scholarly journals Stereotactic system for accurately targeting deep brain structures in awake head-fixed mice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonatan Katz ◽  
Michael Sokoletsky ◽  
Ilan Lampl
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structures ◽  
Nucleus Basalis ◽  
List Type ◽  
Time Alignment ◽  
Head Fixation ◽  
Stereotactic System ◽  
Mammillothalamic Tract ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deep Brain

AbstractDeep brain nuclei, such as the amygdala, nucleus basalis, and locus coeruleus, play a crucial role in cognition and behavior. Nonetheless, acutely recording electrical activity from these structures in head-fixed awake rodents has been very challenging due to the fact that head-fixed preparations are not designed for stereotactic accuracy. We overcome this issue by designing the DeepTarget, a system for stereotactic head-fixation and recording, which allows for accurately directing recording electrodes or other probes into any desired location in the brain. We then validated it by performing intracellular recordings from optogenetically-tagged amygdalar neurons followed by histological reconstruction, which revealed that it is accurate and precise to within ∼100 μm. Moreover, in another group of mice we were able to target both the mammillothalamic tract and subthalamic nucleus. This approach can be adapted to any type of extracellular electrode, fiber optic or other probe in cases where high accuracy is needed in awake, head-fixed rodents.Highlights> The Deep Target, new system for accurately targeting deep nuclei in head-fixed animals for electrophysiology and optogenetics.> Accurate and precise to within 100 μm following a one-time alignment.> Validation: Opto-tagged Vm recordings in the amygdala of awake mice.> Validation: Targeting multiple deep brain structures in the same mouse.

scholarly journals Stereotactic system for accurately targeting deep brain structures in awake head-fixed mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 975-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonatan Katz ◽  
Michael Sokoletsky ◽  
Ilan Lampl
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structures ◽  
Nucleus Basalis ◽  
Intracellular Recordings ◽  
Head Fixation ◽  
Stereotactic System ◽  
Stereotactic Implantation ◽  
Mammillothalamic Tract ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Recording Electrodes ◽  
Deep Brain

Deep brain nuclei, such as the amygdala, nucleus basalis, and locus coeruleus, play a crucial role in cognition and behavior. Nonetheless, acutely recording electrical activity from these structures in head-fixed awake rodents has been very challenging due to the fact that head-fixed preparations are not designed for stereotactic accuracy. We overcome this issue by designing the DeepTarget, a system for stereotactic head fixation and recording, which allows for accurately directing recording electrodes or other probes into any desired location in the brain. We then validated it by performing intracellular recordings from optogenetically tagged amygdalar neurons followed by histological reconstruction, which revealed that it is accurate and precise to within ~100 μm. Moreover, in another group of mice we were able to target both the mammillothalamic tract and subthalamic nucleus. This approach can be adapted to any type of extracellular electrode, fiber optic, or other probe in cases where high accuracy is needed in awake, head-fixed rodents. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Accurate targeting of recording electrodes in awake head-restrained rodents is currently beyond our reach. We developed a device for stereotactic implantation of a custom head bar and a recording system that together allow the accurate and precise targeting of any brain structure, including deep and small nuclei. We demonstrated this by performing histology and intracellular recordings in the amygdala of awake mice. The system enables the targeting of any probe to any location in the awake brain.

scholarly journals The evolution of complex brains and behaviors in African cichlid fishes

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroly A. Shumway
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Cichlid Fishes ◽  
African Cichlid ◽  
Monogamous Species ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Abstract In this review, I explore the effects of both social organization and the physical environment, specifically habitat complexity, on the brains and behavior of highly visual African cichlid fishes, drawing on examples from primates and birds where appropriate. In closely related fishes from the monophyletic Ectodinii clade of Lake Tanganyika, both forces influence cichlid brains and behavior. Considering social influences first, visual acuity differs with respect to social organization (monogamy versus polygyny). Both the telencephalon and amygdalar homologue, area Dm, are larger in monogamous species. Monogamous species are found to have more vasotocin-immunoreactive cells in the preoptic area of the brain. Habitat complexity also influences brain and behavior in these fishes. Total brain size, telencephalic and cerebellar size are positively correlated with habitat complexity. Visual acuity and spatial memory are enhanced in cichlids living in more complex environments. However habitat complexity and social forces affect cichlid brains differently. Taken together, our field data and plasticity data suggest that some of the species-specific neural effects of habitat complexity could be the consequence of the corresponding social correlates. Environmental forces, however, exert a broader effect on brain structures than social ones do, suggesting allometric expansion of the brain structures in concert with brain size and/or co-evolution of these structures.

A new method for piercing the tentorium cerebelli for implanting fragile electrodes into the brain stem in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
pp. 1027-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wu ◽  
Wenchao Wang ◽  
Joshua Dominic Rizak ◽  
Zhengbo Wang ◽  
Jianhong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
New Method ◽  
Guide Tube ◽  
Tentorium Cerebelli ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deep Brain

Recent developments in neuron recording techniques include the invention of some fragile electrodes. The fragility of these electrodes impedes their successful use in deep brain recordings because it is difficult to penetrate the electrodes through the dura mater, especially the tentorium cerebelli (TC) enclosing the cerebellum and brain stem. This paper reports a new method to pierce the TC for inserting fragile electrodes into the inferior colliculus of rhesus monkeys. Briefly, a unique tool kit, consisting of needles with sharp tips, a guide tube and an “impactor,” was used in a multistep protocol to pierce the TC. The impactor provided a brief force that quickly thrusts the needles through the meninges without causing significant damage to the brain tissue under the TC. Using this novel approach, tetrodes were successfully implanted into the inferior colliculus of a rhesus monkey and neuronal discharge signals were recorded. This method, which is simple, convenient and economical, allows neurophysiologists to study the electrophysiological characteristics of deep brain structures under the TC with advanced, albeit fragile, electrodes.

scholarly journals Fusion of quantitative susceptibility maps and T1-weighted images improve brain tissue contrast in primates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakshit Dadarwal ◽  
Michael Ortiz-Rios ◽  
Susann Boretius
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
List Type ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Tissue Segmentation ◽  
Tissue Contrast ◽  
T1 Contrast ◽  
The Brain

AbstractRecent progress in quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) has enabled the accurate delineation of submillimeter scale subcortical brain structures in humans. QSM reflects the magnetic susceptibility arising from the spatial distribution of iron, myelin, and calcium in the brain. The simultaneous visualization of cortical, subcortical, and white matter structure remains, however, challenging, utilizing QSM data solely. Here we present TQ-SILiCON, a fusion method that enhances the contrast of cortical and subcortical structures and provides an excellent white matter delineation by combining QSM and conventional T1-weighted (T1w) images. In this study, we first established QSM in the macaque monkey to map iron-rich subcortical structures. Implementing the same QSM acquisition and analyses methods allowed a similar accurate delineation of subcortical structures in humans. Moreover, applying automatic brain tissue segmentation to TQ-SILiCON images of the macaque improved the classification of the brain tissue types as compared to the single T1 contrast. Furthermore, we validate our dual-contrast fusion approach in humans and similarly demonstrate improvements in automated segmentation of cortical and subcortical structures. We believe the proposed contrast will facilitate translational studies in non-human primates to investigate the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases that affect the subcortical structures of the basal ganglia in humans.HighlightsThe subcortical gray matter areas of macaque monkeys are reliably mapped by QSM, much as they are in humans.Combining T1w and QSM images improves the visualization and segmentation of white matter, cortical and subcortical structures in the macaque monkey.The proposed dual contrast TQ-SILiCON provides a similar image quality also in humans.TQ-SILiCON facilitates comparative and translational neuroscience studies investigating subcortical structures.

Brain shift during bur hole–based procedures using interventional MRI

2014 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Ivan ◽  
Jay Yarlagadda ◽  
Akriti P. Saxena ◽  
Alastair J. Martin ◽  
Philip A. Starr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Brain Biopsy ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Interventional Mri ◽  
Preoperative Imaging ◽  
Brain Shift ◽  
Stereotactic Brain Biopsy ◽  
Electrode Implantation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deep Brain

Object Brain shift during minimally invasive, bur hole–based procedures such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrode implantation and stereotactic brain biopsy is not well characterized or understood. We examine shift in various regions of the brain during a novel paradigm of DBS electrode implantation using interventional imaging throughout the procedure with high-field interventional MRI. Methods Serial MR images were obtained and analyzed using a 1.5-T magnet prior to, during, and after the placement of DBS electrodes via frontal bur holes in 44 procedures. Three-dimensional coordinates in MR space of unique superficial and deep brain structures were recorded, and the magnitude, direction, and rate of shift were calculated. Measurements were recorded to the nearest 0.1 mm. Results Shift ranged from 0.0 to 10.1 mm throughout all structures in the brain. The greatest shift was seen in the frontal lobe, followed by the temporal and occipital lobes. Shift was also observed in deep structures such as the anterior and posterior commissures and basal ganglia; shift in the pallidum and subthalamic region ipsilateral to the bur hole averaged 0.6 mm, with 9% of patients having over 2 mm of shift in deep brain structures. Small amounts of shift were observed during all procedures; however, the initial degree of shift and its direction were unpredictable. Conclusions Brain shift is continual and unpredictable and can render traditional stereotactic targeting based on preoperative imaging inaccurate even in deep brain structures such as those used for DBS.

Review of Self-regulation of the Brain and Behavior.

1985 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 999-999
Author(s):  
Gerald S. Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals High-fidelity transmission of high-frequency burst stimuli from peripheral nerve to thalamic nuclei in children with dystonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Estefanía Hernandez-Martin ◽  
Enrique Arguelles ◽  
Yifei Zheng ◽  
Ruta Deshpande ◽  
Terence D. Sanger
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Frequency Burst ◽  
Deep Brain

AbstractHigh-frequency peripheral nerve stimulation has emerged as a noninvasive alternative to thalamic deep brain stimulation for some patients with essential tremor. It is not known whether such techniques might be effective for movement disorders in children, nor is the mechanism and transmission of the peripheral stimuli to central brain structures understood. This study was designed to investigate the fidelity of transmission from peripheral nerves to thalamic nuclei in children with dystonia undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery. The ventralis intermediate (VIM) thalamus nuclei showed a robust evoked response to peripheral high-frequency burst stimulation, with a greatest response magnitude to intra-burst frequencies between 50 and 100 Hz, and reliable but smaller responses up to 170 Hz. The earliest response occurred at 12–15 ms following stimulation onset, suggesting rapid high-fidelity transmission between peripheral nerve and thalamic nuclei. A high-bandwidth, low-latency transmission path from peripheral nerve to VIM thalamus is consistent with the importance of rapid and accurate sensory information for the control of coordination and movement via the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway. Our results suggest the possibility of non-invasive modulation of thalamic activity in children with dystonia, and therefore the possibility that a subset of children could have beneficial clinical response without the need for invasive deep brain stimulation.

scholarly journals Early oxygen levels contribute to brain injury in extremely preterm infants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krista Rantakari ◽  
Olli-Pekka Rinta-Koski ◽  
Marjo Metsäranta ◽  
Jaakko Hollmén ◽  
Simo Särkkä ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
High Oxygen ◽  
List Type ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Oxygen Levels ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Extremely Preterm Infants

Abstract Background Extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGANs) are at risk of neurodevelopmental impairments that may originate in early NICU care. We hypothesized that early oxygen saturations (SpO2), arterial pO2 levels, and supplemental oxygen (FiO2) would associate with later neuroanatomic changes. Methods SpO2, arterial blood gases, and FiO2 from 73 ELGANs (GA 26.4 ± 1.2; BW 867 ± 179 g) during the first 3 postnatal days were correlated with later white matter injury (WM, MRI, n = 69), secondary cortical somatosensory processing in magnetoencephalography (MEG-SII, n = 39), Hempel neurological examination (n = 66), and developmental quotients of Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales (GMDS, n = 58). Results The ELGANs with later WM abnormalities exhibited lower SpO2 and pO2 levels, and higher FiO2 need during the first 3 days than those with normal WM. They also had higher pCO2 values. The infants with abnormal MEG-SII showed opposite findings, i.e., displayed higher SpO2 and pO2 levels and lower FiO2 need, than those with better outcomes. Severe WM changes and abnormal MEG-SII were correlated with adverse neurodevelopment. Conclusions Low oxygen levels and high FiO2 need during the NICU care associate with WM abnormalities, whereas higher oxygen levels correlate with abnormal MEG-SII. The results may indicate certain brain structures being more vulnerable to hypoxia and others to hyperoxia, thus emphasizing the role of strict saturation targets. Impact This study indicates that both abnormally low and high oxygen levels during early NICU care are harmful for later neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm neonates. Specific brain structures seem to be vulnerable to low and others to high oxygen levels. The findings may have clinical implications as oxygen is one of the most common therapies given in NICUs. The results emphasize the role of strict saturation targets during the early postnatal period in preterm infants.

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