scholarly journals Amygdala controls saccade and gaze physically, motivationally, and socially

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazutaka Maeda ◽  
Ken-ichi Inoue ◽  
Jun Kunimatsu ◽  
Masahiko Takada ◽  
Okihide Hikosaka
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
List Type ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Control Behavior ◽  
Emotional Events ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior ◽  
New Framework ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractThe amygdala is uniquely sensitive to emotional events. However, it is not understood whether and how the amygdala uses such emotional signals to control behavior, especially eye movements. We therefore injected muscimol (GABAAagonist) into the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) in monkeys. This unilateral temporary inactivation suppressed saccades to contralateral but not ipsilateral targets, resulting in longer latencies, hypometric amplitudes, and slower velocity. During free viewing of movies, gaze was distributed mostly in the ipsilateral hemifield. Moreover, CeA inactivation disrupted the tendency of gaze toward social interaction images, which were normally focused on continuously. Conversely, optogenetic stimulation of CeA facilitated saccades to the contralateral side. These findings suggest that CeA controls spatially selective gaze and attention in emotional contexts, and provide a new framework for understanding psychiatric disorders related to amygdala dysfunction.HighlightsCentral amygdala facilitates contralateral saccades selectively.Saccade facilitation is related to motivational goals and social interaction.The amygdala thus controls goal-directed behavior based on emotional contexts.

scholarly journals Manipulations of central amygdala neurotensin neurons alter the consumption of ethanol and sweet fluids in mice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Luisa Torruella-Suárez ◽  
Jessica R. Vandenberg ◽  
Elizabeth S. Cogan ◽  
Gregory J. Tipton ◽  
Adonay Teklezghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Ethanol Consumption ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Parabrachial Nucleus ◽  
Central Amygdala ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Genetic Ablation ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractThe central nucleus of the amygdala plays a significant role in alcohol use and other affective disorders; however, the genetically-defined neuronal subtypes and their projections that govern these behaviors are not well known. Here we show that neurotensin neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala of male mice are activated by in vivo ethanol consumption and that genetic ablation of these neurons decreases ethanol consumption and preference in non-ethanol dependent animals. This ablation did not impact preference for sucrose, saccharin, or quinine. We found that the most robust projection of the central amygdala neurotensin neurons was to the parabrachial nucleus, a brain region known to be important in feeding behaviors, conditioned taste aversion, and alarm. Optogenetic stimulation of projections from these neurons to the parabrachial nucleus is reinforcing, and increases ethanol drinking as well as consumption of sucrose and saccharin solutions. These data suggest that this central amygdala to parabrachial nucleus projection influences the expression of reward-related phenotypes and is a novel circuit promoting consumption of ethanol and palatable fluids.

scholarly journals A pretectal command system controls hunting behaviour

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paride Antinucci ◽  
Mónica Folgueira ◽  
Isaac H. Bianco
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
List Type ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
Predatory Behaviour ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Hunting Behaviour ◽  
Action Sequences ◽  
Innate Behaviour ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractFor many species, hunting is an innate behaviour that is crucial for survival, yet the circuits that control predatory action sequences are poorly understood. We used larval zebrafish to identify a command system that controls hunting. By combining calcium imaging with a virtual hunting assay, we identified a discrete pretectal region that is selectively active when animals initiate hunting. Targeted genetic labelling allowed us to examine the function and morphology of individual cells and identify two classes of pretectal neuron that project to ipsilateral optic tectum or the contralateral tegmentum. Optogenetic stimulation of single neurons of either class was able to induce sustained hunting sequences, in the absence of prey. Furthermore, laser ablation of these neurons impaired prey-catching and prevented induction of hunting by optogenetic stimulation of the anterior-ventral tectum. In sum, we define a specific population of pretectal neurons that functions as a command system to drive predatory behaviour.Key findingsPretectal neurons are recruited during hunting initiationOptogenetic stimulation of single pretectal neurons can induce predatory behaviourAblation of pretectal neurons impairs huntingPretectal cells comprise a command system controlling hunting behaviour

scholarly journals ‘Fearful-place’ coding in the amygdala-hippocampal network

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mi-Seon Kong ◽  
Eun Joo Kim ◽  
Sanggeon Park ◽  
Larry S Zweifel ◽  
Yeowool Huh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dorsal Hippocampus ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
Place Cells ◽  
Spatial Coding ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Neural Integration ◽  
Realistic Situation ◽  
Hippocampal Network ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior ◽  
Stimulation Of

Animals seeking survival needs must be able to assess different locations of threats in their habitat. However, the neural integration of spatial and risk information essential for guiding goal-directed behavior remains poorly understood. Thus, we investigated simultaneous activities of fear-responsive basal amygdala (BA) and place-responsive dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) neurons as rats left the safe nest to search for food in an exposed space and encountered a simulated ‘predator.’ In this realistic situation, BA cells increased their firing rates and dHPC place cells decreased their spatial stability near the threat. Importantly, only those dHPC cells synchronized with the predator-responsive BA cells remapped significantly as a function of escalating risk location. Moreover, optogenetic stimulation of BA neurons was sufficient to cause spatial avoidance behavior and disrupt place fields. These results suggest a dynamic interaction of BA’s fear signalling cells and dHPC’s spatial coding cells as animals traverse safe-danger areas of their environment.

scholarly journals Selective Optogenetic Stimulation of Glutamatergic, but not GABAergic, Vestibular Nuclei Neurons Induces Immediate and Reversible Postural Imbalance in Mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Montardy ◽  
M. Wei ◽  
T. Yi ◽  
X. Liu ◽  
Z. Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vestibular Nuclei ◽  
Gabaergic Neurons ◽  
Support Surface ◽  
List Type ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Locomotor Deficits ◽  
Locomotor Behaviors ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractGlutamatergic and GABAergic neurons represent the neural components of the medial vestibular nuclei. We assessed the functional role of glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal pathways arising from the vestibular nuclei (VN) in the maintenance of gait and balance by optogenetically stimulating the VN in VGluT2-cre and GAD2-cre mice. We demonstrate that glutamatergic, but not GABAergic VN neuronal subpopulation is responsible for immediate and strong posturo-locomotor deficits, comparable to unilateral vestibular deafferentation models. During optogenetic stimulation, the support surface dramatically increased in VNVGluT2+ mice, and rapidly fell back to baseline after stimulation, whilst it remained unchanged during similar stimulation of VNGAD2+ mice. This effect persisted when vestibular compensation was removed. Posturo-locomotor alterations evoked in VNVGluT2+ animals were still present immediately after stimulation, while they disappeared 1h later. Overall, these results indicate a fundamental role for VNVGluT2+ neurons in balance and posturo-locomotor functions, but not for VNGAD2+ neurons, in this specific context. This new optogenetic approach will be useful to characterize the role of the different VN neuronal populations involved in vestibular physiology and pathophysiology.HighlightsFor the first time, Vestibular nuclei were optogenetically stimulated in free-moving animals, to asses for glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons functions in posturo-locomotor behaviors.Brief optogenetic activation of VNVGluT2+, but not VNGAD2+, induced immediate and strong postural deficit.Stimulation of VNVGluT2+ neurons provoked an imbalance with continuous effect on locomotion for a short period of time after stimulation.These results are comparable to the classical vestibular deafferentation models during their peak of deficit, and set optogenetic stimulation as a new model to study vestibular deficits.

scholarly journals Freely behaving mice can brake and turn during optogenetic stimulation of the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelis Immanuel van der Zouwen ◽  
Joël Boutin ◽  
Maxime Fougère ◽  
Aurélie Flaive ◽  
Mélanie Vivancos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patch Clamp ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
List Type ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Turn Angle ◽  
Mesencephalic Locomotor Region ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Limb Kinematics ◽  
Freely Behaving ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractBackgroundStimulation of the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region (MLR) is increasingly considered as a target to improve locomotor function in Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury and stroke. A key function of the MLR is to control the speed of forward symmetrical locomotor movements. However, the ability of freely moving mammals to integrate environmental cues to brake and turn during MLR stimulation is poorly documented.Objective/hypothesisWe investigated whether freely behaving mice could brake or turn based on environmental cues during MLR stimulation.MethodsWe stimulated the cuneiform nucleus in mice expressing channelrhodopsin in Vglut2-positive neurons in a Cre-dependent manner (Vglut2-ChR2-EYFP) using optogenetics. We detected locomotor movements using deep learning. We used patch-clamp recordings to validate the functional expression of channelrhodopsin and neuroanatomy to visualize the stimulation sites.ResultsOptogenetic stimulation of the MLR evoked locomotion and increasing laser power increased locomotor speed. Gait diagram and limb kinematics were similar during spontaneous and optogenetic-evoked locomotion. Mice could brake and make sharp turns (∼90⁰) when approaching a corner during MLR stimulation in an open-field arena. The speed during the turn was scaled with the speed before the turn, and with the turn angle. In a reporter mouse, many Vglut2-ZsGreen neurons were immunopositive for glutamate in the MLR. Patch-clamp recordings in Vglut2-ChR2-EYFP mice show that blue light evoked short latency spiking in MLR neurons.ConclusionMLR glutamatergic neurons are a relevant target to improve locomotor activity without impeding the ability to brake and turn when approaching an obstacle, thus ensuring smooth and adaptable navigation.Highlights-Mice brake and turn when approaching the arena’s corner during MLR-evoked locomotion-Speed decrease is scaled to speed before the turn during MLR-evoked locomotion-Turn angle is scaled to turn speed during MLR-evoked locomotion-Gait and limb kinematics are similar during spontaneous and MLR-evoked locomotion

DER EINFLUSS VON RESERPIN AUF DIE ANTITHYREOIDALE WIRKUNG VON KALIUMPERCHLORAT

1962 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-430
Author(s):  
H. L. Krüskemper ◽  
F. J. Kessler ◽  
E. Steinkrüger
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Tissue Respiration ◽  
List Type ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT 1. Reserpine does not inhibit the tissue respiration of liver in normal male rats (in vitro). 2. The decrease of tissue respiration of the liver with simultaneous morphological stimulation of the thyroid gland after long administration of reserpine is due to a minute inhibition of the hormone synthesis in the thyroid gland. 3. The morphological alterations of the thyroid in experimental hypothyroidism due to perchlorate can not be prevented with reserpine.

CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THE 17-KETOGENIC STEROIDS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL OF CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (II) ◽  
pp. 230-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen E. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
List Type ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Paediatric Practice ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cortisone Therapy ◽  
And Control ◽  
Clinical Problems ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT A method for the fractionation of the urinary 17-ketogenic steroids with no oxygen grouping at C11 and those oxygenated at C11, is applied to the clinical problems of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In normal children the mean ratio of the non-oxygenated to oxygenated steroids is 0.24. In childrern with congenital adrenal hyperplasia the ratio is 2.3. The reason for this difference in ratio is discussed. The changes in ratio found under stimulation of the adrenal gland with exogenous or endogenous corticotrophin and the suppression with cortisone therapy are studied. This test can be applied to isolated samples of urine, a major advantage in paediatric practice, and can be carried out in routine laboratories. It is found to be reliable in the diagnosis and sensitive in the control of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

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