scholarly journals Oregano powder reduces Streptococcus and increases SCFA concentration in a mixed bacterial culture assay of chicken

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin W Bauer ◽  
Sheeana Gangadoo ◽  
Yadav Sharma Bajagai ◽  
Thi Thu Hao Van ◽  
Robert J Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Antimicrobial Growth Promoters

AbstractFood borne illnesses have a world-wide economic impact and industries are continuously developing technologies to reduce the spread of disease caused by microorganisms. Antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) have been used to decrease microbiological infections in animals and their potential transfer to humans. In recent years there has been a global trend to remove AGPs from animal feed in an attempt to reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistant genes into the human population. Phytobiotics, such as oregano powder, are one of the potential replacements for AGPs due to their well-established antimicrobial components. 16S rRNA gene amplicons were used to determine the effect of oregano powder (1% w/v) on the microbiota of mixed bacterial cell cultures, which were obtained from the ceca of traditionally grown meat chickens (broilers). Oregano powder had a mild effect on the microbial cell cultures increasing Enterococcus faecium, rearranging ratios of members in the genus Lactobacillus and significantly reducing the genus Streptococcus (p=1.6e−3). Beneficial short chain fatty acids (SCFA), acetic and butyric acid, were also significantly increased in oregano powder supplemented cultures. These results suggest that oregano powder at a concentration of 1 % (w/v) may have beneficial influences on mixed microbial communities and SCFA production.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Growth Promoters Used in Animal Feed: Effects of Less Well Known Antibiotics on Gram-Positive Bacteria

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Butaye ◽  
Luc A. Devriese ◽  
Freddy Haesebrouck
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Data ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Antimicrobial Growth Promoters

SUMMARY There are not many data available on antibiotics used solely in animals and almost exclusively for growth promotion. These products include bambermycin, avilamycin, efrotomycin, and the ionophore antibiotics (monensin, salinomycin, narasin, and lasalocid). Information is also scarce for bacitracin used only marginally in human and veterinary medicine and for streptogramin antibiotics. The mechanisms of action of and resistance mechanisms against these antibiotics are described. Special emphasis is given to the prevalence of resistance among gram-positive bacteria isolated from animals and humans. Since no susceptibility breakpoints are available for most of the antibiotics discussed, an alternative approach to the interpretation of MICs is presented. Also, some pharmacokinetic data and information on the influence of these products on the intestinal flora are presented.

scholarly journals Effect of Yuzu (Citrus junos) Seed Limonoids and Spermine on Intestinal Microbiota and Hypothalamic Tissue in the Sandhoff Disease Mouse Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Mayumi Minamisawa ◽  
Takuma Suzumura ◽  
Sudeep Bose ◽  
Tetsuyuki Taniai ◽  
Gota Kawai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Sandhoff Disease ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Citrus Junos ◽  
Hypothalamic Tissue

The effect of limonoids and spermine (Spm) extracted from yuzu (Citrus junos) seeds on the gut and the brain in a mouse model with Sandhoff disease (SD) was investigated. Wild-type and SD mice were fed a normal diet, or a diet supplemented with limonoid, Spm, or limonoid + Spm for 14–18 weeks, and then 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing with extracted DNA from their feces was executed. For SD control mice, intestinal microbiota was mostly composed of Lactobacillus and linked to dysbiosis. For SD and wild-type mice fed with limonoids + Spm or limonoids alone, intestinal microbiota was rich in mucin-degrading bacteria, including Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Firmicutes, and displayed a higher production of short-chain fatty acids and immunoglobulin A. Additionally, SD mice fed with limonoids + Spm or limonoids alone had less inflammation in hypothalamic tissues and displayed a greater number of neurons. Administration of limonoids and/or Spm improved the proportions of beneficial intestinal microbiota to host health and reduced neuronal degeneration in SD mice. Yuzu seed limonoids and Spermine may help to maintain the homeostasis of intestinal microbiota and hypothalamic tissue in the SD mouse model.

scholarly journals Bacteriophage Encapsulation in pH-Responsive Core-Shell Capsules as an Animal Feed Additive

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1131
Author(s):  
Kerry Richards ◽  
Danish J. Malik
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Ph Responsive ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
The Core ◽  
Extrusion Processing ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Wet Heat ◽  
Food Borne Infections

Increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria that cause zoonotic infections is a major problem for farmers rearing animals for food as well as for consumers who eat the contaminated meat resulting in food-borne infections. Bacteriophages incorporated in animal feed may help reduce carriage and infections in animals including chickens and pigs. There are, however, unmet challenges in protecting phages from processing stresses e.g., during animal feed pelleting operations and during transit of phages through the acidic gastric environment. Core-shell capsules were produced using a concentric nozzle and commercially available encapsulation equipment to fabricate capsules with phages formulated in an oil-in-water microemulsion in the core. pH-responsive capsules released the encapsulated phage cargo within 10–30 min triggered by changes in local environmental pH typically found in the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract of animals. Acid stability of phages exposed to pH values as low as pH 1 was demonstrated. Encapsulated phages were able to withstand exposure to 95 °C wet heat thermal stress for up to 120 s, conditions typically encountered during feed pellet extrusion processing. Free phages were inactivated within 15 s under these conditions. The present study demonstrates that encapsulation of bacteriophages in core-shell pH-responsive capsules with water-in-oil emulsified phages in the core significantly improves phage viability upon exposure to processing and environmental stresses that require consideration during production of animal feed and application in animals for biocontrol. The results from this study should help guide future development of phage formulations suitable for use in animal feed for animal biocontrol applications.

scholarly journals Investigations on the Effects of Dietary Essential Oils and Different Husbandry Conditions on the Gut Ecology in Piglets after Weaning

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Janczyk ◽  
R. Pieper ◽  
V. Urubschurov ◽  
K. R. Wendler ◽  
W. B. Souffrant
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Distal Part ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Essential oils (EO) are being considered as possible alternatives to in-feed antibiotic growth promoters in pig nutrition. The effects of an EO mixture consisting of limonene, eugenol and pinene (10.0, 2.0, and 4.8 mg/kg diet, resp.) on gut physiology and ecology were studied in piglets. The experiment was conducted at low (commercial farm) and high hygienic conditions (experimental farm), to elucidate interactions between EO supplementation and husbandry methods. Piglets were weaned at 28 days of age, when they were offered either a control diet (C) or C with EO. Four piglets were sacrificed in each group on day 29, 30, 33 and 39. Digesta from the third distal part of the small intestine and from the colon were sampled and analysed for pH, dry matter, lactic acid, short chain fatty acids and ammonia concentrations. Enterobacteria, enterococci, lactobacilli and yeast counts were obtained by plating. Genomic DNA was extracted from digesta and polymerase chain reaction—denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was performed. Individual microbial communities were identified at each farm. Age affected the intestinal parameters. No effects of the EO with exception for a significant reduction in colon bacterial diversity at 39 days of age could be recorded at experimental farm.

Effects of butyric acid, mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) and avilamycin on performance and small intestine morphology of broiler chickens

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 233-233
Author(s):  
S N Mousavi ◽  
M Shivazad ◽  
N Ghazvini
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽  
Public Scrutiny

The subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in animals has been under scientific and public scrutiny as antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) have been linked to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, which poses a threat to human health (Smith et al., 2003). Short chain fatty acids such as butyrate are considered as potential alternative to AGP, In addition to its bactericidal activity; butyrate appears to play a role in development of the intestinal epithelium (Leeson 2005). Prebiotics (e.g. mannanoligosaccharides, MOS) are nondigestible feed ingredients that can selectively stimulate growth or metabolic activity of a limited number of intestinal microorganisms (Gibson and Roberfroid, 1995). This study was, therefore, conducted to investigate effectiveness of mannanoligosaccharides and butyric acid as potential alternatives to AGP in broilers.

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