scholarly journals A keeper of many crypts: the parasitoidEuderus setmanipulates the behavior of a taxonomically diverse array of oak gall wasp species

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K. G. Ward ◽  
Omar S. Khodor ◽  
Scott P. Egan ◽  
Kelly L. Weinersmith ◽  
Andrew A. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Exit Hole ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Behavioral Manipulation ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Physical Defenses ◽  
Single Host

AbstractParasites of animals and plants can encounter trade-offs between their specificity to any single host and their fitness on alternative hosts. For parasites that manipulate their host’s behavior, the complexity of that manipulation may further limit the parasite’s host range. The recently described crypt-keeper wasp,Euderus set, changes the behavior of the gall waspBassettia pallidasuch thatB. pallidachews an incomplete exit hole in the side of its larval chamber and “plugs” that hole with its head.E. setbenefits from this head plug, as it facilitates the escape of the parasitoid from the crypt after it completes development. Here, we ask whether this behavioral manipulator is limited toBassettiahosts. We find thatE. setattacks and manipulates the behavior of at least six additional gall wasp species, and that these hosts are taxonomically diverse. Interestingly, each ofE. set’s hosts has converged upon similarities in their extended phenotypes: the galls they induce on oaks share characters that may make them vulnerable to attack byE. set. Behavioral manipulation in this parasitoid system may be less important to its host range than other dimensions of the host-parasitoid interaction, like the host’s physical defenses.

scholarly journals A keeper of many crypts: a behaviour-manipulating parasite attacks a taxonomically diverse array of oak gall wasp species

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 20190428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K. G. Ward ◽  
Omar S. Khodor ◽  
Scott P. Egan ◽  
Kelly L. Weinersmith ◽  
Andrew A. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Exit Hole ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Single Host

Parasites of animals and plants can encounter trade-offs between their specificity to any single host and their fitness on alternative hosts. For parasites that manipulate their host's behaviour, the added complexity of that manipulation may further limit the parasite's host range. However, this is rarely tested. The recently described crypt-keeper wasp, Euderus set , changes the behaviour of the gall wasp Bassettia pallida such that B. pallida chews a significantly smaller exit hole in the side of its larval chamber and ‘plugs’ that hole with its head before dying. Euderus set benefits from this head plug, as it facilitates the escape of the parasitoid from the crypt after it completes development. Here, we find direct and indirect evidence that E. set attacks and manipulates the behaviour of at least six additional gall wasp species, and that these hosts are taxonomically diverse. Interestingly, each of E. set 's hosts has converged upon similarities in their extended phenotypes: the galls they induce on oaks share characters that may make them vulnerable to attack by E. set . The specialization required to behaviourally manipulate hosts may be less important in determining the range of hosts in this parasitoid system than other dimensions of the host–parasitoid interaction, like the host's physical defences.

scholarly journals Diversity, Host Ranges, and Potential Drivers of Speciation Among the Inquiline Enemies of Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K G Ward ◽  
Sofia I Sheikh ◽  
Andrew A Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Host Shifts ◽  
The North ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Gall Wasps ◽  
Oak Tree ◽  
New Hosts

Abstract Animals that exploit living spaces of other animals (inquilines) may have specialized traits that adapt them to extended phenotypes of their ‘hosts’. These adaptations to host traits may incur fitness trade-offs that restrict the host range of an inquiline such that shifts to new hosts might trigger inquiline diversification. Speciation via host shifting has been studied in many animal parasites, but we know less about the role of host shifts in inquiline speciation. Synergus Hartig (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) is a speciose but taxonomically challenging genus of inquilines that feed inside galls induced by oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Here, we report on a large collection of Synergus reared from galls of 33 oak gall wasp species in the upper Midwestern United States. We integrated DNA barcodes, morphology, ecology, and phenology to delimit putative species of Synergus and describe their host ranges. We find evidence of at least 23 Synergus species associated with the 33 gall wasp hosts. At least five previously described Synergus species are each complexes of two to five species, while three species fit no prior description. We find evidence that oak tree phylogeny and host gall morphology define axes of specialization for Synergus. The North American Synergus have experienced several transitions among gall hosts and tree habitats and their host use is correlated with reproductive isolation. It remains too early to tell whether shifts to new hosts initiate speciation events in Synergus inquilines of oak gall wasps, or if host shifts occur after reproductive isolation has already evolved.

scholarly journals Symptom evolution following the emergence of maize streak virus

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adérito L Monjane ◽  
Simon Dellicour ◽  
Penelope Hartnady ◽  
Kehinde A Oyeniran ◽  
Betty E Owor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Maize Streak Virus ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
The Past ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Single Host

For pathogens infecting single host species evolutionary trade-offs have previously been demonstrated between pathogen-induced mortality rates and transmission rates. It remains unclear, however, how such trade-offs impact sub-lethal pathogen-inflicted damage, and whether these trade-offs even occur in broad host-range pathogens. Here, we examine changes over the past 110 years in symptoms induced in maize by the broad host-range pathogen, maize streak virus (MSV). Specifically, we use the quantified symptom intensities of cloned MSV isolates in differentially resistant maize genotypes to phylogenetically infer ancestral symptom intensities and check for phylogenetic signal associated with these symptom intensities. We show that whereas symptoms reflecting harm to the host have remained constant or decreased, there has been an increase in how extensively MSV colonizes the cells upon which transmission vectors feed. This demonstrates an evolutionary trade-off between amounts of pathogen-inflicted harm and how effectively viruses position themselves within plants to enable onward transmission.

Genomic evidence that resource-based trade-offs limit host-range expansion in a seed beetle

Evolution ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1249-1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachariah Gompert ◽  
Frank J. Messina
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Seed Beetle ◽  
Host Range Expansion ◽  
Trade Offs

scholarly journals Twelve oak gall wasp species (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) new to the Turkish fauna

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 962-964
Author(s):  
Serap MUTUN ◽  
Serdar DİNÇ
Keyword(s):  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Wasp Species

Revision of the Amphibolips species of the ‘nassa’ complex from Mexico and central America (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4877 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-50
Author(s):  
VÍCTOR CUESTA-PORTA ◽  
ARMANDO EQUIHUA-MARTÍNEZ ◽  
EDITH G. ESTRADA-VENEGAS ◽  
DAVID CIBRIÁN-TOVAR ◽  
URIEL M. BARRERA-RUÍZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Central America ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
New Synonym ◽  
New Distribution

The cynipid gall wasp species of Amphibolips (Cynipidae: Cynipini) belonging to the “nassa” complex are reviewed for Mexico and Central America. Five new species are described: A. bassae Cuesta-Porta & Pujade-Villar n. sp., A. bromus Pujade-Villar & Cuesta-Porta n. sp., A. kinseyi Cuesta-Porta & Pujade-Villar n. sp., A. rulli Pujade-Villar & Cuesta-Porta n. sp., and A. turulli Pujade-Villar & Cuesta-Porta n. sp. Amphibolips quercuspomiformis (Bassett) comb. nov. is redescribed and Amphibolips malinche Nieves-Aldrey & Maldonado is proposed as a new synonym of A. hidalgoensis Pujade-Villar & Melika. The validity of A. dampfi is discussed. Diagnostic characters, distribution, host-plant relationships, and biology are provided. Also new diagnostic characters and new distribution data for earlier described species are given. Keys to adults and galls for all known “nassa” complex species from Mexico and Central America are presented. 

scholarly journals Parallel Patterns of Morphological and Behavioral Variation among Host-Associated Populations of Two Gall Wasp Species

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e54690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott P. Egan ◽  
Glen R. Hood ◽  
Gabriel DeVela ◽  
James R. Ott
Keyword(s):  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Behavioral Variation ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Parallel Patterns

scholarly journals Invertebrate Community Associated with the Asexual Generation of Bassettia pallida Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly L. Weinersmith ◽  
Andrew A. Forbes ◽  
Anna K.G. Ward ◽  
Pedro F. P. Brandão-Dias ◽  
Y. Miles Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Insect Communities ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Major Question ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Asexual Generation ◽  
Gall Wasps ◽  
Diverse Community ◽  
Future Work

AbstractCynipid gall wasps play an important role in structuring oak invertebrate communities. Wasps in the Cynipini tribe typically lay their eggs in oaks (Quercus L.), and induce the formation of a “gall”, which is a tumor-like growth of plant material that surrounds the developing wasp. As the wasp develops, the cynipid and its gall are attacked by a diverse community of natural enemies, including parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, and inquilines. Determining what structures these species-rich natural enemy communities across cynipid gall wasp species is a major question in gall wasp biology. Additionally, gall wasps are ecosystem engineers, as the abandoned gall is used by other invertebrates. The gall-associated insect communities residing on live oaks (Quercus geminata Small and Q. virginiana Mill.) are emerging as a model system for answering ecological and evolutionary questions ranging from community ecology to the evolution of new species. Documenting the invertebrates associated with cynipids in this system will expand our understanding of the mechanisms influencing eco-evolutionary processes, record underexplored axes of biodiversity, and facilitate future work. Here, we present the community of natural enemies and other associates of the asexual generation of the crypt gall wasp, Bassettia pallida Ashmead. We compare the composition of this community to communities recently documented from two other cynipid gall wasps specializing on live oaks along the U.S. Gulf coast, Disholcaspis quercusvirens Ashmead and Belonocnema treatae Mayr. B. pallida and their crypts support a diverse arthropod community, including over 25 parasitoids, inquilines, and other associated invertebrates spanning 5 orders and 16 families.

Two new species of Zatypota (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) sharing the same host spider in Northeast Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4609 (1) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
JOBER FERNANDO SOBCZAK ◽  
DIEGO GALVÃO DE PÁDUA ◽  
GERMAN ANTONIO VILLANUEVA- BONILLA ◽  
FRANCISCO AGEU DE SOUSA NÓBREGA ◽  
YURI FANCHINI MESSAS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Species Specific

 Some polysphinctine wasps of the genus Zatypota complete their life cycles upon theridiid host spiders. The host range of these wasps is usually species-specific, although in some less common associations more than one wasp species interacts with the same host spider. Here we describe and illustrate the polysphinctine wasps Zatypota baezae sp. n. and Zatypota mulunguensis sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), both koinobiont ectoparasitoids of the spider Anelosimus baeza (Theridiidae). The two parasitoid wasps show the same development time (12 days) which was longer when compared with other parasitoid wasps Z. anomala Holmgren and Z. riverai Gauld (nine days). As described for other species of Zatypota and Hymenoepimecis, the second larval instar remains attached to the spider by the remains of the chorion and also by a rigid brownish-semitransparent membrane called a saddle. 

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