scholarly journals A gall-forming insect manipulates hostplant phytohormone synthesis, concentrations, and signaling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélanie J. A. Body ◽  
Heidi M. Appel ◽  
Patrick P. Edger ◽  
Jack C. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Daktulosphaira Vitifoliae ◽  
Insect Galls ◽  
Cytokinin Biosynthesis ◽  
Plant Organs ◽  
Vitis Riparia ◽  
Biochemical Interaction ◽  
Phytohormone Synthesis

AbstractInsect galls are highly specialized plant organs formed by an intimate biochemical interaction between the plant and a gall-inducing insect. Galls provide the insect enhanced nutrition and protection against natural enemies and environmental stresses. Because galls are plant organs, their development is likely to be governed by native phytohormones that function in organogenesis. We characterized concentrations of both growth and stress phytohormones in ungalled leaves and the leaf galls of Daktulosphaira vitifoliae on wild grape Vitis riparia at 4 different developmental stages. We found clear evidence of hormone manipulation by phylloxera during gall initiation and development. Phylloxera suppressed accumulation of of gibberellins, auxin, and jasmonates during the first two gall stages while absiscic acid concentrations were suppressed throughout development. Concentrations of 3 cytokinins and salicylate were greatly elevated during the earliest gall stage and declined sharply thereafter. We found no evidence of expression of cytokinin biosynthesis genes during the first gall stage, which strongly suggests that phylloxera supplied those phytohormones. High salicylate concentrations could have been caused by cytokinins, a response to microbes, or both. Our results suggest a central role for cytokinins in gall initiation and indicate the importance of the insect’s ability to manipulate other hormones.

scholarly journals Heritable Phytohormone Profiles of Poplar Genotypes Vary in Resistance to a Galling Aphid

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 654-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélanie J. A. Body ◽  
Matthew S. Zinkgraf ◽  
Thomas G. Whitham ◽  
Chung-Ho Lin ◽  
Ryan A. Richardson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Induced Responses ◽  
Broad Sense Heritability ◽  
Insect Galls ◽  
Plant Organs ◽  
Populus Angustifolia ◽  
Biochemical Interaction ◽  
Pemphigus Betae ◽  
Atypical Development ◽  
First Time ◽  
Open Access Article

Insect galls are highly specialized structures arising from atypical development of plant tissue induced by insects. Galls provide the insect enhanced nutrition and protection against natural enemies and environmental stresses. Galls are essentially plant organs formed by an intimate biochemical interaction between the gall-inducing insect and its host plant. Because galls are plant organs, their development is likely to be governed by phytohormones involved in normal organogenesis. We characterized concentrations of both growth and defensive phytohormones in ungalled control leaves and galls induced by the aphid Pemphigus betae on narrowleaf cottonwood Populus angustifolia that differ genotypically in resistance to this insect. We found that susceptible trees differed from resistant trees in constitutive concentrations of both growth and defense phytohormones. Susceptible trees were characterized by significantly higher constitutive cytokinin concentrations in leaves, significantly greater ability of aphids to elicit cytokinin increases, and significantly lower constitutive defense phytohormone concentrations than observed in resistant trees. Phytohormone concentrations in both constitutive and induced responses in galled leaves exhibited high broad-sense heritability that, respectively, ranged from 0.39 to 0.93 and from 0.28 to 0.66, suggesting that selection can act upon these traits and that they might vary across the landscape. Increased cytokinin concentrations may facilitate forming strong photosynthate sinks in the galls, a requirement for galling insect success. By characterizing for the first time the changes in 15 phytohormones belonging to five different classes, this study offers a better overview of the signaling alteration occurring in galls that has likely been important for their ecology and evolution. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

scholarly journals Strong selective pressure by parasitoids mitigates the costs of consuming chemically defended plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deidra J. Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
List Type ◽  
Plant Secondary Compounds ◽  
Defensive Compounds ◽  
Cotesia Congregata

AbstractCo-evolutionary interactions between plants and herbivores have led to a range of plant defenses that minimize insect damage and a suite of counter-adaptations that allow herbivores to feed on defended plants. Consumption of plant secondary compounds results in herbivore growth and developmental costs but can be beneficial if eating these secondary compounds results in deterrence or harm to natural enemies.To test the role of secondary compounds on herbivore fitness in the context of natural enemies, I combined field measurements of the prevalence of a parasitoid wasp (Cotesia congregata) with detailed measurements of the costs of plant secondary compounds on growth, immune, and fitness traits across developmental stages in the herbivore Manduca sexta. When M. sexta larvae consume defended plants, Cotesia congregata are known to have reduced success. However, this anti-enemy benefit to the M. sexta host must be considered in relationship to parasitoid abundance and the type and strength of the fitness costs M. sexta incurs feeding on plant secondary compounds.I found that Cotesia congregata parasitoids exert large negative selective pressures, killing 31-57% of M. sexta larvae in the field. Manduca sexta developed fastest during the instars most at risk for parasitoid oviposition but growth was slowed by consumption of plant secondary compounds (nicotine and rutin). These negative size effects at the larval stage carried over to influence adult traits associated with flight and mating but there were no immune, survival, or fecundity costs of consuming plant defensive compounds as larvae.Synthesis. These results suggest that the developmental costs experienced by M. sexta herbivores consuming defensive compounds may be outweighed by a survival benefit in the face of abundant enemy pressures.

Gall Insect Menace in Eucalyptus

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-357
Author(s):  
N. Roychoudhury
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Seasonal Occurrence ◽  
Gall Formation ◽  
Leptocybe Invasa ◽  
Gall Insect

Altogether about 920 species of insects recorded from Eucalyptus worldwide, about six species are gall insects. Of these, Leptocybe invasa, is a major nursery pest of Eucalyptus, exclusively responsible for gall formation in seedlings and saplings, including coppice shoots. The insect has threatened Eucalyptus propagation in nursery stage. The present paper has reviewed succinctly the insect pests of Eucalyptus with special emphasis on gall insect, Leptocybe invasa Fisher & LaSalle (Hymenoptera : Eulophidae), its seasonal occurrence, nature of damage, host plants and description of gall insect, developmental stages of gall, natural enemies and management. The paper has highlighted the need for long term strategies to combat against this severe pest to prevent its spread.

Populations of Stink Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and their Natural Enemies in Peanuts

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glynn Tillman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Stink Bugs ◽  
Geocoris Punctipes ◽  
Oebalus Pugnax ◽  
Heteroptera Pentatomidae ◽  
Telenomus Podisi ◽  
On Farm

The objective of this on-farm study was to determine if peanuts harbor populations of stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and their natural enemies in Georgia. Eight species of phytophagous stink bugs were found in peanuts over the 5-yr study. The predominant stink bug species were Nezara viridula (L.), Euschistus servus (Say), Euschistus quadrator (Rolston), and Oebalus pugnax pugnax (F.). The remaining 4 species, Acrosternum hilare (Say), Euschistus tristigmus (Say), Euschistus ictericus (L.), and Thyanta custator accerra McAtee, were found in relatively low numbers. All developmental stages of N. viridula, E. servus, E. quadrator, A. hilare, and O. p. pugnax were collected at various times in the study indicating that these 5 species of stink bugs were developing on this crop. Seasonal abundance of N. viridula and E. servus nymphs and adults provided further support that these 2 species of stink bugs developed on peanuts. At least 1 generation of N. viridula and E. servus occurred in peanuts each year, and generally some of the adults that developed on peanuts oviposited on peanuts producing another generation of nymphs in this crop. Because only adults of T. c. accerra, E. tristigmus, and E. ictericus were found in peanuts, these 3 stink bug species probably were not developing on this crop. Adult stink bugs were parasitized by the tachinid parasitoids Trichopoda pennipes (F.) and Cylindromyia spp. Stink bug eggs were parasitized by the scelionids, Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston), Trissolcus thyantae Ashmead, Trissolcus brochymenae (Ashmead), Telenomus podisi Ashmead, and Gryon obesum Masner, and an unknown encyrtid species. Geocoris punctipes (Say), Geocoris uliginosus (Say), Orius insidiosus (Say), Podisus maculiventris (Say), and Oxyopes salticus Hentz preyed on stink bugs in peanuts. Peanuts harbor populations of stink bugs and their natural enemies, and thus the role peanuts play in landscape ecology of stink bugs needs to be ascertained to better understand how to manage stink bug populations in landscapes in which peanuts are associated with other crops.

Characterization of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 Gene in Apis cerana cerana in Response to Multiple Environmental Stresses

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 342-352
Author(s):  
Lu Luo ◽  
Mingjiang Kang ◽  
Kai Liua ◽  
Xingqi Guo ◽  
Baohua Xu
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Apis Cerana ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Apis Cerana Cerana ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Multiple Sequence ◽  
Alignment Analysis ◽  
Cycle Regulation

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine kinases that play critical roles in the cell cycle regulation. Herein, we describe the identifi cation of a CDK gene from Apis cerana cerana, named AccCDK6. The full-length cDNA is 1,778 bp long, including an ORF of 1,380 bp that encodes a polypeptide of 459 amino acid residues. Multiple sequence alignment analysis showed that the predicted AccCDK6 sequence shares a high similarity with CDK6 genes of other species, and this protein may share an evolutionary predecessor with Drosophila CDK4. The expression patterns of the gene were also analysed, and the transcript was detected throughout the larval, pupal, and adult developmental stages. Furthermore, the expression level of the mRNA of the gene in adult workers was infl uenced by H2O2, ultraviolet (UV) light, temperature (42°C), HgCl2, and pyriproxyfen. These results indicate that AccCDK6 responds to multiple environmental stresses and may also participate in intracellular reactions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and development processes in honey-bees

scholarly journals Nest Structure, Development and Natural Enemies of Ceratina hieroglyphica Smith, A Stem Nesting Bee Colonizing Cashew Trees in Hilly Terrains

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-232
Author(s):  
Vanitha Kaliaperumal
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Larval Period ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Nest Structure ◽  
Structure Development ◽  
Pupal Period ◽  
Nesting Sites ◽  
Honey Solution

AbstractCeratina hieroglyphica nesting sites were located in dried tiny twigs of cashew trees, and the life stages were observed through periodical collection of nests. Nests were located in the pithy region up to a maximum of 20 cm deep, and individual cells of 3.5 4 mm were separated by partitions. In 2017, one hundred and two nests were collected, of which twenty-two had been abandoned. Older cells were at the bottom of nests, while young ones towards the entrance. Among the different stages, the most in the nests were adults (51.8%), followed by pupal stages. Periodical collection of nests and the observations on developmental stages of the bees indicated that the nesting period was found to occur between October and March. Each egg was laid on a pollen provision located in separate cells and the incubation period lasted for 3.1±0.29 days. The larval period and pupal period lasted for 8.4±0.63 days and 7.3±01.41 days, respectively. Adults survived up to fourteen days in lab conditions with 10% honey solution. Parasitoids, predators and pathogens recorded on this bee species are also presented here.

Aboveground Arthropod Composition, Abundance and Guild Structure in Upland Rice Agro-ecosystem at Matalam, North Cotabato, Philippines

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
GINA D. BALLERAS ◽  
LEAH E. ENDONELA
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Social Wasp ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Scirpophaga Incertulas

With the recent innovations in the field of ecological pest management,conservation and enhancement of biological diversity at any rice agro-ecosystemshas received considerable attention. The composition and abundance ofaboveground arthropods was assessed on upland rice fields in Matalam, NorthCotabato, Southern Mindanao, Philippines. Sampling and monitoring was doneusing malaise trapping, sweep netting and direct counting techniques. A total of29 arthropod species belonging to 21 families in nine orders were documented.The collected samples were comprised of 40% insect pests, 53% predators and7% parasitoids. The three most abundant insect pests were rice bug (Leptocorisaoratorius), rice seedling maggot (Atherigona oryzae), and pink stemborer (Sesamia inferens). The predators are dominated by lady bird beetle (Micraspis spp.), social wasp (unknown) and long-jawed spider (Tetragnatha maxillosa). Ichneumonids,Braconids and Tachinids, though in smaller numbers, were present throughoutthe cropping season. More importantly, the study reported the presence of four rice stem borer species – Scirpophaga innotta, Scirpophaga incertulas, Sesamia infere and Chilo suppressalis and two rice grain bug species – Paraeucosmetuspallicornis and Elasmolomus sordidus in Matalam. The occurrence, compositionand abundance of insect pests and associated natural enemies vary with ricegrowth and developmental stages. The negative Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r= -0.31) between the insect pests and natural enemies was attributed to effectivecultural management practices which have been developed through decades ofsubsistence upland rice farming.Keywords: Ecology, aboveground arthropods, upland rice agro-ecosystem, sampling andmonitoring, Philippines

Biology, natural enemies and damage of the sugarcane whitefly (Neomaskellia andropogonis) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (04) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Askarianzadeh ◽  
Mehrnoosh Minaeimoghadam
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Female Progeny ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Neomaskellia Andropogonis

AbstractAn outbreak of the sugarcane whitefly (Neomaskellia andropogonis Corbett) recently occurred in sugarcane fields in Khuzestan Province of Iran. This pest sucks plant sap producing large amounts of honeydew. In Khuzestan Province, populations of all developmental stages increase from early August until late November. At this time, when sugarcane is at the ripening stage, nymphs suck the sap, and in cases of severe infestation, retard the growth of sugarcane plants. In this study, we investigated the biology of the pest on different cultivars of sugarcane and under different temperatures. Also, we conducted experiments to determine the damage caused by the pest in the field. Mean pre-adult developmental times were 24.09, 28.06, 27.27 and 26.64 days on CP69-1062, CP57-1062, CP48-103 and NCO-310 cultivars, respectively, and only female progeny were produced. Mean longevity of females on the four cultivars was 6, 8.49, 4.15 and 4.60 days, respectively. Adult females laid an average of 61.80, 58.80, 41.10 and 39.38 eggs on the four cultivars, respectively. Results show that the optimum temperature for development of different stages of N. andropogonis is 30±1°C during the day and 25±1°C at night, and at this temperature, egg and nymphal duration (including first, second, third instars and pupae) and adult longevity were 6.2, 17.0 and 7.6 days, respectively. Females of cultivar CP69-1062 laid an average of 50.09 eggs. Analysis of data on the quality of damage (including Brix, pol and refined sugar factors) shows that damage was inversely and significantly correlated with the number of infested leaves. Whitefly damage differed among cultivars; and, based on the quality of damage, early maturing cultivars were more susceptible to whitefly damage. We collected two parasitoid wasps from nymphs—Encarsia inaron (Walker) (Hym.: Aphelinidae) and Eretmocerus delhiensis Mani (Hym.: Aphelinidae). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the biology, damage and natural enemies of N. andropogonis on sugarcane in Iran.

scholarly journals First record of Kermes echinatus on Quercus ilex

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Stathas ◽  
E. D. Kartsonas ◽  
P. J. Skouras
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Quercus Ilex ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
First Record ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Chilocorus Bipustulatus ◽  
First Instar ◽  
First Time

The scale insect Kermes echinatus Balachowsky (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Kermesidae) was recorded on Quercus ilex in November 2012 in Kalamata and in December of the same year on the same host species in Athens. Quercus ilex is recorded for the first time as the host of this scale. This scale is first recorded in continental Greece. The population of the scale in both areas consisted mainly of first instar nymphs, whereas in Kalamata individuals of the scale in advanced developmental stages were recorded. Preliminary studies indicate that natural enemies are active against K. echinatus. Moultings of larvae and pupae and adults of Chilocorus bipustulatus L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were found on colonies of the scale. Parasitoid exit holes were recorded on female adults of the scale. Some data on morphology and infestation of the scale on Q. ilex are given.

scholarly journals Flavonoid Shifts During Developmental Stages of Spathiphyllum Inflorescences

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-97
Author(s):  
Roseann S. White
Keyword(s):  
Paper Chromatography ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Plant Organs ◽  
Chromatographic Profile ◽  
Flavonoid Composition

Flavonoids of spadix and spathe samples representing 6 different stages of maturation were extracted in methanol and analyzed by paper chromatography. Although the flavonoid composition appeared similar for the different developmental spadix stages, flavonoid diversity increased during maturation. Similar results were obtained from spathe samples. The flavonoid chromatographic profile obtained with leaf blades also differed markedly from that of either the spathe or spadix. These preliminary chromatographic studies demonstrate phytochemical diversity not only between different plant organs but within the same organ at different developmental stages.

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