scholarly journals Diversity decoupled from sulfur isotope fractionation in a sulfate reducing microbial community

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Colangelo ◽  
Claus Pelikan ◽  
Craig W. Herbold ◽  
Ianina Altshuler ◽  
Alexander Loy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
Sulfate Reduction ◽  
Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Sulfur Isotopes ◽  
List Type ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Sulfate Reduction Rates

AbstractThe extent of fractionation of sulfur isotopes by sulfate reducing microbes is dictated by genomic and environmental factors. A greater understanding of species-specific fractionations may better inform interpretation of sulfur isotopes preserved in the rock record. To examine whether gene diversity influences net isotopic fractionation in situ, we assessed environmental chemistry, sulfate reduction rates, diversity of putative sulfur metabolizing organisms by 16S rRNA and dissimilatory sulfite reductase (dsrB) gene amplicon sequencing, and net fractionation of sulfur isotopes along a sediment transect of a hypersaline Arctic spring. In situ sulfate reduction rates yielded minimum cell-specific sulfate reduction rates <0.3 x 10−15 moles cell−1 day−1. Neither 16S rRNA nor dsrB diversity indices correlated with relatively constant (38 to 45‰) net isotope fractionation (ε34Ssulfide−sulfate). Measured ε34S values could be reproduced in a mechanistic fractionation model if 1-2% of the microbial community (10-60% of Deltaproteobacteria) were engaged in sulfate respiration, indicating heterogeneous respiratory activity within sulfate-metabolizing populations. This model indicated enzymatic kinetic diversity of Apr was more likely to correlate with sulfur fractionation than DsrB. We propose that, above a threshold alpha diversity value, the influence of the specific composition of the microbial community responsible for generating an isotope signal is overprinted by the control exerted by environmental variables on microbial physiology.Subject categoriesIntegrated genomics and post-genomics approaches in microbial ecologyMicrobial ecology and functional diversity of natural habitats

Microbial ecology of sulfate-reducing bacteria in wastewater biofilms analyzed by microelectrodes and fish (fluorescent in situ hybridization) technique

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Okabe ◽  
Hisashi Satoh ◽  
Tsukasa Itoh ◽  
Yoshimasa Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Sulfate Reduction ◽  
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Hybridization Technique ◽  
Concentration Profiles ◽  
Reduction Zone ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Culture Dependent

The vertical distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in microaerophilic wastewater biofilms grown on fully submerged rotating disk reactors (RDR) was determined by the conventional culture-dependent MPN method and in situ hybridization of fluorescently-labelled 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes for SRB in parallel. Chemical concentration profiles within the biofilm were also measured using microelectrodes for O2, S2-, NO3- and pH. In situ hybridization revealed that the SRB probe-stained cells were distributed throughout the biofilm even in the oxic surface zone in all states from single scattered cells to clustered cells. The higher fluorescence intensity and abundance of SRB probe-stained cells were found in the middle part of the biofilm. This result corresponded well with O2 and H2S concentration profiles measured by microelectrodes, showing sulfate reduction was restricted to a narrow anaerobic zone located about 500 μm below the biofilm surface. Results of the MPN and potential sulfate reducing activity (culture-dependent approaches) indicated a similar distribution of cultivable SRB in the biofilm. The majority of the general SRB probe-stained cells were hybridized with SRB 660 probe, suggesting that one important member of the SRB in the wastewater biofilm could be the genus Desulfobulbus. An addition of nitrate forced the sulfate reduction zone deeper in the biofilm and reduced the specific sulfate reduction rate as well. The sulfate reduction zone was consequently separated from O2 and NO3- respiration zones. Anaerobic H2S oxidation with NO3- was also induced by addition of nitrate to the medium.

Interactions between filamentous sulfur bacteria, sulfate reducing bacteria and poly-P accumulating bacteria in anaerobic-oxic activated sludge from a municipal plant

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 599-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoko Yamamoto-Ikemoto ◽  
Saburo Matsui ◽  
Tomoaki Komori ◽  
Edja. Kofi. Bosque-Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Sulfate Reduction ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Sulfate Reduction Rate ◽  
Filamentous Bulking ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Sulfur Bacteria ◽  
Sulfate Reduction Rates ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

The interactions between filamentous sulfur bacteria (FSB), sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and poly-P accumulating bacteria (PAB) in the activated sludge of a municipal plant operated under anaerobic-oxic conditions were examined in batch experiments using return sludge (RAS) and settled sewage. Phosphate release and sulfate reduction occurred simultaneously under anaerobic conditions. SRB were more sensitive to temperature changes than PAB. SRB played an important role in the decomposition of propionate to acetate. When the sulfate reduction rates were high, there was a tendency for the maximum release of phosphate also to be high. This was explained by the fact that PAB utilized the acetate produced by SRB. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria were sensitive to temperature change. When the sulfate reduction rate was high, the sulfide oxidizing rate was also high and filamentous bulking occurred. The results showed that sulfate reduction was a cause of filamentous bulking due to Type 021N that could utilize reduced sulfur.

scholarly journals Complex Microbial Communities Drive Iron and Sulfur Cycling in Arctic Fjord Sediments

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Buongiorno ◽  
L. C. Herbert ◽  
L. M. Wehrmann ◽  
A. B. Michaud ◽  
K. Laufer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Sulfate Reduction ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Sulfur Cycling ◽  
Glacial Retreat ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Glacial Runoff ◽  
Sulfate Reduction Rates ◽  
Fjord Sediments

ABSTRACTGlacial retreat is changing biogeochemical cycling in the Arctic, where glacial runoff contributes iron for oceanic shelf primary production. We hypothesize that in Svalbard fjords, microbes catalyze intense iron and sulfur cycling in low-organic-matter sediments. This is because low organic matter limits sulfide generation, allowing iron mobility to the water column instead of precipitation as iron monosulfides. In this study, we tested this with high-depth-resolution 16S rRNA gene libraries in the upper 20 cm at two sites in Van Keulenfjorden, Svalbard. At the site closer to the glaciers, iron-reducingDesulfuromonadales, iron-oxidizingGallionellaandMariprofundus, and sulfur-oxidizingThiotrichalesandEpsilonproteobacteriawere abundant above a 12-cm depth. Below this depth, the relative abundances of sequences for sulfate-reducingDesulfobacteraceaeandDesulfobulbaceaeincreased. At the outer station, the switch from iron-cycling clades to sulfate reducers occurred at shallower depths (∼5 cm), corresponding to higher sulfate reduction rates. Relatively labile organic matter (shown by δ13C and C/N ratios) was more abundant at this outer site, and ordination analysis suggested that this affected microbial community structure in surface sediments. Network analysis revealed more correlations between predicted iron- and sulfur-cycling taxa and with uncultured clades proximal to the glacier. Together, these results suggest that complex microbial communities catalyze redox cycling of iron and sulfur, especially closer to the glacier, where sulfate reduction is limited due to low availability of organic matter. Diminished sulfate reduction in upper sediments enables iron to flux into the overlying water, where it may be transported to the shelf.IMPORTANCEGlacial runoff is a key source of iron for primary production in the Arctic. In the fjords of the Svalbard archipelago, glacial retreat is predicted to stimulate phytoplankton blooms that were previously restricted to outer margins. Decreased sediment delivery and enhanced primary production have been hypothesized to alter sediment biogeochemistry, wherein any free reduced iron that could potentially be delivered to the shelf will instead become buried with sulfide generated through microbial sulfate reduction. We support this hypothesis with sequencing data that showed increases in the relative abundance of sulfate reducing taxa and sulfate reduction rates with increasing distance from the glaciers in Van Keulenfjorden, Svalbard. Community structure was driven by organic geochemistry, suggesting that enhanced input of organic material will stimulate sulfate reduction in interior fjord sediments as glaciers continue to recede.

scholarly journals Diversity of Sulfur Isotope Fractionations by Sulfate-Reducing Prokaryotes

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 888-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Detmers ◽  
Volker Brüchert ◽  
Kirsten S. Habicht ◽  
Jan Kuever
Keyword(s):  
Sulfate Reduction ◽  
Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Sulfur Isotope ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Sulfate Reduction Rate ◽  
Dissimilatory Sulfate Reduction ◽  
Systematic Effect ◽  
Sulfate Reducers ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Sulfur Isotope Fractionation

ABSTRACT Batch culture experiments were performed with 32 different sulfate-reducing prokaryotes to explore the diversity in sulfur isotope fractionation during dissimilatory sulfate reduction by pure cultures. The selected strains reflect the phylogenetic and physiologic diversity of presently known sulfate reducers and cover a broad range of natural marine and freshwater habitats. Experimental conditions were designed to achieve optimum growth conditions with respect to electron donors, salinity, temperature, and pH. Under these optimized conditions, experimental fractionation factors ranged from 2.0 to 42.0‰. Salinity, incubation temperature, pH, and phylogeny had no systematic effect on the sulfur isotope fractionation. There was no correlation between isotope fractionation and sulfate reduction rate. The type of dissimilatory bisulfite reductase also had no effect on fractionation. Sulfate reducers that oxidized the carbon source completely to CO2 showed greater fractionations than sulfate reducers that released acetate as the final product of carbon oxidation. Different metabolic pathways and variable regulation of sulfate transport across the cell membrane all potentially affect isotope fractionation. Previous models that explained fractionation only in terms of sulfate reduction rates appear to be oversimplified. The species-specific physiology of each sulfate reducer thus needs to be taken into account to understand the regulation of sulfur isotope fractionation during dissimilatory sulfate reduction.

scholarly journals Sulfur Isotope Enrichment during Maintenance Metabolism in the Thermophilic Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium Desulfotomaculum putei

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (17) ◽  
pp. 5621-5630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark M. Davidson ◽  
M. E. Bisher ◽  
Lisa M. Pratt ◽  
Jon Fong ◽  
Gordon Southam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfate Reduction ◽  
Batch Culture ◽  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Maintenance Phase ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Culture Vessel ◽  
Isotope Enrichment ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Sulfate Reduction Rates

ABSTRACT Values of Δ34S ( \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \({=}{\delta}^{34}S_{HS}{-}{\delta}^{34}S_{SO_{4}}\) \end{document} , where δ34SHS and \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \({\delta}^{34}S_{SO_{4}}\) \end{document} indicate the differences in the isotopic compositions of the HS− and SO4 2− in the eluent, respectively) for many modern marine sediments are in the range of −55 to −75‰, much greater than the −2 to −46‰ ε34S (kinetic isotope enrichment) values commonly observed for microbial sulfate reduction in laboratory batch culture and chemostat experiments. It has been proposed that at extremely low sulfate reduction rates under hypersulfidic conditions with a nonlimited supply of sulfate, isotopic enrichment in laboratory culture experiments should increase to the levels recorded in nature. We examined the effect of extremely low sulfate reduction rates and electron donor limitation on S isotope fractionation by culturing a thermophilic, sulfate-reducing bacterium, Desulfotomaculum putei, in a biomass-recycling culture vessel, or “retentostat.” The cell-specific rate of sulfate reduction and the specific growth rate decreased progressively from the exponential phase to the maintenance phase, yielding average maintenance coefficients of 10−16 to 10−18 mol of SO4 cell−1 h−1 toward the end of the experiments. Overall S mass and isotopic balance were conserved during the experiment. The differences in the δ34S values of the sulfate and sulfide eluting from the retentostat were significantly larger, attaining a maximum Δ34S of −20.9‰, than the −9.7‰ observed during the batch culture experiment, but differences did not attain the values observed in marine sediments.

scholarly journals Salinity Responses of Benthic Microbial Communities in a Solar Saltern (Eilat, Israel)

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 1608-1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ketil Bernt S�rensen ◽  
Donald E. Canfield ◽  
Aharon Oren
Keyword(s):  
Sulfate Reduction ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Sulfate Reduction Rate ◽  
Anoxygenic Phototrophs ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Oxygen Budget ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Optimum Salinity

ABSTRACT The salinity responses of cyanobacteria, anoxygenic phototrophs, sulfate reducers, and methanogens from the laminated endoevaporitic community in the solar salterns of Eilat, Israel, were studied in situ with oxygen microelectrodes and in the laboratory in slurries. The optimum salinity for the sulfate reduction rate in sediment slurries was between 100 and 120‰, and sulfate reduction was strongly inhibited at an in situ salinity of 215‰. Nevertheless, sulfate reduction was an important respiratory process in the crust, and reoxidation of formed sulfide accounted for a major part of the oxygen budget. Methanogens were well adapted to the in situ salinity but contributed little to the anaerobic mineralization in the crust. In slurries with a salinity of 180‰ or less, methanogens were inhibited by increased activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Unicellular and filamentous cyanobacteria metabolized at near-optimum rates at the in situ salinity, whereas the optimum salinity for anoxygenic phototrophs was between 100 and 120‰.

scholarly journals Estimating Population Turnover Rates by Relative Quantification Methods Reveals Microbial Dynamics in Marine Sediment

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Kevorkian ◽  
Jordan T. Bird ◽  
Alexander Shumaker ◽  
Karen G. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Sulfate Reduction ◽  
Relative Quantification ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Population Turnover ◽  
Read Abundance

ABSTRACT The difficulty involved in quantifying biogeochemically significant microbes in marine sediments limits our ability to assess interspecific interactions, population turnover times, and niches of uncultured taxa. We incubated surface sediments from Cape Lookout Bight, North Carolina, USA, anoxically at 21°C for 122 days. Sulfate decreased until day 68, after which methane increased, with hydrogen concentrations consistent with the predicted values of an electron donor exerting thermodynamic control. We measured turnover times using two relative quantification methods, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and the product of 16S gene read abundance and total cell abundance (FRAxC, which stands for “fraction of read abundance times cells”), to estimate the population turnover rates of uncultured clades. Most 16S rRNA reads were from deeply branching uncultured groups, and ∼98% of 16S rRNA genes did not abruptly shift in relative abundance when sulfate reduction gave way to methanogenesis. Uncultured Methanomicrobiales and Methanosarcinales increased at the onset of methanogenesis with population turnover times estimated from qPCR at 9.7 ± 3.9 and 12.6 ± 4.1 days, respectively. These were consistent with FRAxC turnover times of 9.4 ± 5.8 and 9.2 ± 3.5 days, respectively. Uncultured Syntrophaceae, which are possibly fermentative syntrophs of methanogens, and uncultured Kazan-3A-21 archaea also increased at the onset of methanogenesis, with FRAxC turnover times of 14.7 ± 6.9 and 10.6 ± 3.6 days. Kazan-3A-21 may therefore either perform methanogenesis or form a fermentative syntrophy with methanogens. Three genera of sulfate-reducing bacteria, Desulfovibrio, Desulfobacter, and Desulfobacterium, increased in the first 19 days before declining rapidly during sulfate reduction. We conclude that population turnover times on the order of days can be measured robustly in organic-rich marine sediment, and the transition from sulfate-reducing to methanogenic conditions stimulates growth only in a few clades directly involved in methanogenesis, rather than in the whole microbial community. IMPORTANCE Many microbes cannot be isolated in pure culture to determine their preferential growth conditions and predict their response to changing environmental conditions. We created a microcosm of marine sediments that allowed us to simulate a diagenetic profile using a temporal analog for depth. This allowed for the observation of the microbial community population dynamics caused by the natural shift from sulfate reduction to methanogenesis. Our research provides evidence for the population dynamics of uncultured microbes as well as the application of a novel method of turnover rate analysis for individual taxa within a mixed incubation, FRAxC, which stands for “fraction of read abundance times cells,” which was verified by quantitative PCR. This allows for the calculation of population turnover times for microbes in a natural setting and the identification of uncultured clades involved in geochemical processes.

scholarly journals Effects of Iron and Nitrogen Limitation on Sulfur Isotope Fractionation during Microbial Sulfate Reduction

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (23) ◽  
pp. 8368-8376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Sub Sim ◽  
Shuhei Ono ◽  
Tanja Bosak
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Sulfate Reduction ◽  
Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Sulfur Isotope ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Microbial Sulfate Reduction ◽  
Sulfur Isotope Fractionation ◽  
S Isotope

ABSTRACTSulfate-reducing microbes utilize sulfate as an electron acceptor and produce sulfide that is depleted in heavy isotopes of sulfur relative to sulfate. Thus, the distribution of sulfur isotopes in sediments can trace microbial sulfate reduction (MSR), and it also has the potential to reflect the physiology of sulfate-reducing microbes. This study investigates the relationship between the availability of iron and reduced nitrogen and the magnitude of S-isotope fractionation during MSR by a marine sulfate-reducing bacterium, DMSS-1, aDesulfovibriospecies, isolated from salt marsh in Cape Cod, MA. Submicromolar levels of iron increase sulfur isotope fractionation by about 50% relative to iron-replete cultures of DMSS-1. Iron-limited cultures also exhibit decreased cytochromec-to-total protein ratios and cell-specific sulfate reduction rates (csSRR), implying changes in the electron transport chain that couples carbon and sulfur metabolisms. When DMSS-1 fixes nitrogen in ammonium-deficient medium, it also produces larger fractionation, but it occurs at faster csSRRs than in the ammonium-replete control cultures. The energy and reducing power required for nitrogen fixation may be responsible for the reverse trend between S-isotope fractionation and csSRR in this case. Iron deficiency and nitrogen fixation by sulfate-reducing microbes may lead to the large observed S-isotope effects in some euxinic basins and various anoxic sediments.

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION OF SULFATE REDUCING BACTERIA FROM BIOFILM SULFATE REDUCTION AND CU PRECIPITATION BIOREACTOR (BATCH CULTURE).

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Tyas Nyonita Punjungsari
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Sulfate Reduction ◽  
Batch Culture ◽  
Microbial Community Structure ◽  
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Zeolite Surface ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Reducing Bacteria

The biofilm is a microbial community structure formed on the zeolite surface in a sulfate reduction bioreactor and Cu deposition using a SRB consortium . The biofilm soluble microbial solvent is expected to have the capability in sulfate reduction and Cu deposition. Characterization of isolates is required for the optimization of pure culture . The aim of this study is to isolate and characterize the biofilm sulfate reducing bacteria in the sulfate reduction bioreactor and the precipitation of Cu in Batch Culture by a consortium of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria. The method used in this study cultivation was done by using postgate B medium, isolation was done by diluting biofilm on NaCl salt, bacteria grown on NB and postgate B media, characterization done by morphology and biochemistry. There were 3 isolates of B1 (Metylobacterium ), B3 ( Desulfucoccus ), and B2 ( Desulfobacter ). B3 ( Desulfococcus) has the best ability to reduce sulfate and Cu precipitation.Keywords : Sulfur Reducing Bacteria (SRB), Biofilm, Sulfate, Cu. Received: 26 August, 2017; Accepter: 10 September, 2017 

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