scholarly journals Evolutionary dynamics in structured populations under strong population genetic forces

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison F. Feder ◽  
Pleuni S. Pennings ◽  
Joachim Hermisson ◽  
Dmitri A. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Population Differentiation ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Neutral Equilibrium ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Approximate Bayesian

AbstractHigh rates of migration between subpopulations result in little population differentiation in the long-term neutral equilibrium. However, in the short-term, even very abundant migration may not be enough for subpopulations to equilibrate immediately. In this study, we investigate dynamical patterns of short-term population differentiation in adapting populations via stochastic and analytical modeling through time. We characterize a regime in which selection and migration interact to create non-monotonic patterns of the population differentiation statistic FST when migration is weaker than selection, but stronger than drift. We demonstrate how these patterns can be leveraged to estimate high migration rates that would lead to panmixia in the long term equilibrium using an approximate Bayesian computation approach. We apply this approach to estimate fast migration in a rapidly adapting intra-host Simian-HIV population sampled from different anatomical locations. Notably, we find differences in estimated migration rates between different compartments, all above Nem = 1. This work demonstrates how studying demographic processes on the timescale of selective sweeps illuminates processes too fast to leave signatures on neutral timescales.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Dynamics in Structured Populations Under Strong Population Genetic Forces

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 3395-3407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison F. Feder ◽  
Pleuni S. Pennings ◽  
Joachim Hermisson ◽  
Dmitri A. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Population Differentiation ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Neutral Equilibrium ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Approximate Bayesian

In the long-term neutral equilibrium, high rates of migration between subpopulations result in little population differentiation. However, in the short-term, even very abundant migration may not be enough for subpopulations to equilibrate immediately. In this study, we investigate dynamical patterns of short-term population differentiation in adapting populations via stochastic and analytical modeling through time. We characterize a regime in which selection and migration interact to create non-monotonic patterns of population differentiation over time when migration is weaker than selection, but stronger than drift. We demonstrate how these patterns can be leveraged to estimate high migration rates using approximate Bayesian computation. We apply this approach to estimate fast migration in a rapidly adapting intra-host Simian-HIV population sampled from different anatomical locations. We find differences in estimated migration rates between different compartments, even though all are above Nem = 1. This work demonstrates how studying demographic processes on the timescale of selective sweeps illuminates processes too fast to leave signatures on neutral timescales.

Evolutionary Stable Strategies for Supply Chains: Selfishness, Fairness, and Altruism

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 532-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caichun Chai ◽  
Hailong Zhu ◽  
Zhangwei Feng
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Replicator Dynamics ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Individual Preference ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Evolutionary Stable Strategies ◽  
Pure Strategies ◽  
The Stability

Abstract The management strategies of a firm are inevitable affected by individual behavior preferences. The effect of individual preference on the evolutionary dynamics for supply chains is studied by employing replicator dynamics. Each firm has three behavior preferences: selfishness, fairness, and altruism. Firstly, the case that the strategy set of manufacturers and retailers including two pure strategies is considered and the effect of preference parameter on the equilibrium outcome in the short-term interaction is discussed. Secondly, the equilibrium state in the short-term is always disturbed because the change of the environment, firm’s structure, and so forth. Using the replicator dynamics, the evolutionary stable strategies of manufacturers and retailers in the long-term interaction are analyzed. Finally, the extend case that the strategy set of manufacturers and retailers include three pure strategies is investigated. These results are found that the strategy profile in which both manufacturer and retailer choose fairness or altruism, or one player chooses fair or altruistic strategy and the other player chooses selfish strategy may be evolutionary stable, the stability of these equilibria depends on the the preference parameters.

scholarly journals Electrospun Active Biopapers of Food Waste Derived Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) with Short-Term and Long-Term Antimicrobial Performance

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly J. Figueroa-Lopez ◽  
Sergio Torres-Giner ◽  
Daniela Enescu ◽  
Luis Cabedo ◽  
Miguel A. Cerqueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
High Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Oregano Essential Oil ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Closed Systems ◽  
Antimicrobial Performance ◽  
And Migration

This research reports about the development by electrospinning of fiber-based films made of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) derived from fermented fruit waste, so-called bio-papers, with enhanced antimicrobial performance. To this end, different combinations of oregano essential oil (OEO) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were added to PHBV solutions and electrospun into mats that were, thereafter, converted into homogeneous and continuous films of ~130 μm. The morphology, optical, thermal, mechanical properties, crystallinity, and migration into food simulants of the resultant PHBV-based bio-papers were evaluated and their antimicrobial properties were assessed against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in both open and closed systems. It was observed that the antimicrobial activity decreased after 15 days due to the release of the volatile compounds, whereas the bio-papers filled with ZnONPs showed high antimicrobial activity for up to 48 days. The electrospun PHBV biopapers containing 2.5 wt% OEO + 2.25 wt% ZnONPs successfully provided the most optimal activity for short and long periods against both bacteria.

scholarly journals Food Insecurity and Livelihood Systems in Northwest Haiti

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamadou Baro
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Political Ecology ◽  
Livelihood Strategies ◽  
Ecological Situation ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
Livelihood Systems ◽  
And Migration

This paper examines rural livelihood systems in Haiti from both a political andecological perspective. While political developments in Haiti have taken center stage inmost analyses, the environmental impacts of population growth, highly varied livelihoodstrategies, and migration opportunities appear to have played a major role in the current tragic situation. Illegal migration not only seems to alleviate short term poverty but also appears to benefit households long term as revenues from migration improve households' land holding situation. Nevertheless, the steadily declining ecological situation may already be exceeding the creative livelihood strategies of Haitian producers.Key words: Haiti, political economy, political ecology, livelihood strategies,households, livestock, agriculture, migration.

scholarly journals Quantifying cell line specific proliferation and migration rates in glioblastoma cells

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil Rosén ◽  
Philip Gerlee ◽  
Sven Nelander
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Approximate Bayesian Computation ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Glioblastoma Cell ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Computation Algorithm ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Approximate Bayesian ◽  
Glioblastoma Cell Lines ◽  
Proliferation And Migration

AbstractWe have characterised the migration and proliferation rates of a large number of patient-derived glioblastoma cell lines using an individual-based model coupled to an Approximate Bayesian Computation algorithm. We found that the cell lines exhibited a negative correlation between the rate of migration and rate of division. This observation agrees with the Go or Grow hypothesis and highlights patient-specific differences in migration and proliferation.

Immigration after Brexit

2016 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
pp. R13-R21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Portes
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Uk ◽  
New System

This paper examines the short and long-term impacts of the UK referendum on migration flows and migration policy. Even in the short term – before any policy change – the vote will affect migration flows directly and indirectly through both economic and other channels. Post Brexit, two key issues will need to be addressed. Will the UK preserve a substantial measure of preference for EU citizens in any new system? And will policy tilt in a liberal or restrictive direction?

Population Development in Czechia in 2020

Demografie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-261
Author(s):  
David Morávek ◽  
Jana Koukalová
Keyword(s):  
Population Development ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Almost All

The population development of Czechia in 2020 was significantly affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Epidemiological measures or the pandemic itself were reflected in almost all monitored demographic processes, and in many cases long-term trends were interrupted. In addition, existing minimums or maximums were rewritten within the period of the last ten years. The article focuses on the main demographic processes, namely births, deaths, marriages, divorces and migration. The beginning of the examined period is the year 2011, in which the census took place, and then the following years, especially the period 2015–2020.

scholarly journals Migracje zarobkowe Polaków w kontekście brexitu

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-137
Author(s):  
Roman Kisiel ◽  
Wiesława Lizińska ◽  
Paulina Rosochacka
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Short Term ◽  
And Migration

The purpose of the work was to diagnose the scale of the phenomenon of labor migration of Poles to Great Britain. Data on population flows were used (emigration, immigration and migration balance) in 2004–2014. An attempt was also made to diagnose migration changes caused by the Brexit referendum. For this purpose, data were used in the years 2014–2016. The secondary data from Eurostat, the Macroeconomic Data Bank and Demographic Year 2017 (CSO) were used to analyze and assess the phenomenon of migration in the analyzed periods. The majority of migrant workers came to the British Isles in 2006. In the following years, interest in going abroad for long-term was not so great. There were definitely more Polish residents who decided to go for a short-term than for long-term. Another such a big interest in going for longterm to Great Britain took place in 2013. This tendency did not last too long. The referendum did not have a big impact on the short-term migra-tion. However, it reduced the willingness to go away for long-term.

scholarly journals The evolution of genetic diversity in changing environments

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oana Carja ◽  
Uri Liberman ◽  
Marcus W. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Fluctuating Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Insight Into

The production and maintenance of genetic and phenotypic diversity under temporally fluctuating selection and the signatures of environmental and selective volatility in the patterns of genetic and phenotypic variation have been important areas of focus in population genetics. On one hand, stretches of constant selection pull the genetic makeup of populations towards local fitness optima. On the other, in order to cope with changes in the selection regime, populations may evolve mechanisms that create a diversity of genotypes. By tuning the rates at which variability is produced, such as the rates of recombination, mutation or migration, populations may increase their long-term adaptability. Here we use theoretical models to gain insight into how the rates of these three evolutionary forces are shaped by fluctuating selection. We compare and contrast the evolution of recombination, mutation and migration under similar patterns of environmental change and show that these three sources of phenotypic variation are surprisingly similar in their response to changing selection. We show that knowing the shape, size, variance and asymmetry of environmental runs is essential for accurate prediction of genetic evolutionary dynamics.

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