scholarly journals Mastitis risk effect on the economic consequences of paratuberculosis control in dairy cattle: A stochastic modeling study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Verteramo Chiu ◽  
L. W. Tauer ◽  
Y.T. Gröhn ◽  
R. L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Elisa Testing

ABSTRACTThe benefits and efficacy of control programs for herds infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) have been investigated under various contexts. However, most previous research investigated paratuberculosis control programs in isolation, without modeling the potential association with other dairy diseases. This paper evaluated the benefits of MAP control programs when the herd is also affected by mastitis, a common disease causing the largest losses in dairy production. The effect of typically suggested MAP controls were estimated under the assumption that MAP infection increased the rate of clinical mastitis. We evaluated one hundred twenty three control strategies comprising various combinations of testing, culling, and hygiene, and found that the association of paratuberculosis with mastitis alters the ranking of specific MAP control programs, but only slightly alters the cost-effectiveness of particular MAP control components, as measured by the distribution of net present value of a representative U.S. dairy operation. In particular, although testing and culling for MAP resulted in a reduction in MAP incidence, that control led to lower net present value (NPV) per cow. When testing was used, ELISA was more cost-effective than alternative testing regimes, especially if mastitis was explicitly modeled as more likely in MAP-infected animals, but ELISA testing was only significantly associated with higher NPV if mastitis was not included in the model at all. Additional hygiene was associated with a lower NPV per cow, although it lowered MAP prevalence. Overall, the addition of an increased risk of mastitis in MAP-infected animals did not change model recommendations as much as failing to consider mastitis at all.

Effects of aerial strip spraying on mixedwood stand structure and tree growth

2014 ◽  
Vol 90 (04) ◽  
pp. 479-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Comeau
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Block Area

Herbicide application in strips offers a cost-effective way to accelerate spruce growth in young mixedwood stands, while also retaining the mixedwood character of the stand. In June of 2006 data were collected to evaluate the effects of aerial strip spraying on subsequent growth of treated stands. These blocks had been planted in 1991 and treated in 2000 with Triclopyr ester herbicide applied in strips. Treated and untreated strips averaged 5.8 m and 8.4 m in width, respectively, with 38% of the block area being effectively treated. In 2006 aspen density, DBH, and height were significantly lower in the treated strips compared to either untreated strips or completely untreated blocks. Spruce growth was significantly larger in treated strips with diameter growth responses beginning in the first and height growth responses in the second growing season following treatment. Yield estimates from the Mixedwood Growth Model (MGM) indicate that the strip spray treatments result in the highest spruce yields. However, when understory protection (harvesting aspen at age 70 and spruce at 120) is applied, the untreated blocks provided higher total yield and net present value.

scholarly journals Plasma Assisted Combustion as a Cost-Effective Way for Balancing of Intermittent Sources: Techno-Economic Assessment for 200 MWel Power Unit

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 5056
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Mączka ◽  
Halina Pawlak-Kruczek ◽  
Lukasz Niedzwiecki ◽  
Edward Ziaja ◽  
Artur Chorążyczewski
Keyword(s):  
Power Unit ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Plasma System ◽  
Value Analysis

Due to the increasing installed power of the intermittent renewable energy sources in the European Union, increasing the operation flexibility of the generating units in the system is necessary. This is particularly important for systems with relatively large installed power of wind and solar. Plasma technologies can be used for that purpose. Nonetheless, the wide implementation of such technology should be economically justified. This paper shows that the use of plasma systems for increasing the flexibility of power units can be economically feasible, based on the results of a net present value analysis. The cost of the installation itself had a marginal effect on the results of the net present value analysis. Based on the performed analysis, the ability to lower the technical minimum of the power unit and the relationship between such a technical minimum and the installed power of a plasma system can be considered decisive factors influencing the economics of the investment for such an installation. Further research on better means of prediction of the minimum attainable load, which would allow determining the influence of implementation of a plasma system, is recommended. This will be the decisive factor behind future decisions regarding investing in such systems.

Life Cycle Cost Analysis Case Study on Corrosion Remedial Measures for Concrete Structures

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin How Ho ◽  
Azlan Abd. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Concrete Bridges ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Life Cycle Cost Analysis ◽  
Remedial Measures ◽  
Present Value

Artikel ini membincangkan kajian ringkas berkaitan analisis kos kitaran hayat terhadap langkah-langkah pembaikan pengaratan bagi jambatan dan struktur marin konkrit yang terdedah kepada karbonasi atau serangan natrium klorida daripada air laut atau sumber-sumber lain. Perisian kos kitaran hayat, Bridge LCC 2.0 digunakan untuk menjalankan analisi kitaran hayat untuk tiga kes kajian melibatkan kaedah nilai bersih kini. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan analisis kos kitaran hayat berkeupayaan untuk membantu jurutera dan agensi pengangkutan dalam menilai keputusan penyelenggaraan yang efektif berkaitan dengan masalah pengaratan. Ia boleh digunakan sebagai alat analisis ekonomi kejuruteraan yang membantu mantaksir kos-kos perbezaan dan membuat pilihan terhadap langkah pembaikan pengaratan yang berkesan. Analisis kos kitaran hayat bagi langkah pembaikan dipengaruhi oleh banyak pemboleh ubah seperti kos permulaan, kos penyelenggaraan, tahun kekerapan, dan jangka masa analisis. Amalan terbaik untuk analisis kos kitaran hayat bukan sahaja mengambil kira perbelanjaan oleh agensi, tetapi perlu mempertimbangkan kos-kos oleh pengguna dan analisis sensitiviti di sepanjang jangka hayat sesuatu langkah pembaikan. Kata kunci: Analisis kos kitaran hayat, jambatan konkrit, pengaratan, langkah, pembaikan, pemulihan struktur, keberkesanan kos, kaedah nilai bersih kini (NPV) This paper discusses a short study on life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) on corrosion remedial measures for concrete bridges and marine structures, which are subjected to carbonation or ingress of sodium chloride from sea water and other sources. Life cycle costing software, Bridge LCC 2.0, was used to perform life cycle cost analyses on three case studies, based on net present value method. The analysis of the results showed that LCCA is capable of assisting engineers or transportation agencies to evaluate optimum maintenance decisions in corrosion–related problems. It can be used as an engineering economic analysis tool that helps in qualifying the differential costs and choosing the most cost–effective corrosion remedial measures. Life cycle costs for the remedial measures are influenced by many costing variables such as initial costs, periodic maintenance costs, frequency years and analysis period. The best practice of LCCA should not only consider agency expenditures but also user costs and sensitivity analysis throughout the service life of a remedial measure. Key words: Life cycle analysis, concrete bridges, corrosion, remedial measures, structural rehabilitation, cost-effective, net present value method (NPV)

Economics of camel control in central Australia

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam G. Drucker ◽  
Glenn P. Edwards ◽  
William K. Saalfeld
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Discount Rate ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Central Australia

A cost-effectiveness analysis based on a bioeconomic model was carried out with regard to specific feral camel control strategies in central Australia. Two different aerial control strategies were modelled for the period 2009–20. Strategy 1 involved annual removals, whereas strategy 2 involved periodic removals only when a specific feral camel density was reached. The direct benefits to the pastoral industry of feral camel control were also modelled in terms of reduced grazing competition together with infrastructure damage. A single environmental service related to reducing greenhouse gas emissions was further considered. Although the present costs of control under the two strategies are considerable ($4.10–4.95 million over 12 years at a 5% discount rate), they are far outweighed by the present benefits to the livestock industry from reduced competition ($46.3 million), as well as to society as a whole through reduced greenhouse gas emissions ($32.1 million). Including reduced infrastructure damage, the net present value of control is $75.2 million under strategy 1 and $73.3 million under strategy 2 (over 12 years at a 5% discount rate), suggesting that a control strategy based on annual removals should be preferred over a strategy of periodic removals. Given the large positive net present value of control and the robustness of the overall findings, there would appear to be a strong argument for considering the implementation of a full-scale, long-term feral camel control programme in the near future.

scholarly journals Economic and Environmental Effects Associated with Reducing the Use of Atrazine: An Example of Cross-Disciplinary Research

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc O. Ribaudo ◽  
Terrance M. Hurley
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Deductive Research ◽  
Choice Set

AbstractRestricting or eliminating the use of atrazine in the Midwest would have important economic consequences for farmers, consumers, and the environment. These consequences can only be evaluated with cooperation between economists and weed scientists. The weed control choice set available to farmers cannot be observed through deductive research. Economists and weed scientists worked together to identify all possible weed control strategies for corn and sorghum in the Midwest and to incorporate them into an economic model. An atrazine ban was found to be the costliest strategy, and a targeted, water-quality based strategy the most cost effective.

scholarly journals An Economic Analysis of Rewind, Premium, and Standard Efficiency Vertical Hollow Shaft Motors for Irrigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-123
Author(s):  
Christopher G. Henry ◽  
Kenton B. Watkins ◽  
Ranjitsinh U. Mane ◽  
Gregory L. Stark
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Hollow Shaft ◽  
Capital Costs

Abstract. Vertical hollow shaft motors are commonly used for vertical turbine pumps for irrigation. They are a specialty motor which has been exempt from the Department of Energy (DOE) requirement for improved energy efficiency. We evaluated the payback and net present value (NPV) of standard efficiency, energy efficient, and premium efficiency motors for motor sizes used in irrigation. For motor sizes between 22 and 56 kW (30 and 75 hp), the NPV and payback analysis indicated that premium efficient motors are more advantageous than standard efficiency. In motor sizes greater than 75 kW (100 hp) standard efficient motors are more cost effective than replacing a motor with a premium efficiency motor. When considering a repair or rewind of a motor, the result is highly dependent on the quality, and the resulting efficiency expected after the repair. If a repaired motor nameplate efficiency could be attained after rewinding and repair, then rewinding is most cost effective. However, if original nameplate efficiency is not attained, then it may be more cost effective to purchase a premium efficiency motor over rewinding. New DOE requirements may be advantageous for irrigators even though capital costs will be higher for new motors. Keywords: Motor rewind, Net present value (NPV), Payback period, Premium efficiency motor.

Modelling food safety and economic consequences of surveillance and control strategies for Salmonella in pigs and pork

2010 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 754-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. BAPTISTA ◽  
T. HALASA ◽  
L. ALBAN ◽  
L. R. NIELSEN
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Informed Decision Making ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Stochastic Simulation Model ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control

SUMMARYTargets for maximum acceptable levels of Salmonella in pigs and pork are to be decided. A stochastic simulation model accounting for herd and abattoir information was used to evaluate food safety and economic consequences of different surveillance and control strategies, based among others on Danish surveillance data. An epidemiological module simulated the Salmonella carcass prevalence for different scenarios. Cost-effectiveness analysis was used to compare the costs of the different scenarios with their expected effectiveness. Herd interventions were not found sufficient to attain Salmonella carcass prevalence <1%. The cost-effectiveness of abattoir interventions changed with abattoir size. The most cost-effective strategy included the use of steam vacuum and steam ultrasound. Given uncertainty of the effect of steam vacuum and steam ultrasound, model results should be updated as more information becomes available. This framework contributes to informed decision-making for a more cost-effective surveillance and control of Salmonella in pigs and pork.

A regional model of sheep lice to study the effect on lice prevalence and costs for Australian farms using a range of treatment efficacy in combination with other lice control strategies

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1931
Author(s):  
Peri G. Lucas ◽  
Brian J. Horton ◽  
David Parsons ◽  
Anna L. Carew
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Financial Return ◽  
Intervention Level ◽  
Sheep Production

Using a previously developed predictive model, three different management practices were examined in combination with post-shearing chemical treatments for lice, to determine which combinations could provide cost-effective reductions in lice prevalence over a 20-year period. The model included nine sheep production regions across Australia, all of which have different regional flock prevalence of lice and mean numbers of sheep/property. The lice prevalence model simulated the effects of four management options on Australian lice prevalence and on financial return (expressed as net present value) over a 20-year period. Management options modelled in this study were: treatment for eradication, inspection for lice detection, intervention level, and biosecurity of purchased sheep. The costs and benefits of these management options were calculated on the basis of published data or standard industry costs. Combinations of eradication achieved through treatment and biosecurity of purchased sheep provided the greatest modelled reductions in Australian flock lice prevalence at the lowest cost. With current management practices, lice prevalence was estimated as 16.3% of Australian properties infested and lice costs were estimated at 902 cents per sheep over 20 years. The model estimated that with appropriate management, lice prevalence could be reduced to less than 1.5% of properties infested and costs could be halved to 435 cents per sheep over 20 years. With further development, the modelling described herein offers potential guidance for Australian sheep producers in selecting the most effective and cost-efficient combination of management strategies to reduce lice infestation.

Epidemiology of Methicillin-SusceptibleStaphylococcus Aureusin the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 677-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Graham ◽  
Anne-Sophie Morel ◽  
Juyan Zhou ◽  
Fann Wu ◽  
Phyllis Della-Latta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Endemic Infections

Objective:When the incidence of methicillin-susceptibleStaphylococcus aureus(MSSA) infection or colonization increased in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), we sought to further our understanding of the relationship among colonization with MSSA, endemic infection, and clonal spread.Design:A retrospective cohort study was used to determine risk factors for acquisition of a predominant clone of MSSA (clone “B”).Setting:A 45-bed, university-affiliated, level III-IV NICU.Patients:Infants hospitalized in the NICU from October 1999 to September 2000.Interventions:Infection control strategies included surveillance cultures of infants, cohorting infected or colonized infants, contact precautions, universal glove use, mupirocin treatment of the anterior nares of all infants in the NICU, and a hexachlorophene bath for infants weighing 1,500 g or more.Results:During the 1-year study period, three periods of increased incidence of MSSA colonization or infection, ranging from 6.4 to 13.5 cases per 1,000 patient-days per month, were observed. Molecular typing using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated two predominant clones, clone “B” and clone “G,” corresponding to two periods of increased incidence. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that length of stay (OR, 1.035; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.008 to 1.062;P= .010) (increased risk per day) and the use of H2-blockers (OR, 20.44; CI95, 2.48 to 168.26;P= .005) were risk factors for either colonization or infection with clone “B,” and that the use of peripheral catheters was protective (OR, 0.06; CI95, 0.01 to 0.43;P= .005).Conclusions:Control of MSSA represents unique challenges as colonization is expected, endemic infections are tolerated, and surveillance efforts generally focus on multidrug-resistant pathogens. Future studies should address cost-effective surveillance strategies for endemic infections.

scholarly journals An economic analysis of afforestation as a carbon sequestration strategy in southwestern Ontario, Canada

SURG Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Nigel Gale ◽  
Janelle Trant ◽  
Thomas Schiks ◽  
Jake L'Ecuyer ◽  
Christopher Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Optimal Price

Afforestation, the establishment of trees in areas that have not been forested for at least 50 years, is one possible approach for carbon (C) sequestration to mitigate climate change. This study compares the costs and benefits of afforestation as a carbon sequestration strategy for Eden Mills, a village within Wellington County, Ontario, Canada aiming to achieve C neutrality. We provide net present value analyses for three potential planting schemes under subsidized and unsubsidized financial scenarios that aim to sequester 2012 tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) using traditional and novel calculations of C sequestration rates. We present the total project costs, the optimal price of C, and the potential for afforestation as a C sequestration tool in southern Ontario. Planting schemes employ mixtures of tree species common to the region. Unsubsidized schemes are projected to cost between $617,976-$1,499,904 (CAD) with the optimal price of CO2 between $6.15-$14.91 per tonne of C sequestered. A deciduous-dominated planting scheme requiring 24 hectares of land resulted in the lowest cost for all scenarios. Our analyses suggest that: 1) fast-growing tree species make afforestation projects more cost-effective, reducing costs by 29-59%; and 2) land management subsidies available to the region reduce costs by approximately 10%. Future cost-benefit analyses for afforestation projects should consider site-specific C sequestration rates and parameter sensitivity analysis when quantifying C absorption. Keywords: greenhouse gases; carbon sequestration; afforestation; cost-benefit analysis; net present value

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