scholarly journals The virome in adult monozygotic twins with concordant or discordant gut microbiomes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Leonardo Moreno-Gallego ◽  
Shao-Pei Chou ◽  
Sara C. Di Rienzi ◽  
Julia K. Goodrich ◽  
Timothy Spector ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Monozygotic Twin ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Small Core ◽  
Microbiome Diversity ◽  
Discordant Twins ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYThe virome is one of the most variable components of the human gut microbiome. Within twin-pairs, viromes have been shown to be similar for infants but not for adults, indicating that as twins age and their environments and microbiomes diverge, so do their viromes. The degree to which the microbiome drives the virome’s vast diversity is unclear. Here, we examined the relationship between microbiome diversity and virome diversity in 21 adult monozygotic twin pairs selected for high or low microbiome concordance. Viromes derived from virus-like particles were unique to each subject, dominated by Caudovirales and Microviridae, and exhibited a small core that included crAssphage. Microbiome-discordant twins had more dissimilar viromes compared to microbiome-concordant twins, and the richer the microbiomes, the richer the viromes. These patterns were driven by the bacteriophages, not eukaryotic viruses. These observations support a strong role of the microbiome in patterning the virome.

scholarly journals How the Gut Microbiome Links to Menopause and Obesity, with Possible Implications for Endometrial Cancer Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 2916
Author(s):  
Malou P. H. Schreurs ◽  
Peggy J. de Vos van Steenwijk ◽  
Andrea Romano ◽  
Sabine Dieleman ◽  
Henrica M. J. Werner
Keyword(s):  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Microbiome Diversity ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Menopausal State ◽  
Cancer Studies

Background: Interest is growing in the dynamic role of gut microbiome disturbances in human health and disease. No direct evidence is yet available to link gut microbiome dysbiosis to endometrial cancer. This review aims to understand any association between microbiome dysbiosis and important risk factors of endometrial cancer, high estrogen levels, postmenopause and obesity. Methods: A systematic search was performed with PubMed as primary database. Three separate searches were performed to identify all relevant studies. Results: Fifteen studies were identified as highly relevant and included in the review. Eight articles focused on the relationship with obesity and eight studies focused on the menopausal change or estrogen levels. Due to the heterogeneity in patient populations and outcome measures, no meta-analysis could be performed. Both the menopausal change and obesity were noted to enhance dysbiosis by reducing microbiome diversity and increasing the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. Both also incurred estrobolome changes, leading to increased systemic estrogen levels, especially after menopause. Furthermore, microbiome dysbiosis was reported to be related to systemic inflammation through toll-like receptor signaling deficiencies and overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions: This review highlights that the female gut microbiome is intrinsically linked to estrogen levels, menopausal state and systemic inflammation, which indicates gut microbiome dysbiosis as a potential hallmark for risk stratification for endometrial cancer. Studies are needed to further define the role the gut microbiome plays in women at risk for endometrial cancer.

scholarly journals Is the Oral Microbiome Important in HIV-Associated Inflammation?

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Fulcher
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Soluble Cd14 ◽  
Microbiome Diversity ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Alterations in the gut microbiome during HIV infection have been implicated in chronic inflammation, but the role of the oral microbiome in this process is less clear. The article by M. K. Annavajhala, S. D. Khan, S. B. Sullivan, J. Shah, et al. (mSphere 5:e00798-19, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00798-19) investigated the relationship between oral and gut microbiome diversity and immune activation in patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. In this study, oral microbiome diversity was inversely associated with inflammatory markers such as soluble CD14 (sCD14), but surprisingly similar associations were not seen with gut microbiome diversity. Oral microbiome diversity was also associated with periodontitis in these patients. This study highlights the importance of continuing multisite examinations in studying the gastrointestinal tract microbiome and also stimulates important directions for future research defining the role of the oral-gut axis in HIV-associated inflammation.

Role of dietary fiber in the recovery of the human gut microbiome and its metabolome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ceylan Tanes ◽  
Kyle Bittinger ◽  
Yuan Gao ◽  
Elliot S. Friedman ◽  
Lisa Nessel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiome

Global and temporal state of the human gut microbiome in health and disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Shoaie ◽  
Sunjae Lee ◽  
Mathieu Almeida ◽  
Gholamreza Bidkhori ◽  
Nicolas Pons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Integrative Analysis ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiome ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Clinical Phenotyping ◽  
Sampling Times

Abstract The role of gut microbiota in humans is of great interest, and metagenomics provided the possibilities for extensively analysing bacterial diversity in health and disease. Here we explored the human gut microbiome samples across 19 countries, performing compositional, functional and integrative analysis. To complement these data and analyse the stability of the microbiome, we followed 86 healthy Swedish individuals over one year, with four sampling times and extensive clinical phenotyping. The integrative analysis of temporal microbiome changes shows the existence of two types of species with a tendency to vary in abundance with time, here called outflow and inflow species. Importantly, the former tends to be enriched in disease, while the latter is enriched in health. We suggest that the decrease of disease-associated outflow and the increase of health-associated inflow species with time may be a fundamental albeit previously unrecognized aspect of the homeostasis maintenance in a healthy microbiome.

scholarly journals Immune signatures of prodromal multiple sclerosis in monozygotic twins

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (35) ◽  
pp. 21546-21556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Ann Gerdes ◽  
Claudia Janoschka ◽  
Maria Eveslage ◽  
Bianca Mannig ◽  
Timo Wirth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Monozygotic Twin ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Effector T Cell ◽  
Immune Signatures ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Immune Traits

The tremendous heterogeneity of the human population presents a major obstacle in understanding how autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) contribute to variations in human peripheral immune signatures. To minimize heterogeneity, we made use of a unique cohort of 43 monozygotic twin pairs clinically discordant for MS and searched for disease-related peripheral immune signatures in a systems biology approach covering a broad range of adaptive and innate immune populations on the protein level. Despite disease discordance, the immune signatures of MS-affected and unaffected cotwins were remarkably similar. Twinship alone contributed 56% of the immune variation, whereas MS explained 1 to 2% of the immune variance. Notably, distinct traits in CD4+effector T cell subsets emerged when we focused on a subgroup of twins with signs of subclinical, prodromal MS in the clinically healthy cotwin. Some of these early-disease immune traits were confirmed in a second independent cohort of untreated early relapsing-remitting MS patients. Early involvement of effector T cell subsets thus points to a key role of T cells in MS disease initiation.

Role of Human Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
Nazar Reehana ◽  
Mohamed Yousuff Mohamed Imran ◽  
Nooruddin Thajuddin ◽  
D. Dhanasekaran
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiome ◽  
Health And Disease

scholarly journals Developmental excitation-inhibition imbalance underlying psychoses revealed by single-cell analyses of discordant twins-derived cerebral organoids

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2695-2711
Author(s):  
Tomoyo Sawada ◽  
Thomas E. Chater ◽  
Yohei Sasagawa ◽  
Mika Yoshimura ◽  
Noriko Fujimori-Tonou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Neural Progenitor Cells ◽  
Monozygotic Twins ◽  
Monozygotic Twin ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Discordant Twins ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Human Brains

Abstract Despite extensive genetic and neuroimaging studies, detailed cellular mechanisms underlying schizophrenia and bipolar disorder remain poorly understood. Recent progress in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies enables identification of cell-type-specific pathophysiology. However, its application to psychiatric disorders is challenging because of methodological difficulties in analyzing human brains and the confounds due to a lifetime of illness. Brain organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of the patients are a powerful avenue to investigate the pathophysiological processes. Here, we generated iPSC-derived cerebral organoids from monozygotic twins discordant for psychosis. scRNA-seq analysis of the organoids revealed enhanced GABAergic specification and reduced cell proliferation following diminished Wnt signaling in the patient, which was confirmed in iPSC-derived forebrain neuronal cells. Two additional monozygotic twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia also confirmed the excess GABAergic specification of the patients’ neural progenitor cells. With a well-controlled genetic background, our data suggest that unbalanced specification of excitatory and inhibitory neurons during cortical development underlies psychoses.

scholarly journals Interplay between severities of COVID-19 and the gut microbiome: implications of bacterial co-infections?

Gut Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti Chhibber-Goel ◽  
Sreehari Gopinathan ◽  
Amit Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Immune Reactions ◽  
Effective Immune Response ◽  
Disease Prognosis ◽  
Nasal Swabs

AbstractCOVID-19 is an acute respiratory distress syndrome and is often accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms. The SARS-CoV-2 has been traced not only in nasopharyngeal and mid-nasal swabs but also in stool and rectal swabs of COVID-19 patients. The gut microbiota is important for an effective immune response as it ensures that unfavorable immune reactions in lungs and other vital organs are regulated. The human gut-lung microbiota interplay provides a framework for therapies in the treatment and management of several pulmonary diseases and infections. Here, we have collated data from COVID-19 studies, which suggest that bacterial co-infections as well as the gut-lung cross talk may be important players in COVID-19 disease prognosis. Our analyses suggests a role of gut microbiome in pathogen infections as well as in an array of excessive immune reactions during and post COVID-19 infection recovery period.

scholarly journals Synergistic Inhibitory Effect of the Gut Microbiome and Lithocholic Acid on Liver Fibrosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junwei Shao ◽  
Tiantian Ge ◽  
Senzhong Chen ◽  
Zhi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Lithocholic Acid ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background: Lithocholic acid are essential signaling molecules that mediate the relationship between the gut microbiome and liver function by regulating inflammation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of lithocholic acid in liver fibrosis. Methods: A liver fibrosis mouse model was induced by carbon tetrachloride followed by gavage of lithocholic acid, and the effects of lithocholic acid were evaluated by serum biochemical analysis and liver histology. Plasma cytokine levels and the number of immune cells were determined by cytometric bead array and flow cytometry, respectively. Results: Lithocholic acid treatment increased the recruitment of NK cells and reduced the activation of NKT cells, and reduced M1 macrophages differentiation and increased M2 macrophages differentiation. Furthermore, the lithocholic acid prevented inflammatory liver disease by reducing TNF-α and IL-22 secretion. However, the effect of lithocholic acid disappeared when the host gut microbiome was treated with antibiotics. Conclusions: It showed that the activation of lithocholic acid-mediated signaling was linked to the inhibition of inflammation and improvement of liver fibrosis. The role of lithocholic acid in liver fibrosis is mediated by the gut microbiome. The association between the gut microbiome, lithocholic acid, and liver function can serve as a therapeutic target for liver fibrosis.

scholarly journals Quantifying the impact of Human Leukocyte Antigen on the human gut microbiome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stijn P. Andeweg ◽  
Can Keşmir ◽  
Bas E. Dutilh
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Leukocyte Antigen ◽  
Human Gut Microbiome ◽  
Microbiome Diversity ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Hla Molecules

AbstractObjectiveThe gut microbiome is affected by a number of factors, including the innate and adaptive immune system. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in humans, performs an essential role in vertebrate immunity, and is very polymorphic in different populations. HLA determines the specificity of T lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cell responses, including against the commensal bacteria present in the human gut. Thus, it is likely that our HLA molecules and thereby the adaptive immune response, can shape the composition of our microbiome. Here, we investigated the effect of HLA haplotype on the microbiome composition.ResultsWe performed HLA typing and microbiota composition analyses on 3,002 public human gut microbiome datasets. We found that (i) individuals with functionally similar HLA molecules (i.e. presenting similar peptides) are also similar in their microbiota, and (ii) HLA homozygosity correlated with microbiome diversity, suggesting that diverse immune responses limit microbiome diversity.ConclusionOur results show a statistical association between host HLA haplotype and gut microbiome composition. Because the HLA haplotype is a readily measurable parameter of the human immune system, these results open the door to incorporating the immune system into predictive microbiome models.IMPORTANCEThe microorganisms that live in the digestive tracts of humans, known as the gut microbiome, are essential for hosts survival as they support crucial functions. For example, they support the host in facilitating the uptake of nutrients and give colonization resistance against pathogens. The composition of the gut microbiome varies among humans. Studies have proposed multiple factors driving the observed variation, including; diet, lifestyle, and health condition. Another major influence on the microbiome is the host’s genetic background. We hypothesized the immune system to be one of the most important genetic factors driving the differences observed between gut microbiomes. Therefore, we are interested in linking the polymorphic molecules that play a role in human immune responses to the composition of the microbiome. HLA molecules are the most polymorphic molecules in our genome and therefore makes an excellent candidate to test such an association/link. To our knowledge for the first time, our results indicate a significant impact of the HLA on the human gut microbiome composition.

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