scholarly journals Sophisticated suction organs from insects living in raging torrents: Morphology and ultrastructure of the attachment devices of net-winged midge larvae (Diptera: Blephariceridae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Kang ◽  
Richard Johnston ◽  
Thomas van de Kamp ◽  
Tomáš Faragó ◽  
Walter Federle
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Laser Confocal Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Confocal Scanning ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Confocal Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Micro Tomography ◽  
Structural Adaptations ◽  
Attachment Devices

2.AbstractSuction organs provide powerful yet dynamic attachments for many aquatic animals, including octopus, squid, remora, and clingfish. While the functional morphology of suction organs from various cephalopods and fishes has been investigated in detail, there are only few studies on such attachment devices in insects. Here we characterise the morphology, ultrastructure, and in vivo movements of the suction attachment organs of net-winged midge larvae (genus Liponeura) – aquatic insects that live on rocks in rapid alpine waterways where flow rates can reach 3 m s-1 – using scanning electron microscopy, laser confocal scanning microscopy, and X-ray computed micro-tomography (micro-CT). We identified structural adaptations important for the function of the suction attachment organs from L. cinerascens and L. cordata. First, a dense array of spine-like microtrichia covering each suction disc comes into contact with the substrate upon attachment. Similar hairy structures have been found on the contact zones of suction organs from octopus, clingfish, and remora fish. These structures are thought to contribute to the seal and to provide increased shear force resistance in high-drag environments. Second, specialised rim microtrichia at the suction disc periphery form a continuous ring in close contact with a surface and may serve as a seal on a variety of surfaces. Third, a V-shaped cut on the suction disc (the V-notch) is actively peeled open via two cuticular apodemes inserting into its flanks. The apodemes are attached to dedicated V-notch opening muscles, thereby providing a unique detachment mechanism. The complex cuticular design of the suction organs, along with specialised muscles that attach to them, allows blepharicerid larvae to generate powerful attachments which can withstand strong hydrodynamic forces and quickly detach for locomotion. Our findings could be applied to bio-inspired attachment devices that perform well on a wide range of surfaces.

scholarly journals Morphology of powerful suction organs from blepharicerid larvae living in raging torrents

BMC Zoology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Kang ◽  
Richard Johnston ◽  
Thomas van de Kamp ◽  
Tomáš Faragó ◽  
Walter Federle
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Flow Speeds ◽  
Micro Tomography ◽  
Structural Adaptations ◽  
Attachment Devices

Abstract Background Suction organs provide powerful yet dynamic attachments for many aquatic animals, including octopus, squid, remora, and clingfish. While the functional morphology of suction organs from some cephalopods and fishes has been investigated in detail, there are only few studies on such attachment devices in insects. Here we characterise the morphology and ultrastructure of the suction attachment organs of net-winged midge larvae (genus Liponeura; Diptera: Blephariceridae) – aquatic insects that live on rocks in rapid alpine waterways where flow speeds can reach 3 m s− 1 – using scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and X-ray computed micro-tomography (micro-CT). Furthermore, we study the function of these organs in vivo using interference reflection microscopy. Results We identified structural adaptations important for the function of the suction attachment organs in L. cinerascens and L. cordata. First, a dense array of spine-like microtrichia covering each suction disc comes into contact with the substrate upon attachment, analogous to hairy structures on suction organs from octopus, clingfish, and remora fish. These spine-like microtrichia may contribute to the seal and provide increased shear force resistance in high-drag environments. Second, specialised rim microtrichia at the suction disc periphery were found to form a continuous ring in close contact and may serve as a seal on a variety of surfaces. Third, a V-shaped cut on the suction disc (“V-notch“) is actively opened via two cuticular apodemes inserting on its flanks. The apodemes are attached to dedicated V-notch opening muscles, thereby providing a unique detachment mechanism. The complex cuticular design of the suction organs, along with specialised muscles that attach to them, allows blepharicerid larvae to generate powerful attachments which can withstand strong hydrodynamic forces and quickly detach for locomotion. Conclusion The suction organs from Liponeura are underwater attachment devices specialised for resisting extremely fast flows. Structural adaptations from these suction organs could translate into future bioinspired attachment systems that perform well on a wide range of surfaces.

scholarly journals The use of the laser confocal scanning microscopy to measure resin remnants on customized lingual bracket

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Can Kuskonmaz ◽  
Alberto De Stefani ◽  
Gilberto Artioli ◽  
Matteo Zanarini ◽  
Giulio Alessandri Bonetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Laser Confocal Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Scanning ◽  
Confocal Scanning Microscopy

Fretting of Human Axial Cortical Bone

2007 ◽  
Vol 353-358 ◽  
pp. 874-877
Author(s):  
Hai Yang Yu ◽  
Shan Shan Gao ◽  
Zhen Bing Cai ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Xin Min Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Physiological Solution ◽  
Partial Slip ◽  
Wear Depth ◽  
Bone Implant ◽  
Slip Regime ◽  
Laser Confocal Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Scanning ◽  
Confocal Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Fretting Damage

Under imitating human physiological solution, the fretting behaviors of flat cortical bone specimen from fresh human femur in the axial orientation against TA2 titanium ball with diameter of 40 mm had been investigated. The coefficients of friction (COF) and fretting logs were calculated automatically. The worn surfaces of the cortical bone were analyzed by means of laser confocal scanning microscopy. The results showed that the fretting logs for the cortical bone varied with the increase of the cycles from the elastic partial slip (D=5 (m), the elastoplastic partial slip (D=15 (m) to gross slip (D=30 (m), respectively. The fretting regime transformed from the partial slip regime directly to the gross slip regime without the mixed fretting regime. And the evolution of the COF in each fretting condition was also compared statistically. The fretting damage in the elastic partial slip state was slight. But the abrasive wear and micro-fracture were observed in the plastoelastic partial slip state and gross slip regime. The wear depth increased with cycles and well related to the COF of the cortical bone in each fretting condition. To reduce the fretting damages of bone, it is advisable to control the displacement amplitude at bone-implant interface.

Microstructual Evaluation of 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo Stainless Steel Quenched by Induction Heating

2012 ◽  
Vol 457-458 ◽  
pp. 525-530
Author(s):  
Takashi Honda ◽  
Edson Costa Santos ◽  
Katsuyuki Kida ◽  
Takuya Shibukawa
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Induction Heating ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Quick Method ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Laser Confocal Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Scanning ◽  
Confocal Scanning Microscopy

In this work, a 5 mm diameter 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo stainless steel shaft was quenched by induction heating by using a 15 mm diameter coil and the influence of the induction heating process on the material’s microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated by laser confocal scanning microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Vickers hardness testing. Through the heat treatment process, the hardness increased two-fold and the XRD pattern changed indicating occurrence of martensitic transformation. Based on these results, it is concluded that induction heating can be used as a quick method of hardening 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo alloy steel.

scholarly journals HERV-W Envelope Triggers Abnormal Dopaminergic Neuron Process through DRD2/PP2A/AKT1/GSK3 for Schizophrenia Risk

Viruses ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Qiujin Yan ◽  
Xiulin Wu ◽  
Ping Zhou ◽  
Yan Zhou ◽  
Xuhang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Human Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Whole Cell Patch Clamp ◽  
Laser Confocal Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Scanning ◽  
Confocal Scanning Microscopy

An increasing number of studies have begun considering human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) as potential pathogenic phenomena. Our previous research suggests that HERV-W Envelope (HERV-W ENV), a HERV-W family envelope protein, is elevated in schizophrenia patients and contributes to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The dopamine (DA) hypothesis is the cornerstone in research and clinical practice related to schizophrenia. Here, we found that the concentration of DA and the expression of DA receptor D2 (DRD2) were significantly higher in schizophrenia patients than in healthy individuals. Intriguingly, there was a positive correlation between HERV-W ENV and DA concentration. Depth analyses showed that there was a marked consistency between HERV-W ENV and DRD2 in schizophrenia. Studies in vitro indicated that HERV-W ENV could increase the DA concentration by regulating DA metabolism and induce the expression of DRD2. Co-IP assays and laser confocal scanning microscopy indicated cellular colocalization and a direct interaction between DRD2 and HERV-W ENV. Additionally, HERV-W ENV caused structural and functional abnormalities of DA neurons. Further studies showed that HERV-W ENV could trigger the PP2A/AKT1/GSK3 pathway via DRD2. A whole-cell patch-clamp analysis suggested that HERV-W ENV enhanced sodium influx through DRD2. In conclusion, we uncovered a relationship between HERV-W ENV and the dopaminergic system in the DA neurons. Considering that GNbAC1, a selective monoclonal antibody to the MSRV-specific epitope, has been promised as a therapy for treating type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis (MS) in clinical trials, understanding the precise function of HERV-W ENV in the dopaminergic system may provide new insights into the treatment of schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Study of cytotoxic activity of Ti–13Nb–13Zr medical alloy with different surface finishing techniques

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoria Hoppe ◽  
Patrycja Szymczyk-Ziółkowska ◽  
Małgorzata Rusińska ◽  
Dominik Poradowski ◽  
Maciej Janeczek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Surface Finishing ◽  
Laser Confocal Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Scale Levels ◽  
Confocal Scanning ◽  
Characterization Of Materials ◽  
New Generation

AbstractThe characterization of materials surface is essential, as the initial in vivo response is highly dependent on surface properties. Surface topography is a key aspect that influences the response of cells to products resulting from interaction with the surface of a titanium alloy, including parameters such as adhesion, spread, migration, proliferation, and differentiation of cells. Various surface modifications are used to improve the interface properties between MC3T3 and NHDF cells and the Ti–13Nb–13Zr-based surface. Among the techniques discussed in this paper, scanning electron microscopy, laser confocal scanning microscopy, and computed tomography are adequate to investigate materials topography at different scale levels. Chemical characterization of the outer layers of Ti–13Nb–13Zr samples was performed with X-ray photoelectron spectrometry. Studies have shown that the surfaces resulting from the treatment enabling the formation of titanium oxide and zirconium oxide show the lowest cytotoxicity. Implants made from the new generation of titanium alloy, not containing toxic elements, with the use of surface modification could be an essential innovation in implantology.

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