scholarly journals Extensive and diverse patterns of cell death sculpt neural networks in insects

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinziana Pop ◽  
Chin-Lin Chen ◽  
Connor J Sproston ◽  
Shu Kondo ◽  
Pavan Ramdya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Evolutionary Adaptation ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function ◽  
Evolutionary Role

ABSTRACTChanges to the structure and function of neural networks are thought to underlie the evolutionary adaptation of animal behaviours. Among the many developmental phenomena that generate change programmed cell death appears to play a key role. We show that cell death occurs continuously throughout insect neurogenesis and happens soon after neurons are born. Focusing on two dipterans which have lost flight during evolution we reveal that reductions in populations of flight interneurons are likely caused by increased cell death during development.Mimicking an evolutionary role for increasing cell numbers, we artificially block programmed cell death in the medial neuroblast lineage in Drosophila melanogaster, which results in the production of ‘undead’ neurons with complex arborisations and distinct neurotransmitter identities. Activation of these ‘undead’ neurons and recordings of neural activity in behaving animals demonstrate that they are functional. Our findings suggest that the evolutionary modulation of death-based patterning could generate novel network configurations.

scholarly journals Extensive and diverse patterns of cell death sculpt neural networks in insects

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinziana Pop ◽  
Chin-Lin Chen ◽  
Connor J Sproston ◽  
Shu Kondo ◽  
Pavan Ramdya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Evolutionary Adaptation ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function ◽  
Evolutionary Role

Changes to the structure and function of neural networks are thought to underlie the evolutionary adaptation of animal behaviours. Among the many developmental phenomena that generate change programmed cell death (PCD) appears to play a key role. We show that cell death occurs continuously throughout insect neurogenesis and happens soon after neurons are born. Mimicking an evolutionary role for increasing cell numbers, we artificially block PCD in the medial neuroblast lineage in Drosophila melanogaster, which results in the production of ‘undead’ neurons with complex arborisations and distinct neurotransmitter identities. Activation of these ‘undead’ neurons and recordings of neural activity in behaving animals demonstrate that they are functional. Focusing on two dipterans which have lost flight during evolution we reveal that reductions in populations of flight interneurons are likely caused by increased cell death during development. Our findings suggest that the evolutionary modulation of death-based patterning could generate novel network configurations.

scholarly journals Calpain inhibition preserves myocardial structure and function following myocardial infarction

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (5) ◽  
pp. H1744-H1751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santhosh K. Mani ◽  
Sundaravadivel Balasubramanian ◽  
Juozas A. Zavadzkas ◽  
Laura B. Jeffords ◽  
William T. Rivers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Left Ventricular Ejection ◽  
Tunel Staining ◽  
Ventricular Ejection Fraction ◽  
Myocardial Structure ◽  
And Function

Cardiac pathology, such as myocardial infarction (MI), activates intracellular proteases that often trigger programmed cell death and contribute to maladaptive changes in myocardial structure and function. To test whether inhibition of calpain, a Ca2+-dependent cysteine protease, would prevent these changes, we used a mouse MI model. Calpeptin, an aldehydic inhibitor of calpain, was intravenously administered at 0.5 mg/kg body wt before MI induction and then at the same dose subcutaneously once per day. Both calpeptin-treated ( n = 6) and untreated ( n = 6) MI mice were used to study changes in myocardial structure and function after 4 days of MI, where end-diastolic volume (EDV) and left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) were measured by echocardiography. Calpain activation and programmed cell death were measured by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). In MI mice, calpeptin treatment resulted in a significant improvement in EF [EF decreased from 67 ± 2% pre-MI to 30 ± 4% with MI only vs. 41 ± 2% with MI + calpeptin] and attenuated the increase in EDV [EDV increased from 42 ± 2 μl pre-MI to 73 ± 4 μl with MI only vs. 55 ± 4 μl with MI + calpeptin]. Furthermore, calpeptin treatment resulted in marked reduction in calpain- and caspase-3-associated changes and TUNEL staining. These studies indicate that calpain contributes to MI-induced alterations in myocardial structure and function and that it could be a potential therapeutic target in treating MI patients.

State-of-the-Art Neural Networks Applications in Biology

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna Filntisi ◽  
Nikitas Papangelopoulos ◽  
Elena Bencurova ◽  
Ioannis Kasampalidis ◽  
George Matsopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Game Theory ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
General Term ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Processing Abilities ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
And Function

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a well-established computational method inspired by the structure and function of biological central nervous systems. Since their conception, ANNs have been utilized in a vast variety of applications due to their impressive information processing abilities. A vibrant field, ANNs have been utilized in bioinformatics, a general term for describing the combination of informatics, biology and medicine. This article is an effort to investigate recent advances in the area of bioinformatical applications of ANNs, with emphasis in disease diagnosis, genetics, proteomics, and chemoinformatics. The combination of neural networks and game theory in some of these application is also discussed.

scholarly journals Implementation of Inquiry Method on Students' Critical Thinking Ability in the Concept of Structure and Function of Plant Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurlena Andalia ◽  
Muhammad Ridhwan ◽  
Roslina Roslina ◽  
Nur Afni ◽  
Burhanuddin AG
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Thinking Ability ◽  
Inquiry Method ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function

This study aims to determine the implementation of inquiry methods that can improve students' critical thinking skills on the concept of structure and function of plant tissues at the Sekolah Keberbakatan Olah Raga Negeri Aceh (Aceh State Sports School). The population of this research is the many 112 students of class XI of the Sekolah Keberbakatan Olah Raga Negeri Aceh. The sample in this study were 26 students in class XI-1 as an experimental class and 26 students in class XI-2 as a control class. The method used is a descriptive method with a structural approach. Data collection is done by test techniques and data processing using the t-test formula. The results of the data analysis showed that the average ability or average value of class XI-1 students of the Sekolah Keberbakatan Olah Raga Negeri Aceh in taking the test received 80.7. While the average value of class XI-2 students of the Sekolah Keberbakatan Olah Raga Negeri Aceh in taking the test gets 70. Based on the price of t-counts and t-tables at a significant level of 0.05 with db: 50 of the sample class XI, then t- the count is 6.40 and the t-table is 1.66. So that the hypothesis proposed the implementation of inquiry methods can improve students' critical thinking skills on the concept of the structure and function of plant tissues in the Sekolah Keberbakatan Olah Raga Negeri Aceh is Accepted. It is recommended that this research can increase knowledge through the use of inquiry methods in all biological science subject matter.

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