scholarly journals Emergence of hierarchical organization in memory for random material

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelangelo Naim ◽  
Mikhail Katkov ◽  
Stefano Recanatesi ◽  
Misha Tsodyks
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Random Sets ◽  
Memory Recall ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Structured Information ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Final Free Recall

Structured information is easier to remember and recall than random one. In real life, information exhibits multi-level hierarchical organization, such as clauses, sentences, episodes and narratives in language. Here we show that multi-level grouping emerges even when participants perform memory recall experiments with random sets of words. To quantitatively probe brain mechanisms involved in memory structuring, we consider an experimental protocol where participants perform ‘final free recall’ (FFR) of several random lists of words each of which was first presented and recalled individually. We observe a hierarchy of grouping organizations of FFR, most notably many participants sequentially recalled relatively long chunks of words from each list before recalling words from another list. More-over, participants who exhibited strongest organization during FFR achieved highest levels of performance. Based on these results, we develop a hierarchical model of memory recall that is broadly compatible with our findings. Our study shows how highly controlled memory experiments with random and meaningless material, when combined with simple models, can be used to quantitatively probe the way meaningful information can efficiently be organized and processed in the brain, so to be easily retrieved.Significance StatementInformation that people communicate to each other is highly structured. For example, a story contains meaningful elements of various degrees of complexity (clauses, sentences, episodes etc). Recalling a story, we are chiefly concerned with these meaningful elements and not its exact wording. Here we show that people introduce structure even when recalling random lists of words, by grouping the words into ‘chunks’ of various sizes. Doing so improves their performance. The so formed chunks closely correspond in size to story elements described above. This suggests that our memory is trained to create a structure that resembles the one it typically deals with in real life, and that using random material like word lists can be used to quantitatively probe these memory mechanisms.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

scholarly journals Bio-Inspired Modality Fusion for Active Speaker Detection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3397
Author(s):  
Gustavo Assunção ◽  
Nuno Gonçalves ◽  
Paulo Menezes
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Validation Process ◽  
Detection Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Speaker Detection ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fusion Ability

Human beings have developed fantastic abilities to integrate information from various sensory sources exploring their inherent complementarity. Perceptual capabilities are therefore heightened, enabling, for instance, the well-known "cocktail party" and McGurk effects, i.e., speech disambiguation from a panoply of sound signals. This fusion ability is also key in refining the perception of sound source location, as in distinguishing whose voice is being heard in a group conversation. Furthermore, neuroscience has successfully identified the superior colliculus region in the brain as the one responsible for this modality fusion, with a handful of biological models having been proposed to approach its underlying neurophysiological process. Deriving inspiration from one of these models, this paper presents a methodology for effectively fusing correlated auditory and visual information for active speaker detection. Such an ability can have a wide range of applications, from teleconferencing systems to social robotics. The detection approach initially routes auditory and visual information through two specialized neural network structures. The resulting embeddings are fused via a novel layer based on the superior colliculus, whose topological structure emulates spatial neuron cross-mapping of unimodal perceptual fields. The validation process employed two publicly available datasets, with achieved results confirming and greatly surpassing initial expectations.

scholarly journals Estimating Simultaneous Equation Models through an Entropy-Based Incremental Variational Bayes Learning Algorithm

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 384
Author(s):  
Rocío Hernández-Sanjaime ◽  
Martín González ◽  
Antonio Peñalver ◽  
Jose J. López-Espín
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Theory ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Simultaneous Equation ◽  
Variational Bayes ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Step Method ◽  
The One ◽  
Simultaneous Equation Models

The presence of unaccounted heterogeneity in simultaneous equation models (SEMs) is frequently problematic in many real-life applications. Under the usual assumption of homogeneity, the model can be seriously misspecified, and it can potentially induce an important bias in the parameter estimates. This paper focuses on SEMs in which data are heterogeneous and tend to form clustering structures in the endogenous-variable dataset. Because the identification of different clusters is not straightforward, a two-step strategy that first forms groups among the endogenous observations and then uses the standard simultaneous equation scheme is provided. Methodologically, the proposed approach is based on a variational Bayes learning algorithm and does not need to be executed for varying numbers of groups in order to identify the one that adequately fits the data. We describe the statistical theory, evaluate the performance of the suggested algorithm by using simulated data, and apply the two-step method to a macroeconomic problem.

scholarly journals Brain stimulation used as biofeedback in neuronal activation of the temporal lobe area in autistic children

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 632-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon Furtado da Silva ◽  
Mauricio Rocha Calomeni ◽  
Rodolfo Alkmim Moreira Nunes ◽  
Carlos Elias Pimentel ◽  
Gabriela Paes Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Data Collection Procedure

ABSTRACT This study focused upon the functional capacity of mirror neurons in autistic children. 30 individuals, 10 carriers of the autistic syndrome (GCA), 10 with intellectual impairments (GDI), and 10 non-autistics (GCN) had registered eletroencephalogram from the brain area theoretically related to mirror neurons. Data collection procedure occurred prior to brain stimulation and after the stimulation session. During the second session, participants had to alternately process figures evoking neutral, happy, and/or sorrowful feelings. Results proved that, for all groups, the stimulation process in fact produced additional activation in the neural area under study. The level of activation was related to the format of emotional stimuli and the likelihood of boosting such stimuli. Since the increase of activation occurred in a model similar to the one observed for the control group, we may suggest that the difficulty people with autism have at expressing emotions is not due to nonexistence of mirror neurons.

scholarly journals Computed tomography of the brain and associated structures of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius): an anatomic study

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Blanco ◽  
José M. Vázquez ◽  
Miguel A. Rivero ◽  
Juan A. Corbera ◽  
Alberto Arencibia
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Camelus Dromedarius ◽  
Anatomic Study ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain

THE ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMICS OF CADETS’ PERSONAL GROWTH OF A DEPARTMENTAL HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL PENITENTIARY SERVICE OF RUSSIA BASED ON THE EVALUATION INDICATORS OF THE MULTI-LEVEL PERSONAL QUESTIONNAIRE

2021 ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Денис Алексеевич Кудрин
Keyword(s):  
Personal Growth ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Burnout Syndrome ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The One ◽  
Personal Changes ◽  
Emotional Burnout ◽  
Personal Questionnaire

В статье рассматривается результат исследования динамики личностного роста курсантов ведомственного вуза, а также необходимость изучения данной проблемы в рамках подготовки кадров для Федеральной службы исполнения наказаний. Анализируются исторические этапы формирования термина «личностный рост». Рассматриваются различные подходы к содержанию понятия. Дается современная интерпретация понятия «личностный рост». Определено, что профессиональный личностный рост курсанта вуза ФСИН России представляет собой динамический процесс профессионального становления. В статье описывается проведенное лонгитюдное исследование курсантов Академии ФСИН России. В исследовании использовался Многоуровневый личностный опросник (МЛО). Анализ полученных данных позволил прийти к выводу, что личностные изменения курсантов являются, с одной стороны, результатом взросления, которому способствуют условия обучения в вузе ФСИН России, а с другой стороны, результатом профессионального становления (освоение своей новой социальной роли). Также анализировались отдельные стимулы методики. В результате анализа было выявлено, что личностные изменения, происходящие с некоторыми курсантами в процессе обучения в специализированном вузе, носят негативный характер и схожи по симптоматике с синдромом «эмоционального выгорания». The article discusses the results of the study of the dynamics of personal growth of students of a departmental university, as well as the need to study this problem in the framework of training personnel for the Federal Penitentiary System. The historical stages of the formation of the term «personal growth» are analyzed. Various approaches to the content of the concept are considered. A modern interpretation of the concept of «Personal growth» is given. It is determined that the professional personal growth of a cadet of a departmental university of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia is a dynamic process of professional development. The article analyzes the statistics of the expelled cadets for 2017-2020, which may be a consequence of the lack of dynamics of personal growth. The article describes a longitudinal study of cadets of the Academy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in Ryazan. The study used a multi-level personal questionnaire. In the course of the study, data were obtained, the analysis of which can lead to the conclusion that the personal changes that occur in cadets are, on the one hand, the result of growing up, which is facilitated by the conditions of education in the departmental university of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, and, on the other hand, the result of professional formation (mastering their new social role). Individual stimuli of the methodology were also analyzed. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the personal changes that occur with some cadets in the course of training at a specialized university are negative in nature and are similar in symptoms to the «emotional burnout syndrome»

scholarly journals Evolution in the Brain, Evolution in the Mind: The Hierarchical Brain and the Interface between Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-377
Author(s):  
Leonardo Niro Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Brain Evolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Psychodynamically Oriented ◽  
The One ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Shed Light

This article first aims to demonstrate the different ways the work of the English neurologist John Hughlings Jackson influenced Freud. It argues that these can be summarized in six points. It is further argued that the framework proposed by Jackson continued to be pursued by twentieth-century neuroscientists such as Papez, MacLean and Panksepp in terms of tripartite hierarchical evolutionary models. Finally, the account presented here aims to shed light on the analogies encountered by psychodynamically oriented neuroscientists, between contemporary accounts of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system on the one hand, and Freudian models of the mind on the other. These parallels, I will suggest, are not coincidental. They have a historical underpinning, as both accounts most likely originate from a common source: John Hughlings Jackson's tripartite evolutionary hierarchical view of the brain.

Driver inattention monitoring system based on multimodal fusion with visual cues to improve driving safety

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 885-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuanpeng Li ◽  
Emmanuel Seignez
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Multimodal Fusion ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Driver Drowsiness ◽  
Driver Monitoring ◽  
Driver Inattention ◽  
Multi Level

Driver inattention, either driver drowsiness or distraction, is a major contributor to serious traffic crashes. In general, most research on this topic studies driver drowsiness and distraction separately, and is often conducted in a well-controlled, simulated environment. By considering the reliability and flexibility of real-time driver monitoring systems, it is possible to evaluate driver inattention by the fusion of multiple selected cues in real life scenarios. This paper presents a real-time, visual-cue-based driver monitoring system, which can track both multi-level driver drowsiness and distraction simultaneously. A set of visual cues are adopted via analysis of drivers’ physical behaviour and driving performance. Driver drowsiness is evaluated using a multi-level scale, by applying evidence theory. Additionally, a general framework of extensive hierarchical combinations is used to generate a probabilistic evaluation of driving risk in real time. This driver inattention monitoring system with multimodal fusion has been proven to improve the accuracy of risk evaluation and reduce the rate of false alarms, and acceptance of the system is recommended.

scholarly journals Human Creativity and Consciousness: Unintended Consequences of the Brain’s Extraordinary Energy Efficiency?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Large Network ◽  
Active Neuron ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Human Creativity ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain

It is proposed that both human creativity and human consciousness are (unintended) consequences of the human brain’s extraordinary energy efficiency. The topics of creativity and consciousness are treated separately, though have a common sub-structure. It is argued that creativity arises from a synergy between two cognitive modes of the human brain (which broadly coincide with Kahneman’s Systems 1 and 2). In the first, available energy is spread across a relatively large network of neurons. As such, the amount of energy per active neuron is so small that the operation of such neurons is susceptible to thermal (ultimately quantum decoherent) noise. In the second, available energy is focussed on a small enough subset of neurons to guarantee a deterministic operation. An illustration of how this synergy can lead to creativity with implications for computing in silicon are discussed. Starting with a discussion of the concept of free will, the notion of consciousness is defined in terms of an awareness of what are perceived to be nearby counterfactual worlds in state space. It is argued that such awareness arises from an interplay between our memories on the one hand, and quantum physical mechanisms (where, unlike in classical physics, nearby counterfactual worlds play an indispensable dynamical role) in the ion channels of neural networks. As with the brain’s susceptibility to noise, it is argued that in situations where quantum physics plays a role in the brain, it does so for reasons of energy efficiency. As an illustration of this definition of consciousness, a novel proposal is outlined as to why quantum entanglement appears so counter-intuitive.

scholarly journals Computerized physical and cognitive training improves the functional architecture of the brain in adults with Down syndrome: A network science EEG study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Alexandra Anagnostopoulou ◽  
Charis Styliadis ◽  
Panagiotis Kartsidis ◽  
Evangelia Romanopoulou ◽  
Vasiliki Zilidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Random Network ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
The Brain

Understanding the neuroplastic capacity of people with Down syndrome (PwDS) can potentially reveal the causal relationship between aberrant brain organization and phenotypic characteristics. We used resting-state EEG recordings to identify how a neuroplasticity-triggering training protocol relates to changes in the functional connectivity of the brain’s intrinsic cortical networks. Brain activity of 12 PwDS before and after a 10-week protocol of combined physical and cognitive training was statistically compared to quantify changes in directed functional connectivity in conjunction with psychosomatometric assessments. PwDS showed increased connectivity within the left hemisphere and from left-to-right hemisphere, as well as increased physical and cognitive performance. Our findings reveal a strong adaptive neuroplastic reorganization as a result of the training that leads to a less-random network with a more pronounced hierarchical organization. Our results go beyond previous findings by indicating a transition to a healthier, more efficient, and flexible network architecture, with improved integration and segregation abilities in the brain of PwDS. Resting-state electrophysiological brain activity is used here for the first time to display meaningful relationships to underlying Down syndrome processes and outcomes of importance in a translational inquiry. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04390321.

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