scholarly journals Characterization ofRhodopseudomonas palustrispopulation dynamics on tobacco phyllosphere and induction of plant resistance toTobacco mosaic virusinfection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pin Su ◽  
Deyong Zhang ◽  
Zhuo Zhang ◽  
Ang Chen ◽  
Muhammad Rizwan Hamid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Rhodopseudomonas Palustris ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Biocontrol Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Aggregates ◽  
Type 3

AbstractAlthough many biocontrol bacteria can be used to improve plant tolerance to stresses and to promote plant growth, the hostile environmental conditions on plant phyllosphere and the limited knowledge on bacterial colonization on plant phyllosphere minimized the beneficial effects produced by the biocontrol bacteria.Rhodopseudomonas palustrisstrain GJ-22 is known as a phyllosphere biocontrol agent. In this paper we described detailed processes of strain GJ-22 colony establishment at various colonization stages. We have shown that the preferable location sites of bacterial aggregates on leaf phyllosphere are grooves between plant epidermal cells. In this study, we categorized bacterial colonies into four phases. Analyses of expressions of plant defense-related genes showed that, starting from Phase III, bacterial cells in the Type 3 and Type 4 colonies started produce unidentified signals to induce host defense againTobacco mosaic virusinfection. To our knowledge, this is the first report focused on the colonization process of a phyllosphere biocontrol agent.

Microencapsulation: A Prospective to Protect Probiotics

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 891-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wissam Zam
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Selection Of

Probiotics are viable microorganisms widely used for their claimed beneficial effects on the host health. A wide number of researchers proved that the intake of probiotic bacteria has numerous health benefits which created a big market of probiotic foods worldwide. The biggest challenge in the development of these products is to maintain the viability of bacterial cells during the storage of the product as well as throughout the gastrointestinal tract transit after consumption, so that the claimed health benefits can be delivered to the consumer. Different approaches have been proposed for increasing the resistance of these sensitive microorganisms, including the selection of resistant strains, incorporation of micronutrients, and most recently the use of microencapsulation techniques. Microencapsulation has resulted in enhancing the viability of these microorganisms which allows its wide use in the food industry. In this review, the most common techniques used for microencapsulation of probiotics will be presented, as well as the most usual microcapsule shell materials.

scholarly journals Stages of Infection during the Tripartite Interaction between Xenorhabdus nematophila, Its Nematode Vector, and Insect Hosts

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 6473-6480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Sicard ◽  
Karine Brugirard-Ricaud ◽  
Sylvie Pag�s ◽  
Anne Lanois ◽  
Noel E. Boemare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Spodoptera Littoralis ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Infective Juvenile ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Xenorhabdus Nematophila ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Anterior Midgut

ABSTRACT Bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus are mutually associated with entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Steinernema and are pathogenic to a broad spectrum of insects. The nematodes act as vectors, transmitting the bacteria to insect larvae, which die within a few days of infection. We characterized the early stages of bacterial infection in the insects by constructing a constitutive green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled Xenorhabdus nematophila strain. We injected the GFP-labeled bacteria into insects and monitored infection. We found that the bacteria had an extracellular life cycle in the hemolymph and rapidly colonized the anterior midgut region in Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Electron microscopy showed that the bacteria occupied the extracellular matrix of connective tissues within the muscle layers of the Spodoptera midgut. We confirmed the existence of such a specific infection site in the natural route of infection by infesting Spodoptera littoralis larvae with nematodes harboring GFP-labeled Xenorhabdus. When the infective juvenile (IJ) nematodes reached the insect gut, the bacterial cells were rapidly released from the intestinal vesicle into the nematode intestine. Xenorhabdus began to escape from the anus of the nematodes when IJs were wedged in the insect intestinal wall toward the insect hemolymph. Following their release into the insect hemocoel, GFP-labeled bacteria were found only in the anterior midgut region and hemolymph of Spodoptera larvae. Comparative infection assays conducted with another insect, Locusta migratoria, also showed early bacterial colonization of connective tissues. This work shows that the extracellular matrix acts as a particular colonization site for X. nematophila within insects.

Concentrated bovine colostral whey proteins from Streptococcus mutans/Strep. sobrinus immunized cows inhibit the adherence of Strep. mutans and promote the aggregation of mutans streptococci

1998 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
VUOKKO LOIMARANTA ◽  
ANETTE CARLÉN ◽  
JAN OLSSON ◽  
JORMA TENOVUO ◽  
EEVA-LIISA SYVÄOJA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Whey Proteins ◽  
Mutans Streptococci ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Parotid Saliva ◽  
Control Product ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Similar Product

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of bovine colostral whey proteins from cows immunized with Streptococcus mutans/Strep. sobrinus on the adherence and aggregation of caries-inducing bacteria, i.e. mutans streptococci. Both adherence and aggregation are important phenomena in the bacterial colonization of the human oral cavity. In all adherence experiments there was a significant difference between treatments by immune product (IP; from immunized cows) and a control product (CP; a similar product from non-immunized cows). The adherence of 35S-labelled Strep. mutans cells (serotype c) to parotid saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (SHA) was dose-dependently inhibited by both IP and CP if SHA was coated with either product before exposure to bacteria, but markedly lower concentrations of IP than CP were effective. When instead of SHA the bacterial cells were pretreated with IP or CP, only IP strongly and dose-dependently inhibited streptococcal adherence. When bacteria, IP or CP, and SHA were incubated simultaneously, a significant difference between IP and CP treatments was again found. Further, IP effectively aggregated both Strep. mutans and Strep. sobrinus cells, whereas hardly any effect was seen with CP. Both IP and CP aggregated the control bacterium Strep. sanguis, which affected the adherence of the pretreated bacteria.

scholarly journals Nitric oxide — soluble guanylate cyclase — cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of heart failure and search for novel therapeutic targets

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 3035
Author(s):  
Zh. D. Kobalava ◽  
P. V. Lazarev
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Guanylate Cyclase ◽  
Soluble Guanylate Cyclase ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate ◽  
Guanosine Monophosphate ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Stimulation Of

Heart failure is a severe disease with an unfavorable prognosis, which requires intensification of therapy and the search for novel approaches to treatment. In this review, the physiological significance of soluble guanylate cyclase-related signaling pathway, reasons for decrease in its activity in heart failure and possible consequences are discussed. Pharmacological methods of stimulating the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate using drugs with different mechanisms of action are considered. Data from clinical studies regarding their effectiveness and safety are presented. A promising approach is stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase, which showed beneficial effects in preclinical studies, as well as in the recently completed phase III VICTORIA study.

scholarly journals Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacteria Mitigating Soil Salinity Stress in Plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7326
Author(s):  
Stefan Shilev
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

Soil deterioration has led to problems with the nutrition of the world’s population. As one of the most serious stressors, soil salinization has a negative effect on the quantity and quality of agricultural production, drawing attention to the need for environmentally friendly technologies to overcome the adverse effects. The use of plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can be a key factor in reducing salinity stress in plants as they are already introduced in practice. Plants having halotolerant PGPB in their root surroundings improve in diverse morphological, physiological, and biochemical aspects due to their multiple plant-growth-promoting traits. These beneficial effects are related to the excretion of bacterial phytohormones and modulation of their expression, improvement of the availability of soil nutrients, and the release of organic compounds that modify plant rhizosphere and function as signaling molecules, thus contributing to the plant’s salinity tolerance. This review aims to elucidate mechanisms by which PGPB are able to increase plant tolerance under soil salinity.

The Influences of Step Aerobics Routines on Exercise Capacity Among Middle-Aged Women

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Anca -Raluca Tanasă ◽  
Iulian-Marius Dumitru ◽  
Cristina-Elena Moraru ◽  
Florin Nichifor
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Research Plan

Step aerobics is a form of practicing of aerobic fitness representing an efficient and pleasant alternative in the process of obtaining optimal physical condition. The purpose of this study is the confirm the hypothesis according to which the practiceof step aerobics routines middle-aged women has an important role in improving the quality of life. The research was carried out throughout the year 2018, on a sample of 20 female adults attending Clubul D inIaşi, who were divided into two groups: experimental and witness and it was carried out throughout three phases: phase I: selecting and studying bibliography, developing the research plan and determining the sample; phase II: applying the initial tests: Body mass index-BMIand Ruffier Test; phase III: applying the final tests, comparatively analysing the results and the progress obtained, to point out the conclusions. In order to analyse the results we used the ANOVA statistical analysis test. The resultsindicate that the independent variable that we applied does not influence the results of the IMC (p= 0,2805), but the Ruffier index presents statistically significant changes (p=˂0,0001). As a general conclusion, we want to emphasize that the sport for heath, more exactly the step-aerobic programs, improves the negative effects of some diseases, the physical deficiencies, functional or trauma to which the human body may be subjected, and thus contributing to its recovery. The beneficial effects of the step-aerobic programs can contribute in a good measure to improve the quality of life.

Survival analysis according to disease subtype in AVAGAST: First-line capecitabine and cisplatin plus bevacizumab (bev) or placebo in patients (pts) with advanced gastric cancer.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 5-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manish A. Shah ◽  
Eric Van Cutsem ◽  
Yoon-Koo Kang ◽  
Shaker R. Dakhil ◽  
Taroh Satoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Dismal Prognosis ◽  
Type 3

5 Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is a heterogeneous disease that may be divided into distinct subtypes with different epidemiology, risk factors, and molecular expression profiles: proximal non-diffuse GC (type 1), diffuse GC (type 2), and distal non-diffuse GC (type 3). In clinical practice, GC subtypes are treated as a single disease. Regional efficacy differences were seen in AVAGAST: pts in Americas and Europe showed more evidence of benefit than Asia-Pacific pts. We analyzed outcomes in the phase III AVAGAST study according to GC subtype and region in order to test if GC subtype was prognostic of outcome and predictive of bev benefit. Methods: Pts were randomized and treated as previously described. The effect of treatment on overall survival (OS), measured by hazard ratio, was examined in an unplanned exploratory analysis using Cox proportional hazards models. Median OS was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: 733 of 774 AVAGAST pts were included. Type 2 GC (52.1%) was more common than type 1 (9.5%) or type 3 (38.3%). Irrespective of treatment, pts with type 2 GC had worse outcome than type 3 GC (median OS 10.3 vs 11.7 mo; HR=0.82; 95% CI 0.68–1.00); non-Asian pts had the most dismal prognosis (8.0 vs 11.1 mo; HR=0.68; 95% CI 0.53–0.89). The table below describes the bev effect according to subtype. Non-Asian pts with GC type 2 and 3 appear to benefit from bev. Conclusions: In all regions, pts with type 3 GC had a better prognosis than type 2 GC. Bev therapy appeared to improve outcomes in non-Asian pts with type 2 and 3 GC. These data suggest that GC subtypes may be important predictors of pt outcome and warrant further prospective evaluation. [Table: see text]

Progression of Parkinson’s Disease and Unmet Needs in Mid- to Late-stage Patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Heinz Reichmann ◽  
Paolo Barone ◽  
Werner Poewe ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Unmet Needs ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Motor Fluctuations ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Motor Symptoms ◽  
Beneficial Effects

In early-stage Parkinson’s disease (PD), dopaminergic treatment is highly effective in controlling motor symptoms. However, as the disease progresses, other symptoms and comorbidities need to be addressed, such as suboptimal motor control, emerging motor complications (e.g. nocturnal and early-morning akinesia/tremor, early wearing-off and dyskinesia), emerging levodopa-resistant motor symptoms, increasing non-motor symptoms and treatment of non-dopaminergic symptoms. Despite these unmet needs, no new therapies for PD have been introduced into routine clinical practice over the past 10 years. Safinamide is a new oral therapy that has both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic mechanisms of action. In phase III clinical trials, safinamide has demonstrated significant clinical benefits in patients with mid- to late-stage PD experiencing motor fluctuations as an add-on therapy to levodopa and other PD medication versus those treated only on an optimised PD therapy. This includes improvements in daily ON time, improvements in motor function and beneficial effects on dyskinesia that have been studied in patients for up to 2 years. Safinamide is well tolerated, and it is a new and unique agent in the armamentarium of treatments for patients with mid- to late-stage PD experiencing motor fluctuations.

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