scholarly journals Crustaceans as hosts of parasites throughout the Phanerozoic

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adiel A. Klompmaker ◽  
Cristina M. Robins ◽  
Roger W. Portell ◽  
Antonio De Angeli
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Late Jurassic ◽  
Host Preference ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Median Size ◽  
The Future ◽  
Rhizocephalan Barnacles ◽  
Selection For

The fossil record of crustaceans as hosts of parasites has yielded three confirmed associations: epicaridean isopod-induced swellings on Jurassic-Recent decapod crustaceans, feminization of Cretaceous and Miocene male crabs possibly caused by rhizocephalan barnacles, and presumed pentastomids on/in Silurian ostracods. Cestode platyhelminth hooks and swellings by entoniscid isopods may be recognized in the future. Relative to 2014, we report an increase of 41% to 124 fossil decapod species with epicaridean-induced swellings in the branchial chamber (ichnotaxon Kanthyloma crusta). Furthermore, using a Late Jurassic (Tithonian) decapod assemblage from Austria, we find (1) no correlation between genus abundance and prevalence of K. crusta, (2) host preference for some galatheoid taxa (as for a mid-Cretaceous assemblage from Spain), and (3) a larger median size of parasitized versus non-parasitized specimens for two selected species. The latter result may be caused by infestation throughout ontogeny rather than exclusively in juveniles and/or possible selection for the larger sex.

THE FUTURE FOSSIL RECORD OF THE ANTHROPOCENE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy E. Plotnick ◽  
◽  
Karen A. Koy
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
The Future

scholarly journals Sex differences in helping effort reveal the effect of future reproduction on cooperative behaviour in birds

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1885) ◽  
pp. 20181164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip A. Downing ◽  
Ashleigh S. Griffin ◽  
Charlie K. Cornwallis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Kin Selection ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
The Future ◽  
Helping Behaviour ◽  
Future Reproduction ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Family Groups

The evolution of helping behaviour in species that breed cooperatively in family groups is typically attributed to kin selection alone. However, in many species, helpers go on to inherit breeding positions in their natal groups, but the extent to which this contributes to selection for helping is unclear as the future reproductive success of helpers is often unknown. To quantify the role of future reproduction in the evolution of helping, we compared the helping effort of female and male retained offspring across cooperative birds. The kin selected benefits of helping are equivalent between female and male helpers—they are equally related to the younger siblings they help raise—but the future reproductive benefits of helping differ because of sex differences in the likelihood of breeding in the natal group. We found that the sex which is more likely to breed in its natal group invests more in helping, suggesting that in addition to kin selection, helping in family groups is shaped by future reproduction.

scholarly journals A review of the fossil record of non-baenid turtles of the clade Paracryptodira

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter G. Joyce ◽  
Jérémy Anquetin
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Late Jurassic ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Taxonomic Review ◽  
Nomina Invalida ◽  
Nomina Dubia

The fossil record of non-baenid paracryptodires ranges from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) tothe Paleocene of North America and Europe only. Earlier remains may be present as early as the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian). Only a single dispersal event is documented between the two continents following their breakup during the Cretaceous in the form of the appearance of the Compsemys lineage in the Paleocene of France. Non-baenid paracryptodires were restricted to freshwater aquatic environments, but display adaptations to diverse feeding strategies consistent with generalist, gape-and-suction, and hypercarnivorous feeding. Current phylogenies recognize two species rich subclades within Paracryptodira, Baenidae and Pleurosternidae, which jointly form the clade Baenoidea. A taxonomic review of non-baenid paracryptodires concludes that of 34 named taxa, 11 are nomina valida, 15 nomina invalida, and 8 nomina dubia.

scholarly journals How predictable is extinction? Forecasting species survival at million-year timescales

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1788) ◽  
pp. 20190392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Smits ◽  
Seth Finnegan
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Geographical Range ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Out Of Sample ◽  
Extinction Events ◽  
Over Time

A tenet of conservation palaeobiology is that knowledge of past extinction patterns can help us to better predict future extinctions. Although the future is unobservable, we can test the strength of this proposition by asking how well models conditioned on past observations would have predicted subsequent extinction events at different points in the geological past. To answer this question, we analyse the well-sampled fossil record of Cenozoic planktonic microfossil taxa (Foramanifera, Radiolaria, diatoms and calcareous nanoplankton). We examine how extinction probability varies over time as a function of species age, time of observation, current geographical range, change in geographical range, climate state and change in climate state. Our models have a 70–80% probability of correctly forecasting the rank order of extinction risk for a random out-of-sample species pair, implying that determinants of extinction risk have varied only modestly through time. We find that models which include either historical covariates or account for variation in covariate effects over time yield equivalent forecasts, but a model including both is overfit and yields biased forecasts. An important caveat is that human impacts may substantially disrupt range-risk dynamics so that the future will be less predictable than it has been in the past. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The past is a foreign country: how much can the fossil record actually inform conservation?’

scholarly journals Naticid gastropod and octopodid cephalopod predatory traces: evidence of drill holes on the leucosid crab Ristoria pliocaenica (Ristori, 1891), from the Pliocene of the “La Serra” quarry (Tuscany, Italy)

10.4081/19 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Pasini ◽  
Alessandro Garassino
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Early Pliocene ◽  
First Report ◽  
Predatory Activity ◽  
The Common ◽  
Drill Holes

Garassino<em> et al.</em> (2012) reported on a rich community of decapod crustaceans including axiideans, gebiideans, anomurans, and brachyurans from the Zanclean (Early Pliocene) of the “La Serra” quarry near San Miniato (Pisa, Tuscany, central Italy). In this decapod-rich assemblage some carapaces of the common pebble crab<em> Ristoria pliocaenica</em> (Ristori, 1891) (<em>Leucosiidae Samouelle</em>, 1819) are drilled in characteristic ways, due to the predatory activity of individuals belonging to two different taxa of marine clades, possibly naticids (Gastropoda, Naticoidea), and to octopodids (Cephalopoda, Octopoda). This is the first report of direct evidence of predation by cephalopods on crabs in the fossil record.

Paleontology's Greatest Hits

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 17-40
Author(s):  
Richard K. Bambach
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Paleontological Society ◽  
Link Pattern ◽  
The Way

Although this paper mentions many specific discoveries and advances it is not intended as a catalog of the “biggest hits” in the sense of public notice, but rather it is an effort to chart how the diversity of paleontological work in the last century fits into the context of the biggest hit of all, the emergence of a “new paleontology” in which conceptual advances have revolutionized every aspect of our profession. When the Paleontological Society was founded no unambiguous fossils were known from the immense stretch of Precambrian time and no hominine fossils were known from Africa. Rigorous phylogenetic analysis and a seat for paleontology at the “high table” of evolutionary biology were in the future. Where once we learned a series of guide fossils and thought we had studied paleontology, now students explore taphonomy, paleoeocology, geobiology and macroevolution in our general courses on paleontology. This paper attempts to take notice of some of the highlights of our evolution from a field focused on cataloging and describing the contents of the fossil record into a complex, multidisciplinary endeavor focused on analytical study of general questions. Some of those hits have been discoveries that document the course of evolution, some have been new conceptual approaches that give us insights that link pattern to process, some are new ways of compiling, analyzing or communicating our knowledge. But with all that the study of the history of life remains at the heart of our profession. The change has been the shift in goal from description to understanding of that history, from “what” to “how.” The greatest hits have been the steps that have opened the way to understanding, that have made following the path possible.

scholarly journals Tetraliidae and Trapeziidae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura) from the Early Eocene of Monte Magrè (Vicenza, NE Italy)

2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Antonio De Angeli ◽  
Loris Ceccon
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Early Eocene ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Ne Italy ◽  
Late Ypresian

The decapod crustaceans of the families Tetraliidae and Trapeziidae from the Early Eocene (middle-late Ypresian) of Monte Magrè (Schio, Vicenza, NE Italy), are described. The specimens are assigned to <em>Eurotetralia loerenthey</em> (Müller, 1975) n. gen., <em>Tetralia vicetina</em> n. sp. (Tetraliidae Castro, Ng &amp; Ahyong, 2004); <em>Archaeotetra lessinea</em> n. sp., <em>Eomaldivia trispinosa</em> Müller &amp; Collins, 1991, <em>Paratetralia convexa</em> Beschin, Busulini, De Angeli &amp; Tessier, 2007, and <em>Paratetralia sulcata</em> n. sp. (Trapeziidae Miers, 1886).<br />The specimens were discovered associated with other decapods, in the coral-rich limestone. This report is the oldest fossil record of both two families. The stratigraphical distribution of the Tetraliidae and Trapeziidae is extended back to the middle-late Ypresian.

Evolutionary trends and ecology of Mesozoic decapod crustaceans

1985 ◽  
Vol 76 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 299-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard Förster
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Trace Fossils ◽  
Evolutionary Trends ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Gradual Reduction ◽  
Successful Method

ABSTRACTThe fossil record of unquestionable decapod remains dates back to Permo Triassic times. Evaluation of all available data from the fossil record, trace fossils and facies reveals various trends within the evolution of Mesozoic decapods, and its relation to their ecology. One of these trends is the protection of the long vulnerable abdomen. The most successful method, gradual reduction and inflection of the abdomen against the ventral cephalothorax, led to the Brachyura. Brachyurans exhibit the broadest spectrum of habitat adaptions.

scholarly journals Extreme diversity and parasitism of Late Jurassic squat lobsters (Decapoda: Galatheoidea) and the oldest records of porcellanids and galatheids

2019 ◽  
Vol 187 (4) ◽  
pp. 1131-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina M Robins ◽  
Adiël A Klompmaker
Keyword(s):  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Late Jurassic ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Squat Lobsters

AbstractGalatheoid decapod crustaceans consist of ~1250 species today, but their evolutionary history and origin are poorly known. We studied the largest known fossil galatheoid assemblage, from the Late Jurassic of Ernstbrunn, Austria. This coral-associated assemblage yielded 2348 specimens, arranged in 53 species, 22 genera and six families. Rarefaction analyses show that nearly all taxa have been collected. In addition to abundant Munidopsidae, this assemblage also contains the oldest members of four of the six galatheoid families, including Galatheidae, Munididae, Paragalatheidae and Porcellanidae. We describe the oldest Porcellanidae and Galatheidae to date, and a catillogalatheid: Vibrissalana jurassica gen. et sp. nov., ?Galathea genesis sp. nov. and Galatheites britmelanarum sp. nov. Our re-examination of the oldest claimed porcellanid, Jurellana tithonia, from Ernstbrunn, indicates that it represents a homolodromioid brachyuran, ascribed to Jurellanidae fam. nov. along with Ovalopus gen. nov. The second-oldest claimed porcellanid, Early Cretaceous Petrolisthes albianicus, is transferred to the catillogalatheid Hispanigalathea. We further document that 10.4% of Ernstbrunn galatheoid specimens were parasitized by epicaridean isopods, as shown by swellings in the gill region. Statistical analyses indicate that infestation is near non-random, varying from 0 to 33% for common species. Thus, Late Jurassic coral-associated habitats were key ecosystems in the evolution of galatheoids and their parasites.

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