scholarly journals Colony entropy - Allocation of goods in ant colonies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efrat Greenwald ◽  
Jean-Pierre Eckmann ◽  
Ofer Feinerman
Keyword(s):  
Ant Colony ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nutritional Intake ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Ant Colonies ◽  
Cooperative Society ◽  
Blending Process ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Interaction Rule

AbstractAllocation of goods is a key feature in defining the connection between the individual and the collective scale in any society. Both the process by which goods are to be distributed, and the resulting allocation to the members of the society may affect the success of the population as a whole. One of the most striking natural examples of a highly successful cooperative society is the ant colony which often acts as a single superorganism. In particular, each individual within the ant colony has a “communal stomach” which is used to store and share food with the other colony members by mouth to mouth feeding. Sharing food between communal stomachs allows the colony as a whole to get its food requirements and, more so, allows each individual within the colony to reach its nutritional intake target. The vast majority of colony members do not forage independently but obtain their food through secondary interactions in which food is exchanged between individuals. The global effect of this exchange is not well understood. To gain better understanding into this process we used fluorescence imaging to measure how the collected food is distributed and homogenized within a Camponotus sanctus ant colony. Using entropic measures to quantify food-blending, we show that while collected food flows into all parts of the colony it homogenizes only partly. We show that mixing is controlled by the ants’ interaction rule in which only a fraction of the maximal potential is actually transferred. This rule leads to a robust blending process: i.e., neither the exact food volume that is transferred, nor the interaction schedule are essential to generate the global outcome. Finally, we show how the ants’ interaction rules may optimize a trade-off between fast dissemination and efficient mixing.Author summaryWe study how food is distributed in colonies of ants. Food collected by a small fraction of ants is distributed throughout the colony through a series of mouth-to-mouth interactions.An interesting interplay exists between food dissemination and food mixing within the colony. High levels of dissemination are important as they ensure that any food type is available to any ant. On the other hand, high dissemination induces mixing and this reduces the required variety of nutritional choices within the colony.Tracking fluorescent-labelled food and interpreting the results within concepts of information theory, we show that food collected by each forager reaches almost every ant in the colony. Nonetheless, it is not homogenized across workers, resulting in a limited level of mixing.We suggest that the difference in food mixture held by each individuals can provide ants the potential to control their nutritional intake by interacting with different partners.

Reading Identity, Reading Essence: A Strategic Essentialist Approach to Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
Saleha Ilhaam
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Strategy ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Strategic Essentialism ◽  
Reading Identity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Self

The term strategic essentialism, coined by Spivak, is generally understood as “a political strategy whereby differences (within Group) are temporarily downplayed, and unity assumed for the sake of achieving political goals.” On the other hand, essentialism focuses that everything in this world has an intrinsic and immutable essence of its own. The adaption of a particular “nature” of one group of people by way of sexism, culturalization, and ethnification is strongly linked to the idea of essentialism. Mulk Raj Anand’s Bakha is dictated as an outcast by the institutionalized hierarchy of caste practice. He is essentialized as an untouchable by attributing to him the characteristic of dirt and filth. However, unlike other untouchables, Bakha can apprehend the difference between the cultured and uncultured, dirt and cleanliness. Via an analysis of Anand’s “Untouchable,” the present article aims to bring to the forefront the horrid destruction of the individual self that stems from misrepresentations of personality. Through strategic essentialism, it unravels Bakha’s contrasting nature as opposed to his pariah class, defied by his remarkable inner character and etiquette. The term condemns the essentialist categories of human existence. It has been applied to decontextualize and deconstruct the inaccurately essentialized identity of Bakha, which has made him a part of the group he does not actually belong to.

scholarly journals Occupational structure of bearers of Jewish rabbinical, occupational and generic surnames

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 971
Author(s):  
Alexander Jonathan Vidgop ◽  
Nelly Norton ◽  
Nechama Rosenberg ◽  
Malka Haguel-Spitzberg ◽  
Itzhak Fouxon
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Occupational Structure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Standard Classification ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Study Choice

We study choice of profession in three groups of Russian-speaking Jewish families with different occupational distributions of the ancestors. This study continues exploration of the persistence of social status of families over centuries that was initiated in recent years. It was found previously that in some cases professions remain associated with the same surnames for many generations. Here the studied groups are defined by a class of the surname of individuals composing them. The class serves as a label that indicates a professional bias of the ancestors of the individual. One group are the bearers of the class of surnames which were used by rabbinical dynasties. The other group is constituted by occupational surnames, mostly connected to crafts. Finally, the last group are generic Jewish names defined as surnames belonging to neither of the above groups. We use the self-collected database that consists of 858 and 1057 of the first two groups, respectively, and 7471 generic Jewish surnames. The statistics of the database are those of individuals drawn at random from the considered groups. We determine shares of members of the groups working in a given type of occupations together with the confidence interval. The occupational type’s definition agrees with International Standard Classification of Occupations. It is demonstrated that there is a statistically significant difference in the occupational structure of the three groups that holds beyond the uncertainty allowed by 95% confidence interval. We quantify the difference with a numerical measure of the overlap of professional preferences of different groups. We conclude that in our study the occupational bias of different population groups is preserved at least for two centuries that passed since the considered surnames appeared.

scholarly journals Flexible Specialization. Flexible Accumulation

Geografie ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
David Uhlíř
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Flexibility ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Flexible Specialization ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Flexible Accumulation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Organization Of Production

This article deals with two theoretical concepts: flexible specialization and flexible accumulation. It starts with a very brief description of the changes in organization of production that occurred in the recent decades as a consequence of the 1970s and early 1980s crises. Their single most important characteristic is a great flexibility. Subsequently, the ways in which the two theories explain the changes themselves and their consequences are described in a more detailed manner. This includes reactions of the economic subjects involved, i.e. the state and the individual enterprises. Further on, the author aims to clarify the difference between two "flexible concepts" that are often misinterpreted in geographical literature. The distinction leads to an evaluation of the flexible specialization theory as an important contribution to the theories of regional development: on the other hand the flexible accumulation theorizes more generally the social and economic change. Several critical remarks concerning both theories are quoted in the last part of this article.

scholarly journals Occupational structure of bearers of Jewish rabbinical, occupational and generic surnames

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 971
Author(s):  
Alexander Jonathan Vidgop ◽  
Nelly Norton ◽  
Nechama Rosenberg ◽  
Malka Haguel-Spitzberg ◽  
Itzhak Fouxon
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Social Status ◽  
The Other ◽  
Occupational Structure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Standard Classification ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Study Choice

We study choice of profession in three groups of Russian-speaking Jewish families with different occupational distributions of the ancestors. This study continues exploration of the persistence of social status of families over centuries that was initiated in recent years. It was found previously that in some cases professions remain associated with the same surnames for many generations. Here the studied groups are defined by a class of the surname of individuals composing them. The class serves as a label that indicates a professional bias of the ancestors of the individual. One group are the bearers of the class of surnames which were used by rabbinical dynasties. The other group is constituted by occupational surnames, mostly connected to crafts. Finally, the last group are generic Jewish names defined as surnames belonging to neither of the above groups. We use the database that consists of 858 and 1057 of the first two groups, respectively, and 7471 generic Jewish surnames. The statistics of the database are those of individuals drawn at random from the considered groups. We determine shares of members of the groups working in a given type of occupations together with the confidence interval. The occupational type’s definition agrees with International Standard Classification of Occupations. It is demonstrated that there is a statistically significant difference in the occupational structure of the three groups that holds beyond the uncertainty allowed by 95% confidence interval. We quantify the difference with a numerical measure of the overlap of professional preferences of different groups. We conclude that in our study the occupational bias of different population groups is preserved at least for two centuries that passed since the considered surnames appeared.

scholarly journals The Moral Justification of Religion

1909 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-185
Author(s):  
Ralph Barton Perry
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Moral Justification ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Personal Liberty ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Artificial Illumination ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fear Of The Lord ◽  
Human Destiny

It is generally agreed that religion is either the paramount issue or the most serious obstacle to progress. To its devotees religion is of overwhelming importance; to unbelievers it is, in the phrasing of Burke, “superstitious folly, enthusiastical nonsense, and holy tyranny.” The difference between the friends and the enemies of religion may, I think, be resolved as follows. Religion recognizes some final arbitration of human destiny; it is a lively awareness of the fact that, while man proposes, it is only within certain narrow limits that he can dispose his own plans. His nicest adjustments and most ardent longings are overruled; he knows that until he can discount or conciliate that which commands his fortunes his condition is precarious and miserable. And through his eagerness to save himself he leaps to conclusions that are uncritical and premature. Irreligion, on the other hand, flourishes among those who are more snugly intrenched within the cities of man. It is a product of civilization. Comfortably housed as he is, and enjoying an artificial illumination behind drawn blinds, the irreligious man has the heart to criticize the hasty speculations and abject fear of those who stand without in the presence of the surrounding darkness. In other words, religion is perpetually on the exposed side of civilization, sensitive to the blasts that blow from the surrounding universe; while irreligion is in the lee of civilization, with enough remove from danger to foster a refined concern for logic and personal liberty. There is a sense, then, in which both religion and irreligion are to be justified. If religion is guilty of unreason, irreligion is guilty of apathy. For without doubt the situation of the individual man is broadly such as religion conceives it to be. There is nothing that he can build, nor any precaution that he can take, that weighs appreciably in the balance against the powers which decree good and ill fortune, catastrophe and triumph, life and death. Hence to be without fear is the part of folly. Behold, the fear of the Lord, that is wisdom.

Temporal Resolution in Normal-Hearing and Hearing-Impaired Listeners Using Frequency-Modulated Stimuli

1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 436-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Madden ◽  
Lawrence L. Feth
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Frequency Discrimination ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

This study compares the temporal resolution of frequency-modulated sinusoids by normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects in a discrimination task. One signal increased linearly by 200 Hz in 50 msec. The other was identical except that its trajectory followed a series of discrete steps. Center frequencies were 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. As the number of steps was increased, the duration of the individual steps decreased, and the subjects’ discrimination performance monotonically decreased to chance. It was hypothesized that the listeners could not temporally resolve the trajectory of the step signals at short step durations. At equal sensation levels, and at equal sound pressure levels, temporal resolution was significantly reduced for the impaired subjects. The difference between groups was smaller in the equal sound pressure level condition. Performance was much poorer at 4000 Hz than at the other test frequencies in all conditions because of poorer frequency discrimination at that frequency.

scholarly journals How to Stay Ahead of the Pack: Optimal Road Cycling Strategies for two Cooperating Riders

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wolf ◽  
D. Saupe
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Real World ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractWithin road-cycling, the optimization of performance using mathematical models has primarily been performed in the individual time trial. Nevertheless, most races are 'mass-start' events in which many riders compete at the same time. In some special situations, e.g. breakaways from the peloton, the riders are forced to team up. To simulate those cooperative rides of two athletes, an extension of models and optimization approaches for individual time trials is presented. A slipstream model based on experimental data is provided to simulate the physical interaction between the two riders. In order to simulate real world behavior, a penalty for the difference in the exertion levels of the two riders is introduced. This means, that even though both riders aim to be as fast as possible as a group, neither of them should have an advantage over the other because of significantly different levels of fatigue during the ride. In our simulations, the advantage of cooperation of two equally trained athletes adds up to a time gain of about 10% compared to an individual ride.

scholarly journals Does Friendship Stem from Altruism? Adam Smith and the Distinction between Love-based and Interest-based Preferences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Adam Smith ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
The Other ◽  
History Of Economic Thought ◽  
Moral Sentiments ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Theory Of Moral Sentiments

Forthcoming in "Journal of the history of economic thought" in 2003 or 2004 Abstract: Friendship-and-love expresses musings about wellbeing—while “wellbeing” is the economist’s substantive satisfaction. Insofar as altruism is about wellbeing, it must differ from friendship-and-love. However, what is the basis of the difference between substantive satisfaction and friendship-and-love? The answer can be found in Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments, chapter 2: how “mutual sympathy” differs from “sympathy.” Smith scholars generally miss the uniqueness of “mutual sympathy” and, indeed, fold it under Smith’s “sympathy” (and “empathy”)—with one exception. Robert Sugden highlights the uniqueness of mutual sympathy. However, he goes to the other end, i.e., folds it under Smith’s sympathy-and-empathy”. This paper aims to avoid the folding in either direction. While mutual sympathy originates love-based sociality (friendship-and-love), sympathy-and-empathy originates interest-based sociality (wellbeing that includes altruism). This paper concludes that friendship is neither reducible to altruism nor vice versa. Further, this paper distinguishes this problem from the question regarding the socialization of the individual.

Complexation of Cobalt(II), Nickel(II), and Copper(II) Ions with Pyridine, 2-Methylpyridine, 3-Methylpyridine, and 4-Methylpyridine in Acetonitrile

2000 ◽  
Vol 55 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 277-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Kurihara ◽  
Takuji Kawashima ◽  
Kazuhiko Ozutsumi
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Spectra ◽  
Thermodynamic Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thermodynamic Quantities ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Octahedral Structure ◽  
Spectrophotometric Data ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Thermodynamic data of the complexation of cobalt(II), nickel(II), and copper(II) ions with pyridine (py), 2-methylpyridine (2Me-py), 3-methylpyridine (3Me-py), and 4-methylpyridine (4Me-py) have been determined by calorimetry and spectrophotometry in acetonitrile (MeCN) containing 0.1 mol dm-3 (C2H5)4NClO4 as a constant ionic medium at 25 °C. The calorimetric and spectrophotometric data for py, 3Me-py, and 4Me-py revealed the formation of [ML]2+, [ML2]2+, [ML3]2+, and [ML4]2+ (M = Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+; L = py, SMe-py, 4Me-py). For 2Me-py, on the other hand, the formation of only one complex, [M(2Me-py)]2+ (M = Co2+, Ni2+), was detected. The stepwise thermodynamic quantities and the individual electronic spectra of the complexes suggest that all of these have a six-coordinate octahedral structure. The stability of the [M(2Me-py)]2+ (M = Co2+, Ni2+) complexes is much lower than that of the corresponding py, 3Me-py, and 4Me-py complexes. The difference in the stability of the 2Me-py complexes is mainly due to their unfavorable entropy changes because the differences of enthalpies for all the complexes are not so significant. The free energies for the formation of the mono complexes follow the order Mn(II) > Co(II) > Ni(II) > Cu(II) < Zn(II) for the py, 3Me-py, and 4Me-py systems. The ΔH°1 values vary in the same order and the ΔS°1 values are similar. Hence, the stability difference of the mono complexes originates from the enthalpic term

Über Actin-Nucleotide und die Funktion und Bindung der Nucleotidphosphate im G- und F-Actin

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 435-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Grubhofer ◽  
Hans H. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Equilibrium Concentration ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mechanical Destruction ◽  
Reversible Dissociation ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual

1. If pure F-actin-ADP * which is free of enzymes is depolymerized G-actin-ATP * arises in the presence of 10-4 M ATP, G-actin-ITP * in the presence of 10-4 M ITP, and G-actin-ADP in the presence of 10-4 M ADP. If the depolymerization takes place in the absence of free nucleotide phosphate G-actin-ADP also arises. If G-actin-ADP is added to a solution containing 10-4 M ITP or ATP the bound ADP is exchanged with ATP respectively with ITP (Section II).2. G-actin-ATP and G-actin-ITP polymerize to F-actin-ADP and to F-actin-IDP respectively by splitting off the γ-phosphate of the ATP or ITP. G-actin-ADP polymerizes to F-actin-ADP without splitting off phosphate. The polymerization of G-actin-ADP is as complete as the polymerization of G-actin-ATP; but the process is perceptibly shower (Section II).3. G-actin that is not bound to a nucleotide phosphate does not polymerize (Section II).4. G-actin-ADP in the absence of free ADP spontaneously disintegrates in a half-life of 70 minutes to yield G-actin and ADP. If the dissociating ADP is continuously removed by being bound to Dowex 1 × 10 the half life drops to 7 to 8 minutes. In the presence of Dowex G-actin-ATP disintegrates in a half life of 240 minutes (Section III).5. The disintegration of G-actin-ADP takes place in two stages. A reversible dissociation into ADP and G-actin I is followed by an irreversible denaturation of G-actin I to G-actin II in a half life ~ 12 minutes. Contrary to actin I G-actin II even on the addition of ATP no longer polymerizes. The difference in the half life of pure G-actin-ADP on the hand and of G-actin-ADP+ADP as well as G-actin-ATP on the other must be attributed to the relatively high equilibrium concentration of G-actin I in the first case and of the relatively slight equilibrium concentration of G-actin I in the second case (Section IV).6. If the alkaline earth of G-actin is blocked by 10-3 M EDTA G-actin-ATP disintegrates in a half life ∼ 3 minutes and G-actin-ADP in a half life ∼ 0,3 minutes. On the other hand, the stability of F-actin-ADP is not noticeably affected (Section V).7. Through a two hour rapid dialysis in the presence of 10-4 M ATP the KCl-content of an F-actin-ADP solution drops to 5 × 10-4 M KCl. In spite of this the depolymerization and exchange of ADP with ATP is finished not before 40 hours if the solution remains at rest. If, however, the actin solution containing 5 × 10-4 M KCl is treated with the Teflon homogenizer for about 30 sec. depolymerization and ADP-ATP-exchange occur immediately. On the contrary, F-actin-ADP in 10–1 M KCl solution is not affected at all by a treatment with the Teflon-homogenizer. Apparently the decrease of the KClconcentration from 10-1 M to 5 × 10-4 M considerably diminishes the strength of the bond between the actin monomers without immediately destroying the F-actin arrangement. The immediate ADP-ATP-exchange after the mechanical destruction of the F-actin arrangement proves that this exchange in F-actin does not take place only because of steric hindrance. ADP is present in F-actin apparently between the individual monomers so that EDTA, ATP and enzymes affecting ATP cannot approach ADP. Consequently it is not necessary to assume that the extraordinary stability of F-actin-ADP is due to a special kind of bond between actin monomers and nucleotide phosphate (Section V).8. In the appendix it is shown that G-actin-ADP does not polymerize 15′ after preparation if the aceton dried muscle powder is prepared at pH 8 to 9 instead of pH ∼ 7.

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