserved and significant ckRNAi is for microbial virulence. Here, we found for the first time that sRNAs of a pathogen representing the oomycete kingdom invade the host plant’s Argonaute (AGO)/RNA-induced silencing complex. To demonstrate the functionality of the plant-invading oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis sRNAs (HpasRNAs), we designed a novel CRISPR endoribonuclease Csy4/GUS repressor reporter to visualize in situ pathogen-induced target suppression in Arabidopsis thaliana host plant. By using 5’ RACE-PCR we demonstrated HpasRNAs-directed cleavage of plant mRNAs. The significant role of HpasRNAs together with AtAGO1 in virulence was demonstrated by plant atago1 mutants and by transgenic Arabidopsis expressing a target mimic to block HpasRNAs, that both exhibited enhanced resistance. Individual HpasRNA plant targets contributed to host immunity, as Arabidopsis gene knockout or HpasRNA-resistant gene versions exhibited quantitative enhanced or reduced susceptibility, respectively. Together with previous reports, we found that ckRNAi is conserved among oomycete and fungal pathogens.

scholarly journals Oomycete small RNAs bind to the plant RNA-induced silencing complex for virulence

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Dunker ◽  
Adriana Trutzenberg ◽  
Jan S Rothenpieler ◽  
Sarah Kuhn ◽  
Reinhard Pröls ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rnas ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Gus Reporter ◽  
Knockout Mutants ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Hyaloperonospora Arabidopsidis ◽  
Short Tandem

The exchange of small RNAs (sRNAs) between hosts and pathogens can lead to gene silencing in the recipient organism, a mechanism termed cross-kingdom RNAi (ck-RNAi). While fungal sRNAs promoting virulence are established, the significance of ck-RNAi in distinct plant pathogens is not clear. Here, we describe that sRNAs of the pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, which represents the kingdom of oomycetes and is phylogenetically distant from fungi, employ the host plant’s Argonaute (AGO)/RNA-induced silencing complex for virulence. To demonstrate H. arabidopsidis sRNA (HpasRNA) functionality in ck-RNAi, we designed a novel CRISPR endoribonuclease Csy4/GUS reporter that enabled in situ visualization of HpasRNA-induced target suppression in Arabidopsis. The significant role of HpasRNAs together with AtAGO1 in virulence was revealed in plant atago1 mutants and by transgenic Arabidopsis expressing a short-tandem-target-mimic to block HpasRNAs, that both exhibited enhanced resistance. HpasRNA-targeted plant genes contributed to host immunity, as Arabidopsis gene knockout mutants displayed quantitatively enhanced susceptibility.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans Spores Reveal a Critical Role for Capsule Biosynthesis Genes in Spore Biogenesis

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Botts ◽  
Steven S. Giles ◽  
Marcellene A. Gates ◽  
Thomas R. Kozel ◽  
Christina M. Hull
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Spore Formation ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Specific Configuration ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACT Spores are essential particles for the survival of many organisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Among the eukaryotes, fungi have developed spores with superior resistance and dispersal properties. For the human fungal pathogens, however, relatively little is known about the role that spores play in dispersal and infection. Here we present the purification and characterization of spores from the environmental fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. For the first time, we purified spores to homogeneity and assessed their morphological, stress resistance, and surface properties. We found that spores are morphologically distinct from yeast cells and are covered with a thick spore coat. Spores are also more resistant to environmental stresses than yeast cells and display a spore-specific configuration of polysaccharides on their surfaces. Surprisingly, we found that the surface of the spore reacts with antibodies to the polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan, the most abundant component of the polysaccharide capsule required for C. neoformans virulence. We explored the role of capsule polysaccharide in spore development by assessing spore formation in a series of acapsular strains and determined that capsule biosynthesis genes are required for proper sexual development and normal spore formation. Our findings suggest that C. neoformans spores may have an adapted cell surface that facilitates persistence in harsh environments and ultimately allows them to infect mammalian hosts.

scholarly journals 806 PB 118 CHARACTERIZATION OF BERRY CUTICLE AND EPICUTICULAR WAX OF GRAPE CULTIVARS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 548f-548
Author(s):  
Edward W. Hellman ◽  
Laurel Raines
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
First Line ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Surface Wax ◽  
Epicuticular Wax Layer ◽  
Grape Cultivars

The cuticle and epicuticular wax layer of grape berries provides a first line of defense against fungal pathogens. A relatively thick cuticle and wax layer may result in enhanced resistance to Botrytis cinerea Pers. The structure of epicuticular wax also has been postulated to play a role in Botryris resistance. To examine the role of cuticle and wax in disease resistance, berries of diverse grape cultivars were sampled to quantify the cuticle and wax layers. Wax surface structure was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Significant differences among cultivars were found for both cuticle and wax measurements. Environmental conditions may influence development of these layers, some cultivars had significantly greater cuticle and wax layers in berries that developed in full sunlight. Visual differences in surface wax appearance were apparent among cultivars. Size, density and orientation of wax platelets varied among cultivars.

scholarly journals Boosting the in situ encapsulation of proteins with MIL-100(Fe): the role of strong Lewis acid centers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Cases ◽  
Mónica Giménez-Marqués
Keyword(s):  
General Strategy ◽  
Triggered Release ◽  
Strong Lewis Acid ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
Acid Centers ◽  
First Time ◽  
Surface Nature

Encapsulation of biomolecules using Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) to form stable biocomposites has been demonstrated a valuable strategy for their preservation and controlled release, which has been however restricted to specific electrostatic surface conditions. We present a general in situ strategy that promotes the spontaneous MOF growth onto a broad variety of proteins, for the first time, regardless of their surface nature. We demonstrate that MOFs based on cations exhibiting considerable inherent acidity such as MIL-100(Fe) enable biomolecule encapsulation, including alkaline proteins previously inaccesible by the welldeveloped in situ encapsulation with azolate-based MOFs. In particular, MIL-100(Fe) scaffold permits effective encapsulation of proteins with very distinct surface nature, retaining their activity and allowing triggered release under biocompatible conditions. This general strategy will enable an ample use of biomolecules in desired biolotechnological applications.

scholarly journals Deep Sequencing of Viroid-Derived Small RNAs from Grapevine Provides New Insights on the Role of RNA Silencing in Plant-Viroid Interaction

PLoS ONE ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. e7686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Navarro ◽  
Vitantonio Pantaleo ◽  
Andreas Gisel ◽  
Simon Moxon ◽  
Tamas Dalmay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sequencing ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Rna Silencing

scholarly journals Glycodelin mRNA is expressed in the genital tract of male and female rats (Rattus norvegicus)

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Keil ◽  
B Husen ◽  
J Giebel ◽  
G Rune ◽  
R Walther
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
First Time

In the present study we demonstrate for the first time the expression of glycodelin mRNA in the female and male genital tracts of rats using non-radioactive in situ hybridisation. Glycodelin fragment 1 (+41 to +141) shares 100% homology with the human gene sequence. In the ovary, glycodelin mRNA was restricted to granulosa cells. In the uterus, glycodelin mRNA was expressed in all epithelial cells of the endometrium. In the male reproductive tract, glycodelin mRNA was distributed in all epithelial cells of the epididymis, the prostate and the seminal vesicle. However, in the testis, glycodelin mRNA was predominantly found in spermatogonia and in spermatocytes of the seminiferous epithelium. The expression in several reproductive organs of rats offers an excellent tool to study further the physiological role of glycodelin, which is so far thought to act as an immunosuppressive factor.

An in situ photoelectroreduction approach to fabricate Bi/BiOCl heterostructure photocathodes: understanding the role of Bi metal for solar water splitting

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 4894-4903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiqiang Fan ◽  
Chunfa Li ◽  
Hongye Bai ◽  
Yanyan Zhao ◽  
Bifu Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Splitting ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Solar Water Splitting ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
First Time ◽  
Bi Nanoparticles ◽  
Pec Water Splitting

This paper presents for the first time a novel method of in situ depositing plasmonic Bi nanoparticles on BiOCl nanosheets (Bi/BiOCl) for PEC water splitting.

Arteries of the antebrachium and manus of the tokay (Gekko gecko) (Reptilia: Gekkonidae)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Circulatory System ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
Functional Interpretation ◽  
Gekko Gecko ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Adhesive Pads ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time

The role of the circulatory system in the functioning of the subdigital adhesive pads of geckoes has been the subject of much discussion. However, the morphology and configuration of the blood system in the foot has remained poorly understood, rendering functional interpretation of the blood sinuses simplistic. Here the major arterial vessels of the manus are described for the first time and a discussion of their geometry is presented. Due to the paucity of information concerning the arterial system of the appendages of lizards a description of the major vessels of the antebrachium is also given.The data presented are based on the study of material injected with low-viscosity silicone rubber and then cleared so that vessels may be studied in situ. The data are pertinent to subsequent discussions of the microvasculature of the subdigital lamellae and of reconsiderations of their structure and form.

scholarly journals Ooids forming in situ within microbial mats (Kiritimati atoll, central Pacific)

PalZ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Suarez-Gonzalez ◽  
Joachim Reitner
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Microbial Mats ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Environmental Processes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time

AbstractOoids (subspherical particles with a laminated cortex growing around a nucleus) are ubiquitous in the geological record since the Archean and have been widely studied for more than two centuries. However, various questions about them remain open, particularly about the role of microbial communities and organic matter in their formation and development. Although ooids typically occur rolling around in agitated waters, here, we describe for the first time aragonite ooids forming statically within microbial mats from hypersaline ponds of Kiritimati (Kiribati, central Pacific). Subspherical particles had been previously observed in these mats and classified as spherulites, but these particles grow around autochthonous micritic nuclei, and many of them have laminated cortices, with alternating radial fibrous laminae and micritic laminae. Thus, they are compatible with the definition of the term ‘ooid’ and are in fact very similar to many modern and fossil examples. Kiritimati ooids are more abundant and developed in some ponds and in some particular layers of the microbial mats, which leads to the discussion and interpretation of their formation processes as product of mat evolution, through a combination of organic and environmental factors. Radial fibrous laminae are formed during periods of increased supersaturation, either by metabolic or environmental processes. Micritic laminae are formed in closer association with the mat exopolymer (EPS) matrix, probably during periods of lower supersaturation and/or stronger EPS degradation. Therefore, this study represents a step forward in the understanding of ooid development as influenced by microbial communities, providing a useful analogue for explaining similar fossil ooids.

Roland and Crusade Imagery in an English Royal Chapel: early thirteenth-century wall paintings in Claverley church, Shropshire

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 129-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The North ◽  
The Status ◽  
North Wall ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Church

A frieze of mounted knights, over 15m long, dominates the nave of the church of All Saints, Claverley, Shropshire. It is part of an extensive mural scheme from the first quarter of the thirteenth century. For the first time the status of Claverley as a Royal Chapel is recognized and the royal and crusading character of the imagery is discussed. The emperors Constantine and Heraclius are identified as part of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross subject on the north wall, and the Holy Cross is suggested as the unifying theme, pre-dating the Florentine mural cycle by Agnolo Gaddi by some 170 years. Claverley is also shown to have the only medieval mural of Roland, hero of the Chanson de Roland, to survive in situ. The historical background of the early years of Henry iii is examined and the possible role of Ranulf de Blondeville, earl of Chester, in commissioning the frieze is considered.

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