scholarly journals The evolutionary origins and diversity of the neuromuscular system of paired appendages in batoids

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Turner ◽  
Deimante Mikalauskaite ◽  
Krista Barone ◽  
Kathleen Flaherty ◽  
Gayani Senevirathne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
The Past ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Neuromuscular Systems ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Fundamental Pattern ◽  
Migratory Muscle Precursors ◽  
Fin Development ◽  
Appendage Patterning

AbstractAppendage patterning and evolution have been active areas of inquiry for the past two centuries. While most work has centered on the skeleton, particularly that of amniotes, the evolutionary origins and molecular underpinnings of the neuromuscular diversity of fish appendages have remained enigmatic. The fundamental pattern of segmentation in amniotes, for example, is that all muscle precursors and spinal nerves enter either the paired appendages or body wall at the same spinal level. The condition in finned vertebrates is not understood. To address this gap in knowledge, we investigated the development of muscles and nerves in unpaired and paired fins of skates and compared them to those of chain catsharks. During skate and shark embryogenesis, cell populations of muscle precursors and associated spinal nerves at the same axial level contribute to both appendages and body wall, perhaps representing an ancestral condition of gnathostome appendicular neuromuscular systems. Remarkably in skates, this neuromuscular bifurcation as well as colinear Hox expression extend posteriorly to pattern a broad paired fin domain. In addition, we identified migratory muscle precursors (MMPs), which are known to develop into paired appendage muscles with Pax3 and Lbx1 gene expression, in the dorsal fins of skates. Our results suggest that muscles of paired fins have evolved via redeployment of the genetic program of MMPs that were already involved in dorsal fin development. Appendicular neuromuscular systems most likely have emerged as side branches of body wall neuromusculature and have been modified to adapt to distinct aquatic and terrestrial habitats.

scholarly journals The evolutionary origins and diversity of the neuromuscular system of paired appendages in batoids

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1914) ◽  
pp. 20191571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Turner ◽  
Deimante Mikalauskaite ◽  
Krista Barone ◽  
Kathleen Flaherty ◽  
Gayani Senevirathne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Neuromuscular Systems ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Fundamental Pattern ◽  
Genetic Programme ◽  
Migratory Muscle Precursors ◽  
Fin Development ◽  
Appendage Patterning

Appendage patterning and evolution have been active areas of inquiry for the past two centuries. While most work has centred on the skeleton, particularly that of amniotes, the evolutionary origins and molecular underpinnings of the neuromuscular diversity of fish appendages have remained enigmatic. The fundamental pattern of segmentation in amniotes, for example, is that all muscle precursors and spinal nerves enter either the paired appendages or body wall at the same spinal level. The condition in finned vertebrates is not understood. To address this gap in knowledge, we investigated the development of muscles and nerves in unpaired and paired fins of skates and compared them to those of chain catsharks. During skate and shark embryogenesis, cell populations of muscle precursors and associated spinal nerves at the same axial level contribute to both appendages and body wall, perhaps representing an ancestral condition of gnathostome appendicular neuromuscular systems. Remarkably in skates, this neuromuscular bifurcation as well as colinear Hox expression extend posteriorly to pattern a broad paired fin domain. In addition, we identified migratory muscle precursors (MMPs), which are known to develop into paired appendage muscles with Pax3 and Lbx1 gene expression, in the dorsal fins of skates. Our results suggest that muscles of paired fins have evolved via redeployment of the genetic programme of MMPs that were already involved in dorsal fin development. Appendicular neuromuscular systems most likely have emerged as side branches of body wall neuromusculature and have been modified to adapt to distinct aquatic and terrestrial habitats.

Acupuncture Points of the Typical Spinal Nerves

1985 ◽  
Vol 13 (01n04) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.C. Dung
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Acupuncture Point ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acupuncture Points ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Thoracic And Abdominal

Typical spinal nerves have six cutaneous branches which reach to the skin of the body wall in the thorax and abdomen. Each of these six cutaneous branches correlates to an acupuncture point. This communication describes acupuncture points found in the thoracic and abdominal walls using anatomic nomenclature relating to cutaneous branches of the spinal nerves.

Not all written in stone: interdisciplinary syntheses in echinoderm paleontology

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 1209-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rich Mooi
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Large Data Sets ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Primary Target ◽  
The Past ◽  
Broad Scale

The fossil record of the Echinodermata is relatively complete, and is represented by specimens retaining an abundance of features comparable to that found in extant forms. This yields a half-billion-year record of evolutionary novelties unmatched in any other major group, making the Echinodermata a primary target for studies of biological change. Not all of this change can be understood by studying the rocks alone, leading to synthetic research programs. Study of literature from the past 20 years indicates that over 1400 papers on echinoderm paleontology appeared in that time, and that overall productivity has remained almost constant. Analysis of papers appearing since 1990 shows that research is driven by new finds including, but not restricted to, possible Precambrian echinoderms, bizarre new edrioasteroids, early crinoids, exquisitely preserved homalozoans, echinoids at the K-T boundary, and Antarctic echinoids, stelleroids, and crinoids. New interpretations of echinoderm body wall homologies, broad-scale syntheses of embryological information, the study of developmental trajectories through molecular markers, and the large-scale ecological and phenotypic shifts being explored through morphometry and analyses of large data sets are integrated with study of the fossils themselves. Therefore, recent advances reveal a remarkable and continuing synergistic expansion in our understanding of echinoderm evolutionary history.

Acupuncture Points of the Lumbar Plexus

1985 ◽  
Vol 13 (01n04) ◽  
pp. 133-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.C. Dung
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Lumbar Plexus ◽  
Acupuncture Points ◽  
Lumbar Region ◽  
Lower Abdomen ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Medial Surface ◽  
Anatomic Basis ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

This communication is the fifth in a series of six publications describing acupuncture points by anatomic nomenclature. This article describes acunpuncture points in the lumbar region of the posterior body wall, the inguinal and pelvic regins of the lower abdomen, and the medial surface of the thigh and leg. Acunpuncture points in these regions are generally established by anatomic features of the lumbar spinal nerves. Nerve branches of the posterior primary rami of the lumbar spinal nerves and the lumbar plexus provide the anatomic basis for acunpuncture points in these regions and are used to name the points accordingly.

Evaluation of the pharmacological properties of piscine venoms from both Lionfish (Pterois) and Stonefish (Synanceja)

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthikeyan Ramalingam
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Pharmaceutical Research ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Neuromuscular System ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Neuromuscular Systems

Background:: For the past 70 years, the focus of research is towards the search for poisons and toxins found in venomous and poisonous organisms which is purely directed towards the pharmacological properties of the toxins. In the research of finding novel compounds in pharmaceutical research, the identified source was the piscine venom. Objective:: Scorpanidae family was considered the most venomous of all. The toxins isolated from stonefish and lionfish are responsible for the effects caused in cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems and also in causing cytolytic activities. The main objective of the review is to study the mechanism of the stone fish venom and portray its benefits in the field of drug discovery. Methods:: A study on the mechanism of stone fish venom was carried out by inducing cardiovascular endothelium. The release of neurotransmitter signals thus leads to the depolarisation of cell membrane by the formation of pores in the cell membrane in neuromuscular system of rabbits, porcine artery, mice and rats. Lionfish venom in cross reactivity with the results evolved from a stonefish venom activity. The presence of enzymatic hyaluronidase in the primary structures of lionfish has evolved from stonefish and their anticancer potential has also been demonstrated for the benefits of drug discovery as they possess biological and chemical activity. Conclusion:: This review depicts an overview on the pharmacological activities of lionfish venom in comparison with the stonefish venom and their purpose on applications for future research in drug discovery.

Where We Get Serious: The Cellular Basis of Consciousness

2018 ◽  
pp. 123-161
Author(s):  
Arthur S. Reber
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Operating Procedure ◽  
Standard Operating Procedure ◽  
Cellular Basis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Standard Operating ◽  
Primitive Species ◽  
Unicellular Organisms

First, the chapter examines the research methods used in the past to look for the evolutionary origins of other forms, functions, and behaviors—specifically vision, memory, and affect. We find that searching for the roots in primitive species has been standard operating procedure and wonder why there is a reluctance to do this with consciousness—noting that the category error is the culprit. The formal Cellular Basis of Consciousness (CBC) model is presented, followed by a look at the species under consideration—the prokaryotes and archaea, the simplest of unicellular organisms. An in-depth review of the remarkable lives of these creatures is presented examining the perhaps startling array of functions they carry out, including sensing, perceiving, learning, memory, decision-making, and communication. The lines of criticism that will certainly be used against the CBC are introduced and, as before, prophylactic arguments are presented.

The Spinal Nerves of the Dogfish (Scyliorhinus)

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Motor Innervation ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Nerve Bundles ◽  
Spinal Roots ◽  
Tendon Organs ◽  
Physiological Isolation ◽  
Sensory Endings

The locomotory musculature of dogfish is innervated by the segmental spinal nerves. The sensory and motor innervation of the abdominal musculature was studied in a preparation consisting of a strip of the abdominal body wall innervated by the ventral rami of the spinal nerves.Each ventral ramus consists of two separate nerve bundles which were found to be peripheral extensions of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots. Recordings from the sensory bundles showed that there are few sensory endings in the musculature and body wall of the dogfish. It was possible to differentiate between ephemeral responses produced by cutaneous free-nerve endings and prolonged discharges which were generated by more specialized sensory endings. In some details these endings were found to be unlike either muscle spindles or tendon organs. Further, skinning experiments suggested that these mechanoreceptors lay in the skin or the very outer layers of the myotome.Histological searching, together with physiological isolation of units, suggested that these receptors were the corpuscular endings distributed sparsely amongst subcutaneous tissue. These endings are apparently the same as those described by Wunderer (1908) in the fins of elasmobranchs.

Posterior Subscapular Approach to the Brachial Plexus

2005 ◽  
Vol 57 (suppl_4) ◽  
pp. ONS-377-ONS-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel C. Tender ◽  
David G. Kline
Keyword(s):  
Morbid Obesity ◽  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Operative Technique ◽  
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Senior Author ◽  
Anterior Neck ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Cervical Rib ◽  
The Past

Abstract THE POSTERIOR SUBSCAPULAR APPROACH to the brachial plexus is commonly indicated in patients with neural entrapment (neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome, especially when associated with a large C7 transverse process or cervical rib) and paraspinal tumors or lacerating injuries involving the spinal nerves close to the spine. This approach is also preferred in patients with previous anterior neck operations and/or morbid obesity. We describe the anatomy and operative technique of this approach, which has been used by the senior author (DGK) for the past 25 years.

scholarly journals Significance of anecdotes for historical perspective: black bear predation on sea turtle eggs

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 353-357
Author(s):  
KA Bjorndal
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Sea Turtle ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Shifting Baseline ◽  
The Past ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
And Function

In his April 2010 TED talk on the shifting baseline syndrome, Daniel Pauly warned us that ‘we transform the world, but we don’t remember it.’ This lapse is the greatest obstacle to understanding and restoring the structure and function of ecosystems transformed by anthropogenic effects over past centuries or even over the past few decades. Historical anecdotes can be a powerful tool to address gaps in our knowledge of the past. I present a case study to demonstrate the use of anecdotes to reveal the extensive predation by black bears Ursus americanus on sea turtle eggs in Florida, USA. Until the late 1800s, bears were major predators on eggs deposited by the large sea turtle aggregations nesting on the east coast of Florida. However, this past source of mortality, and the resulting substantial transport of nutrients from marine to terrestrial habitats via the bears, are largely unknown today. By the early 1900s, the great influx of humans to the east coast of Florida quickly decimated the bear populations by hunting and habitat degradation. Without historical anecdotes, knowledge of the extensive predation by black bears on sea turtle eggs in Florida would have been lost.

scholarly journals Unlimited Associative Learning and the origins of consciousness: a primer and some predictions

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Birch ◽  
Simona Ginsburg ◽  
Eva Jablonka
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Evolutionary Transition ◽  
Central Idea ◽  
The Past ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Distinctive Type ◽  
Clear Statement

AbstractOver the past two decades, Ginsburg and Jablonka have developed a novel approach to studying the evolutionary origins of consciousness: the Unlimited Associative Learning (UAL) framework. The central idea is that there is a distinctive type of learning that can serve as a transition marker for the evolutionary transition from non-conscious to conscious life. The goal of this paper is to stimulate discussion of the framework by providing a primer on its key claims (Part I) and a clear statement of its main empirical predictions (Part II).

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