scholarly journals The anatomical boundary of the rat claustrum

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M Dillingham ◽  
Mathias L Mathiasen ◽  
Bethany E Frost ◽  
Marie AC Lambert ◽  
Emma J Bubb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Marker ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein ◽  
Nucleus Reuniens ◽  
Retrograde Tracer ◽  
Thalamic Projections ◽  
Differential Expression Profile ◽  
Guanine Nucleotide Binding ◽  
Made In

AbstractThe claustrum is a subcortical nucleus that exhibits dense connectivity across the neocortex. Considerable recent progress has been made in establishing its genetic and anatomical characteristics, however a core, contentious issue that regularly presents in the literature pertains to the rostral extent of its anatomical boundary. The present study addressed this issue in the rat brain.Using a combination of immunohistochemistry and neuronal tract tracing, we have examined the expression profiles of several genes that have previously been identified as exhibiting a differential expression profile in the claustrum relative to the surrounding cortex. The expression profiles of parvalbumin, crystallin mu (Crym), and guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), gamma 2 (Gng2) were assessed immunohistochemically alongside, or in combination with cortical anterograde, or retrograde tracer injections. Retrograde neuronal tracer injections into various thalamic nuclei were used to further establish the rostral border of the claustrum.Expression of all three markers delineated a nuclear boundary that extended considerably (~500 μm) beyond the anterior horn of the neostriatum. Cortical retrograde and anterograde neuronal tracer injections, respectively, revealed distributions of cortically-projecting claustral neurons and cortical efferent inputs to the claustrum that overlapped with the gene marker-derived claustrum boundary. Finally, retrograde tracer injections centred in nucleus reuniens, whilst including the rhomboid, mediodorsal and centromedial nuclei, revealed that insular cortico-thalamic projections encapsulated a claustral area, with strongly diminished cell label, that corresponded to the claustrum.

Mapping the Heart

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-8
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Carmichael
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Cardiac Muscle Cells ◽  
Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein ◽  
The Common ◽  
Guanine Nucleotide Binding ◽  
First Time ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Some of the receptors on the surface of cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) mediate the response of these cells to catecholamines by causing the production of the common second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). An example of such receptors are the β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors (βARs) that are heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors. Selective stimulation of these two receptor subtypes leads to distinct physiological and pathophysiological responses, but their precise location on the surface of cardiomyocytes has not been correlated with these responses. In an ingenious combination of techniques, Viacheslav Nikolaev, Alexey Moshkov, Alexander Lyon, Michele Miragoli, Pavel Novak, Helen Paur, Martin Lohse, Yuri Korchev, Sian Harding, and Julia Gorelik have mapped the function of these receptors for the first time.

scholarly journals A novel missense variant of the GNAI3 gene and recognisable morphological characteristics of the mandibula in ARCND1

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumiko Yanagi ◽  
Noriko Morimoto ◽  
Manami Iso ◽  
Yukimi Abe ◽  
Kohji Okamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Missense Variant ◽  
Nucleotide Binding ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Guanine Nucleotide ◽  
Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein ◽  
Computer Tomography Scan ◽  
Novel Variant ◽  
Guanine Nucleotide Binding

AbstractAuriculocondylar syndrome (ARCND) is an autosomal monogenic disorder characterised by external ear abnormalities and micrognathia due to hypoplasia of the mandibular rami, condyle and coronoid process. Genetically, three subtypes of ARCND (ARCND1, ARCND2 and ARCND3) have been reported. To date, five pathogenic variants of GNAI3 have been reported in ARCND1 patients. Here, we report a novel variant of GNAI3 (NM_006496:c.807C>A:p.(Asn269Lys)) in a Japanese girl with micrognathia using trio-based whole exome sequencing analysis. The GNAI3 gene encodes a heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein. The novel variant locates the guanine nucleotide-binding site, and the substitution was predicted to interfere with guanine nucleotide-binding by in silico structural analysis. Three-dimensional computer tomography scan, or cephalogram, displayed severely hypoplastic mandibular rami and fusion to the medial and lateral pterygoid plates, which have been recognised in other ARCND1 patients, but have not been described in ARCND2 and ARCND3, suggesting that these may be distinguishable features in ARCND1.

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