scholarly journals Mitogenomes illuminate the origin and migration patterns of the indigenous people of the Canary Islands

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Fregel ◽  
Alejandra C. Ordóñez ◽  
Jonathan Santana-Cabrera ◽  
Vicente M. Cabrera ◽  
Javier Velasco-Vazquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Near East ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
North African ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
And Migration

AbstractThe Canary Islands’ indigenous people have been the subject of substantial archaeological, anthropological, linguistic and genetic research pointing to a most probable North African Berber source. However, neither agreement about the exact point of origin nor a model for the indigenous colonization of the islands has been established. To shed light on these questions, we analyzed 48 ancient mitogenomes from 25 archaeological sites from the seven main islands. Most lineages observed in the ancient samples have a Mediterranean distribution, and belong to lineages associated with the Neolithic expansion in the Near East and Europe (T2c, J2a, X3a…). This phylogeographic analysis of Canarian indigenous mitogenomes, the first of its kind, shows that some lineages are restricted to Central North Africa (H1cf, J2a2d and T2c1d3), while others have a wider distribution, including both West and Central North Africa, and, in some cases, Europe and the Near East (U6a1a1, U6a7a1, U6b, X3a, U6c1). In addition, we identify four new Canarian-specific lineages (H1e1a9, H4a1e, J2a2d1a and L3b1a12) whose coalescence dates correlate with the estimated time for the colonization of the islands (1st millennia CE). Additionally, we observe an asymmetrical distribution of mtDNA haplogroups in the ancient population, with certain haplogroups appearing more frequently in the islands closer to the continent. This reinforces results based on modern mtDNA and Y-chromosome data, and archaeological evidence suggesting the existence of two distinct migrations. Comparisons between insular populations show that some populations had high genetic diversity, while others were probably affected by genetic drift and/or bottlenecks. In spite of observing interinsular differences in the survival of indigenous lineages, modern populations, with the sole exception of La Gomera, are homogenous across the islands, supporting the theory of extensive human mobility after the European conquest.

scholarly journals Mitogenomes illuminate the origin and migration patterns of the indigenous people of the Canary Islands

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. e0209125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Fregel ◽  
Alejandra C. Ordóñez ◽  
Jonathan Santana-Cabrera ◽  
Vicente M. Cabrera ◽  
Javier Velasco-Vázquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
And Migration

scholarly journals The Challenges and Relevance of Exploring the Genetics of North Africa’s “Barbary Lion” and the Conservation of Putative Descendants in Captivity

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon A. Black
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
North African ◽  
Ecosystem Recovery ◽  
North West ◽  
West And Central Africa ◽  
African Lions

The lions of North Africa were unique in ecological terms as well as from a human cultural perspective and were the definitive lions of Roman and Medieval Europe. Labelled “Barbary” lions, they were once numerous in North Africa but were exterminated by the mid-20th century. Despite subsequent degeneration of the Atlas Mountain ecosystem through human pressures, the feasibility of lion reintroduction has been debated since the 1970s. Research on the long-established captive lion collection traditionally kept by the sultans and kings of Morocco has enabled selective breeding coordinated across Moroccan and European zoos involving a significant number of animals. Molecular genetic research has recently provided insights into lion phylogeny which, despite previous suggestions that all lions share recent common ancestry, now indicates clear distinctions between lions in North, West, and Central Africa, the Middle East, and India versus those in Southern and Eastern Africa. A review of the evolutionary relevance of North African lions highlights the important challenges and opportunities in understanding relationships between Moroccan lions, extinct North African lions, and extant lion populations in India and West and Central Africa and the potential role for lions in ecosystem recovery in those regions.

Decolonization and Migration

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud S. Mandel
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
North African ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
Colonial Policies ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Jewish Populations ◽  
The Way

This chapter builds on the link between French colonial policies and Muslim–Jewish relations in the metropole by tracing how decolonization throughout North Africa changed the way a diverse set of social actors, including French colonial administrators, international Jewish spokesmen, and a wide range of indigenous nationalist groups conceptualized Jewish belonging throughout the region. It argues that the process led to the emergence of the “North African Jew,” a category to which no individual ascribed but that worked rhetorically to unite the diverse Moroccan, Tunisian, and Algerian Jewish populations into a collective often understood to be in conflict with “North Africans,” “Muslims,” or “Arabs.”

Relationships of Podarcis wall lizards from Algeria based on mtDNA data

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Said Larbes ◽  
D. James Harris ◽  
Catarina Pinho ◽  
Alexandra Lima ◽  
José Carlos Brito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
North African ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
African Populations ◽  
Molecular Studies

AbstractRecent molecular studies indicate that Podarcis wall lizards occurring in the southern region of the Iberian Peninsula and in North Africa, from south Morocco to eastern Tunisia, constitute a monophyletic group composed of several highly differentiated forms that appear to be incipient species. However, Algerian populations, which are geographically intermediate, have not been investigated so far. In this study we determine the levels of genetic variability between Algerian populations and other North African populations, using a more extensive sampling scheme covering most of the distribution range in this area. Our results show that North African Podarcis present high genetic diversity, comprising at least five highly divergent lineages. Two of these lineages were only detected in Algeria, which harbours most of the genetic diversity found within Podarcis from North Africa.

scholarly journals Captivity, Displacement and Migration Among Indigenous People on Mining Frontiers

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
José Manuel Moreno Vega
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Mining Centers ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Mining Regions

Os centros de mineração foram destinos comuns para a migração indígena durante o período colonial devido à alta demanda de mão de obra indígena que para lá se deslocava principalmente pela quase inexistência de indígenas sedentários nas regiões mineradoras. Uma revisão da bibliografia recente de vários estudiosos sobre os padrões de migração indígena em centros de mineração aborda tópicos afins, como migração forçada, deslocamento e cativeiro, relacionados à violência. Conhecimentos acerca temas do papel das mulheres nesse tipo de processos também constituem problemas das pesquisas relacionadas. As diferentes abordagens adotadas por especialistas neste tópico e, portanto, um conjunto de descobertas diferentes, também devem ser consideradas. Palavras-chave: Paisagens. Mineração. Cativeiro. Deslocamento. Migração. Abstract: mining centers were common places for indigenous migration during the colonial period, because of the high demand on foreign indigenous labor, mainly due to the low sedentary indigenous population in the mining regions. A literature review on the recent work of several borderlands scholars on indigenous migration patterns into mining centers sheds new light on related topics, such as forced migration, displacement and captivity, which relate to violence. It also sheds knowledge on topics such as women’s roles in these type of processes. One thing to consider are the different approaches taken by experts on this topic, and thus, the different set of findings. Keywords: Landscapes. Mining. Captivity. Displacement. Migration.

scholarly journals Matchmaker, Matchmaker, Make Me a Match: Migration of Populations via Marriages in the Past

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Hoon Lee ◽  
Robyn Ffrancon ◽  
Daniel M. Abrams ◽  
Beom Jun Kim ◽  
Mason A. Porter
Keyword(s):  
City Planning ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Different Cultures

AbstractThe study of human mobility is both of fundamental importance and of great potential value. For example, it can be leveraged to facilitate efficient city planning and improve prevention strategies when faced with epidemics. The newfound wealth of rich sources of data—including banknote flows, mobile phone records, and transportation data—have led to an explosion of attempts to characterize modern human mobility. Unfortunately, the dearth of comparable historical data makes it much more difficult to study human mobility patterns from the past. In this paper, we present such an analysis: we demonstrate that the data record from Korean family books (called “jokbo”) can be used to estimate migration patterns via marriages from the past 750 years. We apply two generative models of long-term human mobility to quantify the relevance of geographical information to human marriage records in the data, and we find that the wide variety in the geographical distributions of the clans poses interesting challenges for the direct application of these models. Using the different geographical distributions of clans, we quantify the “ergodicity” of clans in terms of how widely and uniformly they have spread across Korea, and we compare these results to those obtained using surname data from the Czech Republic. To examine population flow in more detail, we also construct and examine a population-flow network between regions. Based on the correlation between ergodicity and migration patterns in Korea, we identify two different types of migration patterns: diffusive and convective. We expect the analysis of diffusive versus convective effects in population flows to be widely applicable to the study of mobility and migration patterns across different cultures.

scholarly journals The Saharo-Canarian Circle: The forgotten Prehistory of Euro African Atlantic façade and its lack of eastern demic diffusion evidences

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (16) ◽  
pp. 586-600
Author(s):  
Antonio Arnaiz-Villena ◽  
Marcial Medina ◽  
Valentín Ruíz-del-Valle ◽  
José Palacio-Gruber ◽  
Adrian Lopez-Nares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Canary Islands ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Sahara Desert ◽  
North African ◽  
Mediterranean Europe ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
African Atlantic ◽  
Demic Diffusion

Canarians, North Africans and Iberians show a close genetic relatedness. Greeks have a Sub-Saharan gene input according to HLA and other autosomic markers. Also, there is a genetic kinship between both Atlantic Euro Africans and North African/Arabic people. This is concordant with a drying humid Sahara Desert, which may have occurred about 6,000 years BC, and the subsequent northwards emigration of Saharan people may have also happened in Pharaonic times. This genetic input into Atlantic and Mediterranean Europe/Africa is also supported with Lineal Megalithic Scripts in Canary Islands (as well as in Iberia) together with simple Iberian semi-syllabary rock inscriptions both at Canary Islands and Ti-m Missaou (Algeria, Central southern Sahara). Lineal African/European scripts are found in certain languages scripts like Berber/Tuareg, Iberian, Runes, Etruscan, Bulgarian (Sitovo and Gradeshnitza, 6,000 years BP), Italian Old Scripts (Lepontic, Venetic, Raetic), Minoan Lineal A and Vinca scripts (Romania, Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, about 4,000 years BP). The possibility that Megalithic Lineal Scripts have given rise to these languages lineal writing is feasible because admixture of languages rock scripts and Megalithic Lineal Scripts have been found. Thus, resistance of Canarian aborigines (Guanches) to Carthage, Rome and Arabs left a bulk of Canarian-Saharan information which is used to study both Saharan and Canarian Prehistory, and also Atlantic and Mediterranean beginning of European and other civilizations: this preserved prehistoric inheritance may be named the “Saharo-Canarian Circle” of prehistoric knowledge. Also, linguistics-epigraphy, physical anthropology, archaeology, and domesticated cattle shows a close North Africa-Iberia Mesolithic/Neolithic relationship and demonstrates that the demic diffusion model does not exist in Iberia. Also, Tassili Sahara paintings of domesticated cattle appear 1,000 years before those agricultural practices started at Middle East. Finally, it is also inferred that circum-Mediterranean contacts during thousand years between ice and desert constructed Mediterranean cultures from Canary Islands to Ancient Great Persia and this is the origin of Classical Mediterranean cultures that was later exclusively attributed to Rome and Greece.

A proportional odds model of human mobility and migration patterns

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-98
Author(s):  
Ting Ma ◽  
Rong Zhu ◽  
Jianghao Wang ◽  
Na Zhao ◽  
Tao Pei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Mobility ◽  
Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
And Migration

scholarly journals Dissecting human North African gene-flow into its western coastal surroundings

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1902) ◽  
pp. 20190471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara R. Arauna ◽  
Garrett Hellenthal ◽  
David Comas
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
North African ◽  
The North ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
The Impact

North African history and populations have exerted a pivotal influence on surrounding geographical regions, although scant genetic studies have addressed this issue. Our aim is to understand human historical migrations in the coastal surroundings of North Africa. We built a refined genome-wide dataset of North African populations to unearth the fine-scale genetic structure of the region, using haplotype information. The results suggest that the gene-flow from North Africa into the European Mediterranean coast (Tuscany and the Iberian Peninsula) arrived mainly from the Mediterranean coast of North Africa. In Tuscany, this North African admixture date estimate suggests the movement of peoples during the fall of the Roman Empire around the fourth century. In the Iberian Peninsula, the North African component probably reflects the impact of the Arab expansion since the seventh century and the subsequent expansion of the Christian Kingdoms. By contrast, the North African component in the Canary Islands has a source genetically related to present-day people from the Atlantic North African coast. We also find sub-Saharan gene-flow from the Senegambia region in the Canary Islands. Specifically, we detect a complex signal of admixture involving Atlantic, Senegambian and European sources intermixing around the fifteenth century, soon after the Castilian conquest. Our results highlight the differential genetic influence of North Africa into the surrounding coast and show that specific historical events have not only had a socio-cultural impact but additionally modified the gene pool of the populations.

Syrian Crisis and Migration

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pinar Yazgan ◽  
Deniz Eroglu Utku ◽  
Ibrahim Sirkeci
Keyword(s):  
Human Mobility ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Syrian Crisis ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Europe Today ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Near Future

With the growing insurrections in Syria in 2011, an exodus in large numbers have emerged. The turmoil and violence have caused mass migration to destinations both within the region and beyond. The current "refugee crisis" has escalated sharply and its impact is widening from neighbouring countries toward Europe. Today, the Syrian crisis is the major cause for an increase in displacement and the resultant dire humanitarian situation in the region. Since the conflict shows no signs of abating in the near future, there is a constant increase in the number of Syrians fleeing their homes. However, questions on the future impact of the Syrian crisis on the scope and scale of this human mobility are still to be answered. As the impact of the Syrian crisis on host countries increases, so does the demand for the analyses of the needs for development and protection in these countries. In this special issue, we aim to bring together a number of studies examining and discussing human mobility in relation to the Syrian crisis.

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