scholarly journals How lucky was the genetic investigation in the Golden State Killer case?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael (Doc) Edge ◽  
Graham Coop
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Forensic Genetics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Range Search ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Genealogical Relationship ◽  
The One

AbstractLong-range forensic familial searching is a new method in forensic genetics. In long-range search, a sample of interest is genotyped at single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, and the genotype is compared with a large database in order to find relatives. Here, we perform some simple calculations that explore the basic phenomena that govern long-range searching. Two opposing phenomena—one genealogical and one genetic—govern the success of the search in a database of a given size. As one considers more distant genealogical relationships, any target sample is likely to have more relatives—on average, one has more second cousins than first cousins, and so on. But more distant relatives are also harder to detect genetically. Starting with third cousins, there is an appreciable chance that a given genealogical relationship will not be detectable genetically. Given the balance of these genealogical and genetic phenomena and the size of databases currently queryable by law enforcement, it is likely that most people with substantial recent ancestry in the United States are accessible via long-range search.NoteThis material was originally posted on the Coop lab site on May 7th, 2018, soon after the reporting of the arrest of Joseph DeAngelo in the Golden State Killer case, one of the first high-profile uses of long-range familial search. Subsequently, Erlich et al. (2018) published a detailed analysis in a large empirical dataset along with a theoretical analysis of a model similar to the one we use here, obtaining results broadly consistent with the ones presented here. Because Erlich and colleagues kindly cited this work when describing their model, we thought it would be appropriate to post this material in a venue where it is more easily cited.

scholarly journals When crises collide—Policing a pandemic during social unrest

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
Marie C. Jipguep-Akhtar ◽  
Tia Dickerson ◽  
Denae Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Equality ◽  
Police Legitimacy ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Police Powers ◽  
Disparate Treatment ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

In 2020, the United States was shaken by concurrent crises: the COVID-19 pandemic and protests for racial equality. Both crises present significant challenges for law enforcement. On the one hand, the protests for racial equality drew the public’s attention to the criminal justice system’s disparate treatment of Blacks and other people of colour. On the other hand, the pandemic required the expansion of police duties to enforce public health mandates. To ensure compliance, law enforcement may arrest, detain, and even use force to prevent the transmission of communicable diseases that may have an irreversible impact on human health, such as COVID-19. Policing, however, is at a critical point in America. The government is expanding police powers for the sake of public health; all the while, public indignation about police (ab)uses of power has fuelled calls for its defunding. It is therefore important to explore Americans’ views of policing pandemics during periods of social unrest, focusing on the recognition that socio-economic and racial inequities shape perceptions. The data from this project derives from surveys with Americans on the specific topics of race, policing, racial protests, and COVID-19. The study finds that Americans perceive the police as legitimate overall; however, there are divergences based on race, gender, and marital status. These differences may contribute meaningful insights to the current discourse on police legitimacy in America.

International Migration as an Issue on Today's Inter-American Agenda

1994 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Migration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
The Public ◽  
High Profile ◽  
The Us ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The One

As a frequent concern both of governments and of the public at large in Western Hemisphere nations, international migration is now more prominent than at any time since 1980. The episodic flow of seaborne refugees from Haiti since 1991 has been a key factor in spurring the inter-American community to oppose Haiti's military rulers. The flotilla of rafts leaving Cuba since early August 1994 has engendered high-profile negotiations on migration between Washington and Havana. The stream of undocumented labor migrants from Mexico to the United States has regained momentum since the late 1980s and is encountering increased public criticism, especially in the western United States.Underlying these instances of political tension is a strong, and only partially-met, demand for migration to the United States from parts of Latin America and the Caribbean on the one hand, and a growing anxiety in the US to “control the nation's borders” on the other.

Gangs, Globalization, and Critical Security Studies: Teaching Counternarratives to Public Audiences

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Critical Security Studies ◽  
Gang Affiliation ◽  
Former Gang Member ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Domestic Law

Working on gang issues as a whole demands that I, as a scholar, engage different scales that collapse individual and community, local and global, and that make action and study into indistinguishable partners. It is not just that we need to facilitate one woman’s path toward finding an academic who will help her husband and their family; we need to work on the bigger thing and ask the Department of State to hold itself to at least the same (flawed) standards as domestic law enforcement regarding the use of tattoos to determine gang affiliation. I do not know if this particular push will be successful, because of the heightened security that I discuss below. But being involved in the struggle is itself transformative, because it creates new narrative threads and strengthens possibilities and openings that can lead to change. Sanyika Shakur, also known as Monster Kody, is a former gang member who wrote, “I am a gang expert—period. There are no other gang experts except participants.” His assertion raises a bigger question about study and embodied identity. Whether or not expertise exists in the manner that Shakur is talking about, the need for “expertise” as a putative legal category is evident in the many intersections of gang membership and the law, which are increasingly playing out on transnational stages like the one between the United States and Mexico. The question then becomes how an academic can use purported “expertise” without strengthening the oppressive systems that created those categories in the first place.

scholarly journals Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Reveal Genetic Diversity in New Mexican Chile Peppers (Capsicum Spp.) 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis N. Lozada ◽  
Madhav Bhatta ◽  
Danise Coon ◽  
Paul W. Bosland
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Chile Pepper ◽  
New Mexican ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Chile Peppers

Abstract Background: Chile peppers (Capsicum spp.) are among the most important horticultural crops in the world due to their number of uses. They are considered a major cultural and economic crop in the state of New Mexico in the United States. Evaluating genetic diversity in current New Mexican germplasm would facilitate genetic improvement for different traits. This study assessed genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) among 165 chile pepper genotypes using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Results: A GBS approach identified 66,750 high-quality SNP markers with known map positions distributed across the 12 chromosomes of Capsicum. Principal components analysis revealed four distinct clusters based on species. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis among New Mexico State University (NMSU) chile pepper varieties showed two main clusters, where the C. annuum genotypes grouped together based on fruit or pod type. A Bayesian clustering approach for the Capsicum population inferred K= 2 as the optimal number of clusters, where the C. chinense and C. frutescens grouped in a single cluster. Analysis of molecular variance revealed majority of variation to be between the Capsicum species (76.08%). Extensive LD decay (~5.59 Mb) across the whole Capsicum population was observed, demonstrating that a lower number of markers would be required for implementing genomewide association studies for different traits in New Mexican type chile peppers. Tajima’s D values demonstrated positive selection, population bottleneck, and balancing selection for the New Mexico Capsicum population. Genetic diversity for the New Mexican chile peppers was relatively low, indicating the need to introduce new alleles in the breeding program to broaden the genetic base of current germplasm. Conclusions: Analysis of genetic diversity among New Mexican chile peppers were evaluated using GBS-derived SNP markers and genetic relatedness on the species level was observed. Introducing novel alleles from other breeding programs or from wild species could help increase diversity in current germplasm. We present valuable information for future association mapping and genomic selection for different traits for New Mexican chile peppers for genetic improvement through marker-assisted breeding.

scholarly journals SNP Alleles Associated With Low Bolting Tendency in Sugar Beet

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samathmika Ravi ◽  
Giovanni Campagna ◽  
Maria Cristina Della Lucia ◽  
Chiara Broccanello ◽  
Giovanni Bertoldo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Allelic Status ◽  
The One ◽  
Detection Technologies

The identification of efficient molecular markers related to low bolting tendency is a priority in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) breeding. This study aimed to identify SNP markers associated with low bolting tendency by establishing a genome-wide association study. An elaborate 3-year field trial comprising 13 sugar beet lines identified L14 as the one exhibiting the lowest bolting tendency along with an increased survival rate after autumnal sowing. For SNP discovery following phenotyping, contrasting phenotypes of 24 non-bolting and 15 bolting plants of the L14 line were sequenced by restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). An association model was established with a set of 10,924 RAD-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The allelic status of the most significantly associated SNPs ranked based on their differential allelic status between contrasting phenotypes (p < 0.01) was confirmed on three different validation datasets comprising diverse sugar beet lines and varieties adopting a range of SNP detection technologies. This study has led to the identification of SNP_36780842 and SNP_48607347 linked to low bolting tendency and can be used for marker-assisted breeding and selection in sugar beet.

scholarly journals Officer Accommodation in Police-Civilian Encounters: Reported Compliance with Police in Mongolia and the United States

1970 ◽  
pp. 176-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Barker ◽  
Charles Choi ◽  
Howard Giles ◽  
Christopher Hajek
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Response ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Communicative Practices ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The One

Recent research has demonstrated that, for young adults, officers' communicative practices are potent predictors of civilians’ attributed trust in police, and their perceived likelihood of compliance with police requests. This line of work has important applied implications for ameliorating police-civilian relations on the one hand and promoting a joint law enforcement/community response to crime prevention on the other. The present study continued this line of work in Mongolia and the USA. Mongolia is not only intriguing as little communication research has been conducted in this setting, but is significant as its government (and the law enforcement arm of it) is currently experiencing significant social upheavals. Besides differences between nations, results revealed that, for American participants, officer accommodativeness indirectly predicted civilian compliance through trust. This also emerged for the Mongolian counterparts, although a direct relationship was evident between officer accommodation and compliance as well. The latter finding is unique in that it is the first cultural context where both direct and indirect paths have been identified. The practical significance of these findings is discussed. Keywords: Mongolia; United States; America; Police; Law Enforcement; Civilian; Intercultural; Cross-Cultural; Intergroup; Accommodation; Trust; Compliance. DOI: 10.5564/mjia.v0i15-16.35Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.15-16 2008-2009 pp.176-200

Race, Ethnicity, and Police–Community Relations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer H. Peck ◽  
Richard L. Elligson
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Media Exposure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Relations ◽  
Minority Communities ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Negative Perceptions ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Perceptions Of Police ◽  
Police Community Relations

The relationship between race, ethnicity, and police–community relations can be traced through the historical development of the United States. Through the eras of slavery, the Civil Rights movement, and, most recently, the Black Lives Matter movement, police–community relations with racial and ethnic minorities are a complex and complicated area of inquiry. Although research has shown that Blacks hold the most negative perceptions of police, followed by Hispanics and then Whites, understanding race relations between minority citizens and law enforcement is tied to numerous issues. The individual and combined effects of disadvantaged neighborhood characteristics, personal and vicarious experiences with police, and media exposure to high-profile incidents of police–citizen encounters are only a few of the factors that relate to differences in police–community relations across racial/ethnic groups. To mitigate the negative effect of media exposure of high-profile incidents related to police perceptions and behaviors, organizational justice is one component of law enforcement that may offer some perspective. Additional issues that are correlated with police–community relations for Blacks and Hispanics are greater levels of mistrust between minorities and the police, over- and underenforcement in minority communities, and negative perceptions of police legitimacy and procedural justice held by minorities. Problems surrounding police culture, cynicism, and misconduct (e.g., use of force) are further areas that connect to police–community relations and are more salient for minority residents than for their White counterparts. Practices such as the use of evidence-based policing, invested partnerships between social services and law enforcement, the fair and effective use of authority and force by police, and understanding the specific needs of minority communities may provide promising areas for the enhancement of police–community relations with minorities.

OSHA, EPA and Other Stakeholder Responses to the Conclusions and Recommendations of the Chemical Safety Board’s Report on “Improving Reactive Hazard Management” and Some Approaches Towards Resolving Remaining Recommendation Issues

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isadore Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Chemical Safety ◽  
Hazard Management ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Safety Risks ◽  
Reactive Chemicals ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The One ◽  
Reactive Hazard ◽  
Reactive Management

The USA Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) conducted a study of the chemical safety risks posed by the class of reactive hazards. This report, “IMPROVING REACTIVE HAZARD MANAGEMENT” (Report), was issued in October 2002 and its conclusions and recommendations have had significant impacts on how stakeholders view the adequacy of industry and government management of reactive hazards. The continued stream of high profile accidents due to reactive hazards such as Concept Sciences and Toulouse) cause people to also remember that realization of a reactive hazard also led to the accidents at Bhopal and Seveso and consequent major legal and social impacts in India, the United States and Europe. After a discussion of the congruence between the Report’s Objectives and Conclusions and the major thrusts of the Reactive Report’s ‘Recommendations’, to government agencies and other stakeholders, the paper will provide an update on the positive impacts that the CSB Report has already had on activities by professional societies, government and industry and examine some of the major unresolved recommendations, particularly those directed to OSHA to broaden PSM regulatory coverage of reactive chemicals. The paper will conclude with observations on various approaches to broadening coverage of reactive hazards along the lines recommended by the CSB to OSHA and EPA. Among the approaches reviewed will be the one embodied in New Jersey’s very recently modified TCPA regulation, selected proposals in the literature, and voluntary guidelines such as those under development by the newly formed Reactive Management Roundtable group of AIChE.

Police Body-Worn Cameras: Research Developments on an Emerging Technology

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Crow ◽  
John Ortiz Smykla
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Task Force ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Deadly Force ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
High Profile

Police body-worn cameras (BWCs) represent one of the latest innovations to permeate policing, and the rapid speed with which law enforcement agencies throughout the United States and internationally have adopted or considered the technology has been greatly influenced by environmental factors, including high-profile deadly force incidents and national-level politics (President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing, 2015), and the promises of transparency, accountability, and evidentiary value. The proliferation of BWCs in policing has been met with an explosion of research examining myriad issues related to the technology. As this body of research continues to expand and develop, it will be increasingly important to effectively communicate the findings to scholars, policy makers, and those in the field who are, arguably, most effected by BWCs. This special issue of Criminal Justice Review contributes to that effort.

scholarly journals Single nucleotide polymorphisms reveal genetic diversity in New Mexican chile peppers (Capsicum spp.)

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis N. Lozada ◽  
Madhav Bhatta ◽  
Danise Coon ◽  
Paul W. Bosland
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Chile Pepper ◽  
New Mexican ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Chile Peppers

Abstract Background Chile peppers (Capsicum spp.) are among the most important horticultural crops in the world due to their number of uses. They are considered a major cultural and economic crop in the state of New Mexico in the United States. Evaluating genetic diversity in current New Mexican germplasm would facilitate genetic improvement for different traits. This study assessed genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) among 165 chile pepper genotypes using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Results A GBS approach identified 66,750 high-quality SNP markers with known map positions distributed across the 12 chromosomes of Capsicum. Principal components analysis revealed four distinct clusters based on species. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis among New Mexico State University (NMSU) chile pepper cultivars showed two main clusters, where the C. annuum genotypes grouped together based on fruit or pod type. A Bayesian clustering approach for the Capsicum population inferred K = 2 as the optimal number of clusters, where the C. chinense and C. frutescens grouped in a single cluster. Analysis of molecular variance revealed majority of variation to be between the Capsicum species (76.08 %). Extensive LD decay (~ 5.59 Mb) across the whole Capsicum population was observed, demonstrating that a lower number of markers would be required for implementing genome wide association studies for different traits in New Mexican type chile peppers. Tajima’s D values demonstrated positive selection, population bottleneck, and balancing selection for the New Mexico Capsicum population. Genetic diversity for the New Mexican chile peppers was relatively low, indicating the need to introduce new alleles in the breeding program to broaden the genetic base of current germplasm. Conclusions Genetic diversity among New Mexican chile peppers was evaluated using GBS-derived SNP markers and genetic relatedness on the species level was observed. Introducing novel alleles from other breeding programs or from wild species could help increase diversity in current germplasm. We present valuable information for future association mapping and genomic selection for different traits for New Mexican chile peppers for genetic improvement through marker-assisted breeding.

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