scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms Driving Bistable Switch Behavior in Xylem Cell Differentiation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina M Turco ◽  
Joel Rodriguez-Medina ◽  
Stefan Siebert ◽  
Diane Han ◽  
Hannah Vahldick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Bistable Switch ◽  
Xylem Cell ◽  
Binary Switch ◽  
Regulatory Architecture ◽  
Bistable Switching ◽  
Cell Data

SummaryPlant xylem cells conduct water and mineral nutrients. Although most plant cells are totipotent, xylem cells are unusual and undergo terminal differentiation. Many genes regulating this process are well characterized, including the VASCULAR-RELATED NAC DOMAIN7 (VND7), MYB46 and MYB83 transcription factors which are proposed to act in interconnected feed-forward loops. Much less is known regarding the dynamic behavior underlying the terminal transition to xylem cell differentiation. Here we utilize whole root and single cell data to mathematically model this relationship. These provide evidence for VND7 regulating bistable switching of cells in the root to a xylem cell identity, with additional features of hysteresis. We further determine that although MYB46 responds to VND7 induction, it is not inherently involved in executing the binary switch. A novel regulatory architecture is proposed that involves four downstream targets of VND7 that act in a cycle. These data provide an important model to study the emergent properties that may give rise to totipotency relative to terminal differentiation and reveal novel xylem cell subtypes.

scholarly journals Genome-wide Analysis of the WUSCHEL-related Homeobox Gene Family and Functional Characterization of VcWOX4b Regarding the Inhibition of Adventitious Root Formation in Blueberry (Vaccinium Spp.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yudi Gao ◽  
Ke Li ◽  
Yahong Yin ◽  
Yongqiang Li ◽  
Yu Zong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Primary Xylem ◽  
Xylem Cell

Abstract Background: Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) is one of the most important commercial fruit tree species. The development of high-quality seedlings is a prerequisite for fruit production. Stem cutting and tissue culture methods are widely applied for propagating blueberry seedlings. Both methods require adventitious roots (ARs), indicating ARs are critical for vegetative propagation. However, the underlying factors and molecular mechanisms regulating blueberry AR formation remain relatively unknown. Results: In this study, the rooting abilities of differentially lignified cuttings from various cultivars or the same cultivars cultured differently were evaluated following an indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatment. Field-grown semi-lignified and tissue culture-grown cuttings formed ARs, but the latter had more pericycle and secondary xylem cells and formed ARs more easily and faster. WUSCHEL-related homeobox genes are commonly involved in vascular tissue development and early root meristem maintenance. On the basis of the available Vaccinium corymbosum genome data, 29 putative WOX genes with conserved homeodomains were identified and divided into three major clades (modern/WUS, intermediate, and ancient). These 29 WOX genes were differentially expressed in the root, shoot, leaf, flower bud, and fruit. Additionally, a qRT-PCR analysis revealed that five selected VcWOX genes were responsive to an IBA treatment during AR formation. Accordingly, VcWOX4b was functionally characterized. The overexpression of VcWOX4b in transgenic tobacco inhibited AR formation by altering vascular cell division and differentiation and the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA):cytokinin (CTK) ratio. These observations suggest that VcWOX4b regulates the IAA:CTK ratio to promote primary xylem cell differentiation, thereby inhibiting AR formation. However, an IBA treatment can induce AR formation by inhibiting VcWOX4b expression. Conclusions: Current study elucidates the rooting abilities of various cultivars and the cytological characters of influence on AR formation of blueberry cuttings, which may provide novel insights into the selection of high-quality blueberry cuttings. VcWOX4b, VcWOX8/9a, VcWOX11/12c, and VcWOX13b might regulate blueberry AR formation in an IBA-dependent manner. Ectopic expression of VcWOX4b modulated the IAA:CTK ratio to promotes primary xylem cell differentiation, but inhibit secondary xylem cell differentiation, ultimately leading to decreased AR formation.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms Driving Switch Behavior in Xylem Cell Differentiation

Cell Reports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-351.e4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina M. Turco ◽  
Joel Rodriguez-Medina ◽  
Stefan Siebert ◽  
Diane Han ◽  
Miguel Á. Valderrama-Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Xylem Cell

scholarly journals Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveals the complex molecular mechanisms underlying stone cell formation in Korla pear

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisajan Mamat ◽  
Kuerban Tusong ◽  
Juan Xu ◽  
Peng Yan ◽  
Chuang Mei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Stone Cell ◽  
Fruit Samples

AbstractKorla pear (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü) is a landrace selected from a hybrid pear species in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region in China. In recent years, pericarp roughening has been one of the major factors that adversely affects fruit quality. Compared with regular fruits, rough-skin fruits have a greater stone cell content. Stone cells compose sclerenchyma tissue that is formed by secondary thickening of parenchyma cell walls. In this work, we determined the main components of stone cells by isolating them from the pulp of rough-skin fruits at the ripening stage. Stone cell staining and apoptosis detection were then performed on fruit samples that were collected at three different developmental stages (20, 50 and 80 days after flowering (DAF)) representing the prime, late and stationary stages of stone cell differentiation, respectively. The same batches of samples were used for parallel transcriptomic and proteomic analysis to identify candidate genes and proteins that are related to SCW biogenesis in Korla pear fruits. The results showed that stone cells are mainly composed of cellulose (52%), hemicellulose (23%), lignin (20%) and a small amount of polysaccharides (3%). The periods of stone cell differentiation and cell apoptosis were synchronous and primarily occurred from 0 to 50 DAF. The stone cell components increased abundantly at 20 DAF but then decreased gradually. A total of 24,268 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1011 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified from the transcriptomic and proteomic data, respectively. We screened the DEGs and DAPs that were enriched in SCW-related pathways, including those associated with lignin biosynthesis (94 DEGs and 31 DAPs), cellulose and xylan biosynthesis (46 DEGs and 18 DAPs), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) metabolic processes (10 DEGs and 3 DAPs), apoplastic ROS production (16 DEGs and 2 DAPs), and cell death (14 DEGs and 6 DAPs). Among the identified DEGs and DAPs, 63 significantly changed at both the transcript and protein levels during the experimental periods. In addition, the majority of these identified genes and proteins were expressed the most at the prime stage of stone cell differentiation, but their levels gradually decreased at the later stages.

Differential distribution of Kir2.1 and Kir2.3 subunits in canine atrium and ventricle

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (3) ◽  
pp. H1123-H1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Melnyk ◽  
Liming Zhang ◽  
Alvin Shrier ◽  
Stanley Nattel
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inward Rectifier ◽  
Differential Distribution ◽  
Atrial Cells ◽  
Ventricular Cells ◽  
Subunit Expression ◽  
Intercalated Disks ◽  
Protein Density ◽  
Cell Data ◽  
Isolated Cell

Ventricular inward rectifier K+ current ( I K1) is substantially larger than atrial, producing functionally important action potential differences. To evaluate possible molecular mechanisms, we recorded I K1 with patch-clamp techniques and studied Kir2.1 and Kir2.3 subunit expression. I K1density was >10-fold larger in the canine ventricle than atrium. Kir2.1 protein expression (Western blot) was 78% greater ( P < 0.01) in the ventricle, but Kir2.3 band density was 228% greater ( P < 0.01) in the atrium. Immunocytochemistry showed transverse tubular localization of Kir2.1 in 89% (17 of 19) of ventricular and 26% (5 of 19, P < 0.0001) of atrial cells. Both exhibited a weakly positive Kir2.1 signal at intercalated disks. Kir2.3 was strongly expressed at the intercalated disks in all cells and in the transverse tubular regions in 78% (14 of 18) of atrial and 22% (4 of 18, P < 0.001) of ventricular cells. Tissue immunohistochemical results qualitatively resembled isolated cell data. We conclude that the expression density and subcellular localization of Kir2.1 and Kir2.3 subunits differ in the canine atrium versus ventricle. Overall protein density differences are insufficient to explain I K1 discrepancies, which may be related to differences in subcellular distribution.

scholarly journals Mapping Interactome Networks of FOSL1 and FOSL2 in Human Th17 Cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankitha Shetty ◽  
Santosh D. Bhosale ◽  
Subhash Kumar Tripathi ◽  
Tanja Buchacher ◽  
Rahul Biradar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Th17 Cell ◽  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Affinity Purification ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Binding Partners ◽  
Th17 Cell Differentiation

Dysregulated function of Th17 cells has implications in immunodeficiencies and autoimmune disorders. Th17 cell-differentiation is orchestrated by a complex network of transcription factors, including several members of the activator protein (AP-1) family. Among these, FOSL1 and FOSL2 influence the effector responses of Th17 cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their functions are unclear, owing to the poorly characterized protein interaction networks of these factors. Here, we establish the first interactomes of FOSL1 and FOSL2 in human Th17 cells, using affinity purification–mass spectrometry analysis. In addition to the known JUN proteins, we identified several novel binding partners of FOSL1 and FOSL2. Gene ontology analysis found a major fraction of these interactors to be associated with RNA binding activity, which suggests new mechanistic links. Intriguingly, 29 proteins were found to share interactions with FOSL1 and FOSL2, and these included key regulators of Th17-fate. We further validated the binding partners identified in this study by using parallel reaction monitoring targeted mass spectrometry and other methods. Our study provides key insights into the interaction-based signaling mechanisms of FOSL1 and FOSL2 that potentially govern Th17 cell-differentiation and associated pathologies.

scholarly journals Brat Promotes Stem Cell Differentiation via Control of a Bistable Switch that Restricts BMP Signaling

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin E. Harris ◽  
Michael Pargett ◽  
Catherine Sutcliffe ◽  
David Umulis ◽  
Hilary L. Ashe
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Bmp Signaling ◽  
Bistable Switch

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Cell Differentiation in Ascidian Embryos

1990 ◽  
pp. 221-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Satoh ◽  
Takuya Deno ◽  
Hiroki Nishida ◽  
Takahito Nishikata ◽  
Kazuhiro W. Makabe
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Muscle Cell Differentiation ◽  
Ascidian Embryos

scholarly journals Regulatory Potential of bHLH-Type Transcription Factors on the Road to Rubber Biosynthesis in Hevea brasiliensis

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 674
Author(s):  
Tomoko Yamaguchi ◽  
Yukio Kurihara ◽  
Yuko Makita ◽  
Emiko Okubo-Kurihara ◽  
Ami Kageyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Rubber Biosynthesis ◽  
On The Road

Natural rubber is the main component of latex obtained from laticifer cells of Hevea brasiliensis. For improving rubber yield, it is essential to understand the genetic molecular mechanisms responsible for laticifer differentiation and rubber biosynthesis. Jasmonate enhances both secondary laticifer differentiation and rubber biosynthesis. Here, we carried out time-course RNA-seq analysis in suspension-cultured cells treated with methyljasmonic acid (MeJA) to characterize the gene expression profile. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that the term “cell differentiation” was enriched in upregulated genes at 24 h after treatment, but inversely, the term was enriched in downregulated genes at 5 days, indicating that MeJA could induce cell differentiation at an early stage of the response. Jasmonate signaling is activated by MYC2, a basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH)-type transcription factor (TF). The aim of this work was to find any links between transcriptomic changes after MeJA application and regulation by TFs. Using an in vitro binding assay, we traced candidate genes throughout the whole genome that were targeted by four bHLH TFs: Hb_MYC2-1, Hb_MYC2-2, Hb_bHLH1, and Hb_bHLH2. The latter two are highly expressed in laticifer cells. Their physical binding sites were found in the promoter regions of a variety of other TF genes, which are differentially expressed upon MeJA exposure, and rubber biogenesis-related genes including SRPP1 and REF3. These studies suggest the possibilities that Hb_MYC2-1 and Hb_MYC2-2 regulate cell differentiation and that Hb_bHLH1 and Hb_bHLH2 promote rubber biosynthesis. We expect that our findings will help to increase natural rubber yield through genetic control in the future.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Surface Nanoengineering for Biofilm Prevention and Control. Part I: Molecular Basis of Biofilm Recalcitrance. Passive Anti-Biofouling Nanocoatings

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Cătălin Balaure ◽  
Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Fouling Release ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
And Control

Medical device-associated infections are becoming a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, prompting researchers to find new, more effective ways to control the bacterial colonisation of surfaces and biofilm development. Bacteria in biofilms exhibit a set of “emergent properties”, meaning those properties that are not predictable from the study of free-living bacterial cells. The social coordinated behaviour in the biofilm lifestyle involves intricate signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying the gain in resistance and tolerance (recalcitrance) towards antimicrobial agents as compared to free-floating bacteria. Nanotechnology provides powerful tools to disrupt the processes responsible for recalcitrance development in all stages of the biofilm life cycle. The present paper is a state-of-the-art review of the surface nanoengineering strategies currently used to design antibiofilm coatings. The review is structurally organised in two parts according to the targeted biofilm life cycle stages and molecular mechanisms intervening in recalcitrance development. Therefore, in the present first part, we begin with a presentation of the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms responsible for increased recalcitrance that have to be disrupted. Further, we deal with passive surface nanoengineering strategies that aim to prevent bacterial cells from settling onto a biotic or abiotic surface. Both “fouling-resistant” and “fouling release” strategies are addressed as well as their synergic combination in a single unique nanoplatform.

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