scholarly journals Socioeconomic inequality in recent adverse mortality trends in Scotland

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda Fenton ◽  
Grant Wyper ◽  
Gerry McCartney ◽  
Jon Minton
Keyword(s):  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
List Type ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Inequalities In Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Gradient ◽  
Mortality Improvement ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mortality Improvements

Structured AbstractBackgroundGains in life expectancies have stalled in Scotland, as in several other countries, since around 2012. The relationship between stalling mortality improvements and socioeconomic inequalities in health is unclear.MethodsWe calculate the percentage improvement in age-standardised mortality rates (ASMR) in Scotland overall, by sex, and by Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) quintile and gender, for two periods: 2006-2011 and 2012-2017. We then calculate the socioeconomic gradient in improvements for both periods.ResultsBetween 2006 and 2011, ASMRs fell by 10.6% (10.1% in females; 11.8% in males), but between 2012 and 2017 ASMRs only fell by 2.6% (3.5% in females; 2.0% in males). The socioeconomic gradient in ASMR improvement more than quadrupled, from 0.4% per quintile in 2006-2011 (0.7% in females; 0.6% in males) to 1.7% (2.0% in females; 1.4% in males). Within the most deprived quintile, ASMRs fell in the 2006-2011 period (8.6% overall; 7.2% in females; 9.8% in males), but rose in the 2012-2017 period (by 1.5% overall; 0.7% in females; 2.1% in males).ConclusionAs mortality improvements in Scotland stalled in 2012-2017, socioeconomic gradients in mortality became steeper, with increased mortality rates over this period in the most socioeconomically deprived fifth of the population.What we already knowImprovements in mortality rates slowed markedly around 2012 in Scotland and a number of other high-income countries.Scotland has large socioeconomic health inequalities, and the absolute gap in premature mortality between most and least deprived has increased since 2013.The relationship between stalling mortality improvements and socioeconomic inequalities in health is unclear.What this study addsStalling in mortality improvement has occurred across the whole population of Scotland, but is most acute in the most socioeconomically deprived areas.Mortality improvements went into reverse (i.e. deteriorated) in the most deprived fifth of areas between 2012 and 2017.Research to further characterise and explain recent aggregate trends should incorporate consideration of the importance of socioeconomic inequalities within proposed explanations.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic inequality in recent adverse all-cause mortality trends in Scotland

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 971-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda Fenton ◽  
Grant MA Wyper ◽  
Gerry McCartney ◽  
Jon Minton
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Socioeconomic Gradient ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mortality Improvement ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mortality Improvements ◽  
Index Of Multiple Deprivation

BackgroundGains in life expectancies have stalled in Scotland, as in several other countries, since around 2012. The relationship between stalling mortality improvements and socioeconomic inequalities in health is unclear.MethodsWe calculate the difference, as percentage change, in all-cause, all-age, age-standardised mortality rates (ASMR) between 2006 and 2011 (period 1) and between 2012 and 2017 (period 2), for Scotland overall, by sex, and by Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) quintile. Linear regression is used to summarise the relationship between SIMD quintile and mortality rate change in each period.ResultsBetween 2006 and 2011, the overall ASMR fell by 10.6% (138/100 000), by 10.1% in women, and 11.8% in men, but between 2012 and 2017 the overall ASMR fell by only 2.6% (30/100 000), by 3.5% in women, and by 2.0% in men. Within the most deprived quintile, the overall ASMR fell by 8.6% (143/100 000) from 2006 to 2011 (7.2% in women; 9.8% in men), but rose by 1.5% (21/100 000) from 2012 to 2017 (0.7% in women; 2.1% in men).The socioeconomic gradient in ASMR improvement more than quadrupled, from 0.4% per quintile in period 1, to 1.7% per quintile in period 2.ConclusionFrom 2012 to 2017, socioeconomic gradients in mortality improvement in Scotland were markedly steeper than over the preceding 6 years. As a result, there has not only been a slowdown in overall reductions in mortality, but a widening of socioeconomic mortality inequalities.

scholarly journals Premature Mortality in Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Liang ◽  
Emmalin Buajitti ◽  
Laura Rosella
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Central Canada ◽  
Over Time

Introduction: Premature mortality (deaths before age 75) is a well-established metric of population health and health system performance. In Canada, underlying differences between provinces/territories present a need for stratified mortality trends. Methods: Using data from the Canadian Vital Statistics Database, a descriptive analysis of sex-specific adult premature deaths over 1992-2015 was conducted by province, census divisions (CD), socioeconomic status (SES), age, and underlying cause of death. Premature mortality rates were calculated as the number of deaths per 100,000 individuals aged 18 to 74, per 8-year era. SES was measured using the income quintile of the neighbourhood of residence. Absolute and relative inequalities were respectively summarized using slope and relative indices of inequality, produced via unadjusted linear regression of the mortality rate on income rank. Results: Premature mortality in Canada declined by 21% for males and 13% for females between 1992-1999 and 2008-2015. The greatest reductions were in Central Canada, while Newfoundland saw notable increases. CD-level improvements appeared mostly in the southern half of Canada. As of 2008-2015, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Nunavut had the highest mortality rates. Low area-level income was associated with higher mortality. SES inequalities grew over time. Newfoundland’s between-quintile differences rose from 1292 to 2389 deaths per 100k males, or 1.33 to 2.12-fold, and 586 to 1586 per 100k females, or 1.24 to 1.74-fold. In 2008-2015, mortality rates of the bottom quintile in Manitoba and Saskatchewan were more than 2.5 times those of the top. Mortality increased with age, and varied regionally. Low mortality in Central Canada and BC, and high mortality in the Territories were consistent across eras and sexes. Cause of death distributions shifted with age and sex, with more external deaths in younger males. Conclusion: Improvements were seen in adult premature mortality rates over time, but were unequal across geographies. Evidence exists for growing socioeconomic disparities in mortality.

scholarly journals Recent adverse mortality trends in Scotland: comparison with other high-income countries

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda Fenton ◽  
Jon Minton ◽  
Julie Ramsay ◽  
Maria Kaye-Bardgett ◽  
Colin Fischbacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Recent Change ◽  
High Income ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
List Type ◽  
Segmented Regression ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
The Usa

AbstractObjectiveGains in life expectancy have faltered in several high-income countries in recent years. We aim to compare life expectancy trends in Scotland to those seen internationally, and to assess the timing of any recent changes in mortality trends for Scotland.SettingAustria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, England & Wales, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Poland, Scotland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, USA.MethodsWe used life expectancy data from the Human Mortality Database (HMD) to calculate the mean annual life expectancy change for 24 high-income countries over five-year periods from 1992 to 2016, and the change for Scotland for five-year periods from 1857 to 2016. One- and two-break segmented regression models were applied to mortality data from National Records of Scotland (NRS) to identify turning points in age-standardised mortality trends between 1990 and 2018.ResultsIn 2012-2016 life expectancies in Scotland increased by 2.5 weeks/year for females and 4.5 weeks/year for males, the smallest gains of any period since the early 1970s. The improvements in life expectancy in 2012-2016 were smallest among females (<2.0 weeks/year) in Northern Ireland, Iceland, England & Wales and the USA and among males (<5.0 weeks/year) in Iceland, USA, England & Wales and Scotland. Japan, Korea, and countries of Eastern Europe have seen substantial gains in the same period. The best estimate of when mortality rates changed to a slower rate of improvement in Scotland was the year to 2012 Q4 for males and the year to 2014 Q2 for females.ConclusionLife expectancy improvement has stalled across many, but not all, high income countries. The recent change in the mortality trend in Scotland occurred within the period 2012-2014. Further research is required to understand these trends, but governments must also take timely action on plausible contributors.Strengths and limitations of this studyThe use of five-year time periods for comparison of life expectancy changes reduces the influence of year-to-year variation on observations.Examining long-term trends addresses concerns that recent life expectancy stalling may be over-emphasised due to notably large gains in the immediately preceding period.The international comparison was limited to the 24 high-income countries for which data were readily available for the relevant period.Analysis of trend data will always be sensitive to the period selected, however segmented regression of the full period of mortality rates available offers an objective method of identifying the timing of a change in trend.

scholarly journals Is Geographical Isolation Associated with Poorer Outcomes for Northern Manitoba First Nation Communities?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Josée G. Lavoie ◽  
Wanda Phillips-Beck ◽  
Kathi Avery Kinew ◽  
Stephanie Sinclair ◽  
Grace Kyoon-Achan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Nations ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Hospitalization Rate ◽  
Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions ◽  
Geographical Isolation ◽  
The North ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

This study tested the assumption that geographical isolation is associated with poorer population health outcomes among First Nations in Manitoba. Our results show higher premature mortality rates (PMR) in northern communities, declining slower than for any other Manitoba communities. Our results also show lower ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC) hospitalization rate in the North, suggesting barriers to prevention and early diagnosis. There remains a large gap in ACSC hospitalization rates between First Nations and all Manitobans. Further research is warranted to understand the relationship between the changes in the rates of ACSC and the difference in the rates between northern and southern communities.

Mortality in the Past Hundred Years

1956 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 40-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. LL. Gwilt
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The Political ◽  
List Type ◽  
Mortality Statistics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship

SynopsisThe paper, which was written at the invitation of the Council of the Faculty for submission on the occasion of the Centenary celebrations, deals with the broad trend of mortality rates in the hundred years 1850-1950.The paper is in five main parts :—1. The political and social background of the period, in so far as it might affect mortality rates, is briefly discussed.2. The trend of mortality rates during the hundred years is discussed principally with reference to the following six countries which, besides being relatively stable politically during the period, have recorded mortality rates throughout— England & WalesDenmarkFranceNetherlandsNorwaySweden.The experience in more recent years of a number of other countries is also discussed.3. The relationship between the mortality rates of males and females is examined at various ages for the six countries above mentioned.4. The more recent mortality statistics are analysed according to cause of death in broad groups.5. The paper concludes with a statement on the points which seem to be of special interest, setting out in the form of questions some of the thoughts which spring from them.In the pages which follow (Appendices 1-18) the statistics referred to in Parts 2 and 3 are illustrated by a series of graphs.

Mortality improvement by socio-economic circumstances in England (1982 to 2006)

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. C. Lu ◽  
W. Wong ◽  
M. Bajekal
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Mortality Improvement ◽  
Index Of Multiple Deprivation ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Over Time

AbstractAssessing longevity risk is crucial to the financial management of annuities and longevity-related financial instruments. Actuaries have been using socio-economic circumstances (SEC) of individuals estimated through postcodes, pension size and occupation to price annuities for prospective customers. Differences in mortality rates of people in different SEC have been discussed extensively but less is known about how their mortality rates have changed over time.A lack of regular, consistent and credible mortality data for people in different SEC has hampered the study of historical mortality trends. This in turn has made forecasting a greater challenge. To address some of these data issues, we have obtained mortality and population data between 1981 and 2007 for England, divided into SEC quintiles (measured by the relative deprivation of the area of residence according to the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2007). Using the data, we have analysed the mortality trends by SEC. These findings can provide insight into mortality improvement for people in different SEC. This can contribute to commercial decisions for annuity businesses, reinsurance and longevity swaps.

scholarly journals Changes in mortality trends amongst common diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden

2021 ◽  
pp. 140349482110646
Author(s):  
Michael Axenhus ◽  
Sophia Schedin-Weiss ◽  
Bengt Winblad ◽  
Anders Wimo
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Common Diseases ◽  
Disease Mortality ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Pandemic Response ◽  
Predicted Values

Objective: It has been found that COVID-19 increases deaths within common diseases in countries that have implemented strict lockdowns. In order to elucidate the proper national response to a pandemic, the mortality rates within COVID-19 and various diseases need to be studied in countries whose pandemic response differ. Sweden represents a country with lax pandemic restrictions, and we aimed to study the effects of COVID-19 on historical mortality rates within common diseases during 2020. Methods: Regression models and moving averages were used to predict expected premature mortality per the ICD-10 during 2020 using historical data sets. Predicted values were then compared to recorded premature mortality to identify changes in mortality trends. Results: Seasonal increased mortality was found within neurological diseases. Infectious diseases, tumours and cardiac disease mortality rates decreased compared to expected outcome. Conclusions: Changes in mortality trends were observed for several common diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Neurological and cardiac conditions, infections and tumours are examples of diseases that were heavily affected by the pandemic. The indirect effects of COVID-19 on certain patient populations should be considered when determining pandemic impact.

scholarly journals Musculoskeletal losses in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 104-109
Author(s):  
T. A. Raskina ◽  
I. I. Grigorieva ◽  
O. S. Malyshenko
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
Physical Functioning ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Lower Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
The Relationship

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is one of the most common autoinflammatory diseases that lead to early disability and high premature mortality rates. Along with lower bone mineral density, patients with AS are characterized by muscle mass decrease, such as sarcopenia. Musculoskeletal losses due to chronic immune inflammation and limited physical functioning significantly worsen prognosis and result in an increased risk of falls and fractures in patients with AS.The review considers the pathogenetic mechanisms of the relationship between AS and sarcopenia and the main approaches to treating degenerative changes in muscle tissue in patients with AS.

Toward Equality in Health through Social Policy

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Royal Commission ◽  
Inequalities In Health ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Goals ◽  
Service Policies ◽  
The Relationship

Although the 1979 report of the Royal Commission on the National Health Service upheld the public organization of a free health service in Britain, it did not provide a comprehensive review of the relationship between health experience, health goals, and health service policies. This paper examines recent data about trends in inequalities in health in Britain. For most age groups and for both sexes mortality rates of partly skilled and unskilled occupational classes worsened relative to those of professional, managerial, and administrative classes between the early 1950s and early 1970s. For some age groups in partly skilled and unskilled classes there has been little or no improvement in mortality rates; in others there has been absolute deterioration. There is further evidence of continuing marked inequalities in health. These must be explained in relation to class structure and inequalities in material—especially working-conditions of life. Action to redress inequalities in health must therefore lie as much outside the scope of the health and welfare services as within it. The implications of this observation for both health care and wider social policy are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Premature Mortality of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Iran: Trends and Projections for 2001–2030

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani ◽  
Farshad Farzadfar ◽  
Moein Yoosefi ◽  
Kamyar Mansori ◽  
Reza Khosravi Shadman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Control Plan ◽  
Liver Cancers ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
Gi Cancers ◽  
Overall Mortality

Abstract Background: The present study was conducted to determine the trend and projection of premature mortality from gastrointestinal cancers (GI cancers) at national and subnational levels in Iran.Methods: Employing the data obtained from Iranian Death Registry System (DRS) and population data from census, the mortality rates of GI cancers was calculated among 30-70 age groups. The trends of esophageal, colon and rectum, gallbladder, pancreases, stomach, and liver cancer premature mortalities were estimated and projected at the national and subnational levels from 2001 to 2030. Then, Spatio-temporal model was used to project spatial and temporal correlations. Results: The overall mortality rate of GI cancers was higher in males than in females, indicating 6.1, 3.9 and 3.9 percent per 100000 individuals among males in 2001, 2015 and 2030 respectively and 3.8, 3.1 and 3.7 per 100000 individuals among females in the same time-frame. The overall mortality rate of GI cancers in males was decreasing until 2015 and will remain stationary into 2030; however, the rate will be increasing among females in both time-frames. Also, there was a considerable variation in the mortality trends of different cancers. Pancreatic, gallbladder, and liver cancers were shown to have an increasing trend while a drop was observed in the mortality rates of stomach, colon and rectum, and esophageal cancers. Conclusion: Variation of GI cancers patterns and trends around the country indicated that a more comprehensive control plan is needed to include the predicted variations.

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