scholarly journals Precise tuning of cortical contractility regulates cell shape during cytokinesis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilay Taneja ◽  
Matthew R. Bersi ◽  
Sophie Baillargeon ◽  
Aidan M. Fenix ◽  
James A. Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Molecular Motor ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Cleavage Furrow ◽  
Bleb Formation ◽  
Division Cell ◽  
Cortical Contractility ◽  
Muscle Contractile ◽  
Shape Changes

ABSTRACTThe mechanical properties of the cellular cortex regulate shape changes during cell division, cell migration and tissue morphogenesis. During cell division, contractile force generated by the molecular motor myosin II (MII) at the equatorial cortex drives cleavage furrow ingression. Cleavage furrow ingression in turn increases stresses at the polar cortex, where contractility must be regulated to maintain cell shape during cytokinesis. How polar cortex contractility controls cell shape is poorly understood. We show a balance between MII paralogs allows a fine-tuning of cortex tension at the polar cortex to maintain cell shape during cytokinesis, with MIIA driving cleavage furrow ingression and bleb formation, and MIIB serving as a stabilizing motor and mediating completion of cytokinesis. As the majority of non-muscle contractile systems are cortical, this tuning mechanism will likely be applicable to numerous processes driven by MII contractility.

scholarly journals Apical Constriction Reversal upon Mitotic Entry Underlies Different Morphogenetic Outcomes of Cell Division

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clint S. Ko ◽  
Prateek Kalakuntla ◽  
Adam C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Mitotic Cell ◽  
Signal Interference ◽  
Apical Constriction ◽  
Mitotic Entry ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Cell Shape Changes ◽  
Shape Changes ◽  
Mitotic Cells

AbstractDuring development, coordinated cell shape changes and cell divisions sculpt tissues. While these individual cell behaviors have been extensively studied, how cell shape changes and cell divisions that occur concurrently in epithelia influence tissue shape is less understood. We addressed this question in two contexts of the early Drosophila embryo: premature cell division during mesoderm invagination, and native ectodermal cell divisions with ectopic activation of apical contractility. Using quantitative live-cell imaging, we demonstrated that mitotic entry reverses apical contractility by interfering with medioapical RhoA signaling. While premature mitotic entry inhibits mesoderm invagination, which relies on apical constriction, mitotic entry in an artificially contractile ectoderm induced ectopic tissue invaginations. Ectopic invaginations resulted from medioapical myosin loss in neighboring mitotic cells. This myosin loss enabled non-mitotic cells to apically constrict through mitotic cell stretching. Thus, the spatial pattern of mitotic entry can differentially regulate tissue shape through signal interference between apical contractility and mitosis.

scholarly journals Phosphoinositide signaling plays a key role in cytokinesis

2006 ◽  
Vol 174 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Janetopoulos ◽  
Peter Devreotes
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Phosphoinositide Signaling ◽  
Complex Series ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Cell Shape Changes ◽  
Shape Changes

To perform the vital functions of motility and division, cells must undergo dramatic shifts in cell polarity. Recent evidence suggests that polarized distributions of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, which are clearly important for regulating cell morphology during migration, also play an important role during the final event in cell division, which is cytokinesis. Thus, there is a critical interplay between the membrane phosphoinositides and the cytoskeletal cortex that regulates the complex series of cell shape changes that accompany these two processes.

scholarly journals Moesin and its activating kinase Slik are required for cortical stability and microtubule organization in mitotic cells

2008 ◽  
Vol 180 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Carreno ◽  
Ilektra Kouranti ◽  
Edith Szafer Glusman ◽  
Margaret T. Fuller ◽  
Arnaud Echard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Chromosome Segregation ◽  
Mitotic Spindle ◽  
Cortical Actin ◽  
Microtubule Organization ◽  
Abnormal Distribution ◽  
Multistep Process ◽  
Cortical Contractility ◽  
Spatiotemporal Control ◽  
Shape Changes

Cell division requires cell shape changes involving the localized reorganization of cortical actin, which must be tightly linked with chromosome segregation operated by the mitotic spindle. How this multistep process is coordinated remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that the actin/membrane linker moesin, the single ERM (ezrin, radixin, and moesin) protein in Drosophila melanogaster, is required to maintain cortical stability during mitosis. Mitosis onset is characterized by a burst of moesin activation mediated by a Slik kinase–dependent phosphorylation. Activated moesin homogenously localizes at the cortex in prometaphase and is progressively restricted at the equator in later stages. Lack of moesin or inhibition of its activation destabilized the cortex throughout mitosis, resulting in severe cortical deformations and abnormal distribution of actomyosin regulators. Inhibiting moesin activation also impaired microtubule organization and precluded stable positioning of the mitotic spindle. We propose that the spatiotemporal control of moesin activation at the mitotic cortex provides localized cues to coordinate cortical contractility and microtubule interactions during cell division.

scholarly journals Hoxb1b controls oriented cell division, cell shape and microtubule dynamics in neural tube morphogenesis

Development ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zigman ◽  
N. Laumann-Lipp ◽  
T. Titus ◽  
J. Postlethwait ◽  
C. B. Moens
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Microtubule Dynamics ◽  
Oriented Cell Division ◽  
Division Cell ◽  
Tube Morphogenesis

scholarly journals Microtubules enter centre stage for morphogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1809) ◽  
pp. 20190557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Röper
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Dynamic Networks ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Epithelial Morphogenesis ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Cell Shape Changes ◽  
Epithelial Sheets ◽  
Cytoskeletal System ◽  
Shape Changes

Cell shape changes are key to observable changes at the tissue level during morphogenesis and organ formation. The major driver of cell shape changes in turn is the actin cytoskeleton, both in the form of protrusive linear or branched dynamic networks and in the form of contractile actomyosin. Over the last 20 years, actomyosin has emerged as the major cytoskeletal system that deforms cells in epithelial sheets during morphogenesis. By contrast, the second major cytoskeletal system, microtubules, have so far mostly been assumed to serve ‘house-keeping' functions, such as directed transport or cell division, during morphogenetic events. Here, I will reflect on a subset of studies over the last 10 years that have clearly shown a major direct role for the microtubule cytoskeleton in epithelial morphogenesis, suggesting that our focus will need to be widened to give more attention and credit to this cytoskeletal system in playing an active morphogenetic role. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Contemporary morphogenesis'.

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