scholarly journals Puberty timing and adiposity change across childhood and adolescence: disentangling cause and consequence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda M O’Keeffe ◽  
Monika Frysz ◽  
Joshua A. Bell ◽  
Laura D. Howe ◽  
Abigail Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Fat Mass ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Puberty Onset

AbstractObjectiveTo better understand if earlier puberty is more likely a result of adiposity gain in childhood than a cause of adiposity gain in adulthood.DesignProspective birth cohort study.SettingPopulation based study of children born in 1991/1992 in Bristol UK (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)).Participants4,186 participants (2,176 female and 1,990 male) of predominantly White ethnicity with 18,232 repeated measures throughout follow-up.Exposures & outcomesRepeated measures of height from 5y to 20y to identify puberty timing (age at peak height velocity) and repeated measures of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived fat mass from age 9y to 18y, modelled separately in females and males using models based on chronological age and time before and after puberty onset.ResultsMean age at peak height velocity was 11.7y (standard deviation (SD)=0.8y) for females and 13.6y (SD=0.9y) for males. In adjusted models of fat mass by chronological age, a one-year later age at peak height velocity was associated with 20.4% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 18.5% to 22.3%) and 22.8% (95% (CI): 20.7% to 24.8%) lower fat mass in females and males respectively at 9y. These differences were smaller at age 18y: 7.8% (95% (CI):5.9% to 9.6%) and 11.9% (95% (CI): 9.1%, to 14.7%) lower fat mass in females and males respectively per year later age at peak height velocity. Trajectories of fat mass by time before and after puberty onset provided strong evidence for an association of pre-pubertal fat mass with puberty timing, and little evidence of an association of puberty timing with post-pubertal changes in fat mass in females. In males, findings were less clear before puberty though there was some evidence for an association of earlier puberty timing with great post-pubertal gain in fat mass.ConclusionsEarlier puberty is more likely a result of adiposity gain in childhood than a cause of adiposity gain in adulthood in females. In males early to puberty, differences in fat mass after puberty are driven partially by tracking of adiposity from early childhood but also greater gains in post-pubertal adiposity. Reducing levels of childhood adiposity may help prevent both earlier puberty, later life adiposity and their associated adverse social, mental and physical health sequelae.

scholarly journals Puberty timing and sex-specific trajectories of systolic blood pressure: a prospective cohort study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate N O’Neill ◽  
Joshua A Bell ◽  
George Davey Smith ◽  
Kate Tilling ◽  
Patricia M Kearney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundSex differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP) emerge during adolescence but the role of puberty is not well understood. We examined sex-specific changes in SBP preceding and following puberty and examined the impact of puberty timing on SBP trajectories in females and males.MethodsTrajectories of SBP before and after puberty and by timing of puberty in females and males in a contemporary English birth cohort study were analysed. Repeated measures of height from age 5 to 20 years were used to identify puberty timing (age at peak height velocity). SBP was measured on ten occasions from 3 to 24 years (N participants=4,062, repeated SBP measures=29,172). Analyses were preformed using linear spline multilevel models based on time before and after puberty and were adjusted for parental factors and early childhood factors including BMI gain from age one up to 9 years.ResultsMean age at peak height velocity was 11.7 years (standard deviation (SD) =0.8) for females and 13.6 years (SD=0.9) for males. In adjusted models, females and males had similar SBP at age 3. Males had faster rates of increase in SBP before puberty leading to 10.19mmHg (95% CI: 6.80, 13.57) higher mean SBP at puberty which remained similar at 24 years [mean difference; 11.43mmHg (95% CI: 7.22, 15.63)]. Puberty timing was associated with small transient differences in SBP trajectories post-puberty in both sexes and small differences at 24 years in females only.ConclusionA large proportion of the higher SBP observed in males compared to females in early adulthood is accrued before puberty. Prevention of high SBP in adult males may therefore benefit from a life course approach starting from before puberty. Interventions targeting puberty timing are unlikely to greatly influence SBP in females and males in early adulthood.

scholarly journals Injury Risk and Injury Burden Are Related to Age Group and Peak Height Velocity Among Talented Male Youth Soccer Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 232596711881104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Jan Bult ◽  
Maarten Barendrecht ◽  
Igor Joeri Ramon Tak
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Incidence Density ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Injury Burden

Background: The relationship between injury risk (IR) in age groups and periods around peak height velocity (PHV) remains unclear. PHV is defined as the moment of the largest increase in body height. Purpose: To investigate injury risk and injury burden as functions of growth velocity (periods around PHV) and chronological age groupings (under 12 years [U12] to U19) in talented youth male soccer players. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 170 players from the youth academy of a Dutch soccer club (highest professional league: Eredivisie) were observed for 1 to 3 seasons. Injuries, exposure, PHV age, and chronological age were registered. The injury incidence density (IID) and injury burden per 1000 hours of soccer participation, with 95% CIs, were calculated for 5 PHV periods and 7 age groups. These were compared with the overall cohort results using incidence ratios (IRs) and burden ratios (BRs) with 95% CIs. Results: The mean age at PHV was 14.4 ± 0.65 years (range, 12.8-16.5 years). The mean IID for the total cohort was 8.34 injuries per 1000 hours (95% CI, 7.71-9.02). Compared with the overall mean, a significantly higher IID was found for PHV period 4+5 (IR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.00-1.71]; P = .049) and for the U15 group (IR, 1.49 [95% CI, 1.24-1.79]; P < .001). The overall injury burden was 58.37 injury days per 1000 hours (95% CI, 56.66-60.13). In PHV period 4+5, the injury burden was significantly higher (BR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.39-1.68]; P < .001) when compared with the overall mean. Also, compared with the overall mean, the injury burden was higher in the U16 (BR, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.39-1.58]; P < .001), U15 (BR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.19-1.38]; P < .001), and U17 groups (BR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.13-1.31]; P < .001). Conclusion: Talented young soccer players were more prone to injuries during the 6 months after PHV (31% above overall mean) as well as in the U15 group (49% above overall mean). Based on the higher injury burden in the U16 (48%), U15 (28%), and U17 (21%) groups, we suggest that research on injury risk factors and preventive measures should primarily target these age groups. Additional interventions based on PHV may be of limited value from a screening perspective. Further research is needed on the interaction between age groups and PHV periods.

Maturity-Related Variation in Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity Among 9–14 Year Olds

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 597-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric E. Wickel ◽  
Joey C. Eisenmann ◽  
Gregory J. Welk
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Biological Maturity

Background:This study compared physical activity levels among early, average, and late maturing boys and girls.Methods:Physical activity was assessed with an Actigraph accelerometer in 161 (76 boys, 85 girls) 9 to 14 year olds over 7 consecutive days. Anthropometric variables were measured and the maturity offset (ie, years from peak height velocity) was predicted. Biological maturity groups (early, average, and late) were created based on the mean estimated age at peak height velocity for boys and girls separately.Results:Levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were similar between early, average, and late maturing boys and girls after adjusting for differences in chronological age. Levels of MVPA progressively declined across chronological age in boys and girls (P < .001) and gender differences existed at 10-, 12-, and 13-years, with boys having higher levels than girls (P < .05). When aligned according to biological age, gender-related differences in MVPA did not exist.Conclusions:Within this sample of 9 to 14 year old boys and girls, there were no significant differences in MVPA among early, average, and late maturing individuals.

scholarly journals Longitudinal BMI percentile curves by maturity status of Japanese children

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Mino ◽  
Robert M. Malina ◽  
Koichi Nariyama
Keyword(s):  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Japanese Children ◽  
Percentile Curves ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Before And After

Abstract The objective of the research was to prepare longitudinal percentile curves for the BMI (kg/m2) relative to time before and after peak height velocity (PHV) in Japanese boys and girls born between 1989 and 1991. Stature and weight were measured in every April from 6.5 to 16.5 years for 283 boys and 480 girls. Age at PHV was estimated by the proportional allotment method. The 50th percentile curves for the BMI of Japanese boys and girls born between 1989 and 1991 were similar to the corresponding curves for Japanese boys and girls born between 1972 and 1974. However, the 97th percentiles of children born between 1989 and 1991 were higher and the corresponding 3rd percentiles were lower compared to children born between 1972 and 1974. The differences can be attributed to the influence of early maturing children born between 1989 and 1991 on the 97th percentiles and of late maturing children born between 1989 and 1991 on the 3rd percentiles. The results highlight the need to consider the timing of maturity, in this case, age at PHV, when interpreting the BMI of adolescents.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Change of Forearm-Hand Inertia Value and Shoulder Musculature Using Dual X-ray Absorptiometry in Youth Japanese Baseball Players: Implications for Elbow Injury

Sports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Toshiharu Tsutsui ◽  
Toshihiro Maemichi ◽  
Satoshi Iizuka ◽  
Suguru Torii
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Girdle ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Longitudinal Change ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elbow Injury

It is important to understand the timing of the maximum increase of forearm-hand inertia value and lean body mass (LBM) of the shoulder girdle musculature when elbow injury frequently occurs. This study aimed to clarify the discrepancies of those in youth baseball players. Forty-three male baseball players (8- to 14-years-old) participated in this study. The forearm-hand inertia value and LBM of the shoulder girdle musculature were calculated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A cubic spline fit was applied to the annual increase forearm-hand inertia value and LBM of the shoulder girdle musculature for each chronological age and years from peak height velocity (PHV) age. As a result of cubic splines fitting, the peak timing for forearm-hand inertia value and LBM of the shoulder girdle musculature was 12.42 and 12.75 years in chronological age, −0.66 and −0.11 years in PHV age. Therefore, the peak timing of forearm-hand inertia value was about 4 months earlier in chronological age and half a year earlier in PHV age than LBM of the shoulder girdle musculature. Acquiring sufficient shoulder girdle musculature during the period when the growth of the shoulder girdle musculature cannot catch up with forearm-hand inertial value is necessary to reduce the elbow load while throwing.

scholarly journals Influence of Maturation Status on Eccentric Hamstring Strength Improvements in Youth Male Soccer Players After the Nordic Hamstring Exercise

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 990-996
Author(s):  
Benjamin Drury ◽  
Thomas Green ◽  
Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo ◽  
Jason Moran
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Control

Purpose: This study examined the effects of a 6-week Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) program in youth male soccer players of less mature (pre–peak height velocity [PHV]) or more mature (mid/post-PHV) status. Methods: Forty-eight participants were separated into pre-PHV (11.0 [0.9] y) or mid/post-PHV (13.9 [1.1]) groups and further divided into experimental (EXP) and control groups with eccentric hamstring strength assessed (NordBord) both before and after the training program. Participants in the EXP groups completed a periodized NHE program performed once or twice weekly over a 6-week period. Results: The NHE program resulted in moderate and small increases in relative eccentric hamstring strength (in newtons per kilogram) in the pre-PHV EXP (d = 0.83 [0.03–1.68]) and mid-PHV EXP (d = 0.53 [−0.06 to 1.12]) groups, respectively. Moderate increases in the same measure were also seen in the between-groups analyses in the pre-PHV (d = 1.03 [0.23–1.84]) and mid-PHV (d = 0.87 [0.22–1.51]) groups, with a greater effect observed in the former. Conclusion: The results from this study demonstrate that a 6-week NHE program can improve eccentric hamstring strength in male youth soccer players, with less-mature players achieving mostly greater benefits. The findings from this study can aid in the training prescription of NHE in youth male soccer players.

scholarly journals Morphological and Fitness Attributes of Young Male Portuguese Basketball Players: Normative Values According to Chronological Age and Years From Peak Height Velocity

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Antunes Ramos ◽  
Luis Miguel Massuça ◽  
Anna Volossovitch ◽  
António Paulo Ferreira ◽  
Isabel Fragoso
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Arm Span

The aims of the present study were: (i) to describe the structural and functional attributes of young male Portuguese basketball players aged 12–16 years and (ii) to generate normative data according to chronological age and years from peak height velocity. A total of 281 male Portuguese young basketball players between the ages of 12 and 16 years were assessed in this study. Chronological age, maturity parameters (maturity offset and predicted age at peak height velocity), morphological (body mass, height, and skinfolds and length), and fitness (sprint, change of direction ability, jump, and upper body strength) attributes were measured. Descriptive statistics were determined for the age and maturity status, and the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles were chosen as reference values. Descriptive and normative values of the players' morphological and fitness attributes, stratified by age and maturity status, are provided. The normative values of age at peak height velocity (category YAPHV = 0) showed that regional basketball players presented average values (50th percentile) of 169.8 cm for height, 173.3 cm for arm span, 55.6 kg for body mass, 3.34 s for the 20-m speed test, 10.31 s for the T-test, 4.75 m for the 2-kg medicine ball throw, 66.9 kg for the combined right and left handgrip strength, and 30.1 and 35.9 cm for jump height in the countermovement jump (CMJ) and CMJ with arm swing, respectively. In conclusion, these results may be helpful to quantify and control an athlete's performance over time and to adjust strength and conditioning programs to biological demands.

scholarly journals Biological maturation of Portuguese rhythmic gymnasts in different competition levels of performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
Amanda Batista ◽  
Rui Garganta ◽  
Lurdes Ávila-Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Competitive Performance ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Biological Maturation ◽  
Competition Level

The aims of the present study were: (1) identify and compare the biological maturity in Portuguese gymnasts across competitive levels; (2) investigate how morphological variables and training volume behave in the different status and indicators of maturity and (3) determinate if the maturity status influences the competitive performance. The sample (n=164) consisted of three competition levels (Base, 1st division and Elite) from Portugal. Anthropometric measurements and body composition were performed. For analysis of biological maturation, the sexual and somatic maturation were evaluated. For the statistical analysis, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, Pearson correlation and Linear Regression were used. In total, 63.4% of gymnasts had not yet reached menarche and the higher competition level, lower the number of gymnasts with menarche. On mean, all groups had reached the age at peak height velocity. The higher the competition level, higher the chronological age and age at peak height velocity. Thus, the maturation indicators showed a delay in pubertal development in all competition levels and the elite gymnasts seem present a later pubertal development. The chronological age, the values of body mass, height, BMI and body fat increased with the maturity status according all maturity indicators. However, gymnasts with different maturity status revealed similar training volume. Finally, the maturational status explained 11.5% of competition success with higher advantage in the competitive performance to prepubertal gymnasts. Thus, the premenarcheal status and a higher age at peak height velocity contribute to performance in Rhythmic Gymnastics.

The Effect of Plyometric Training Volume on Athletic Performance in Prepubertal Male Soccer Players

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1205-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmi Chaabene ◽  
Yassine Negra
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Plyometric Training ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Long Jump

Purpose:To assess and compare the effects of 8 wk of in-season (2 sessions/wk) low- and high-volume plyometric training (PT) on measures of physical fitness in prepubertal male soccer players. Methods:A total of 25 soccer players were randomly assigned to a low-volume PT group (LPT; n = 13, age 12.68 ± 0.23 y, age at peak height velocity [APHV] 14.25 ± 0.29 y, maturity offset –1.57 ± 0.29 y) or a high-volume PT group (HPT; n = 12, age 12.72 ± 0.27 y, APHV 14.33 ± 0.77 y, maturity offset –1.61 ± 0.76 y). A linear-sprint test (5-m, 10-m, 20-m, and 30-m), change-of-direction (CoD) test, and vertical- (squat-jump [SJ]), countermovement- (CMJ), and horizontal-jump (standing long jump [SLJ]) test were carried out before and after 8 wk of PT. Results:There was a significant main effect of time for sprint outcomes (5-m, P = .005, ES = 0.86; 10-m, P = .006, ES = 0.85; 20-m, P = .03, ES = 0.64, and 30-m, P = .05, ES = 0.57), CoD (P = .002, ES = 0.96), SJ (P = .008, ES = 0.81; CMJ, P = .01, ES = 0.73), and SLJ ability (P = .007, ES = 0.83). There were no significant training group × time interactions in any measured outcomes. Conclusions:After 8 wk of training, results showed similar performance improvement on measures of sprint time, CoD, and jumping ability between LPT and HPT groups. From a time-efficiency perspective, it is recommended to use LPT in prepubertal male soccer players to improve their proxies of athletic performance.

scholarly journals Puberty timing and adiposity change across childhood and adolescence: disentangling cause and consequence

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 2784-2792
Author(s):  
Linda M O’Keeffe ◽  
Monika Frysz ◽  
Joshua A Bell ◽  
Laura D Howe ◽  
Abigail Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Early Puberty ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Uk ◽  
University Of Bristol

Abstract STUDY QUESTION Is earlier puberty more likely a result of adiposity gain in childhood than a cause of adiposity gain in adulthood? SUMMARY ANSWER Pre-pubertal fat mass is associated with earlier puberty timing but puberty timing is not associated with post-pubertal fat mass change. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Age at puberty onset has decreased substantially in the last several decades. Whether reducing childhood adiposity prevents earlier puberty and if early puberty prevention itself also has additional independent benefits for prevention of adult adiposity is not well understood. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Prospective birth cohort study of 4176 participants born in 1991/1992 with 18 232 repeated measures of fat mass from age 9 to 18 years. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS We used repeated measures of height from 5 to 20 years to identify puberty timing (age at peak height velocity, aPHV) and repeated measures of directly measured fat mass from age 9 to 18 years, from a contemporary UK birth cohort study to model fat mass trajectories by chronological age and by time before and after puberty onset. We then examined associations of these trajectories with puberty timing separately in females and males. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In models by chronological age, a 1-year later aPHV was associated with 20.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 18.6–22.4%) and 23.4% (95% (CI): 21.3–25.5%) lower fat mass in females and males, respectively, at 9 years. These differences were smaller at age 18 years: 7.8% (95% (CI): 5.9–9.6%) and 12.4% (95% (CI): 9.6–15.2%) lower fat mass in females and males per year later aPHV. Trajectories of fat mass by time before and after puberty provided strong evidence for an association of pre-pubertal fat mass with puberty timing, and little evidence of an association of puberty timing with post-pubertal fat mass change. The role of chance is likely to be small in this study given the large sample sizes available. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Participants included in our analyses were more socially advantaged than those excluded. The findings of this work may not apply to non-White populations and further work examining associations of puberty timing and fat mass in other ethnicities is required. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Previous research has relied on self-reported measures of puberty timing such as age of voice breaking in males, has lacked data on pre-and post-pubertal adiposity together and relied predominantly on indirect measures of adiposity such as BMI. This has led to conflicting results on the nature and direction of the association between puberty timing and adiposity in females and males. Our work provides important clarity on this, suggesting that prevention of adiposity in childhood is key for prevention of early puberty, adult adiposity and associated cardiovascular risk. In contrast, our findings suggest that prevention of early puberty without prevention of childhood adiposity would have little impact on prevention of adult adiposity. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (Grant ref: 102215/2/13/2) and the University of Bristol provide core support for Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). L.M.O.K. is supported by a UK Medical Research Council Population Health Scientist fellowship (MR/M014509/1) and a Health Research Board (HRB) of Ireland Emerging Investigator Award (EIA-FA-2019-007 SCaRLeT). J.A.B. is supported by the Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research, University of Bristol and the Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund (204813/Z/16/Z). L.D.H. and A.F. are supported by Career Development Awards from the UK Medical Research Council (grants MR/M020894/1 and MR/M009351/1, respectively). All authors work in a unit that receives funds from the UK Medical Research Council (grant MC_UU_00011/3, MC_UU_00011/6). No competing interests to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.

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