scholarly journals optoPAD: a closed-loop optogenetics system to study the circuit basis of feeding behaviors

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
José-Maria Moreira ◽  
Pavel M. Itskov ◽  
Dennis Goldschmidt ◽  
Kathrin Steck ◽  
Samuel J. Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Dynamic Environments ◽  
Important Goal ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Specific Subset ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gustatory Neurons

The regulation of feeding plays a key role in determining the fitness of animals through its impact on nutrition. Elucidating the circuit basis of feeding and related behaviors is an important goal in neuroscience. We recently used a system for closed-loop optogenetic manipulation of neurons contingent on the fly’s feeding behavior to dissect the impact of a specific subset of taste neurons on yeast feeding (Steck et al., 2018). Here we describe the development and validation of this system, which we term the optoPAD. We use the optoPAD to induce appetitive and aversive effects on feeding by activating or inhibiting gustatory neurons in closed loop – effectively creating virtual taste realities. The use of optogenetics allowed us to vary the dynamics and probability of stimulation in single flies and assess the impact on feeding behavior quantitatively and with high throughput. These data demonstrate that the optoPAD is a powerful tool to dissect the circuit basis of feeding behavior, allowing the efficient implementation of sophisticated behavioral paradigms to study the mechanistic basis of animals’ adaptation to dynamic environments.

scholarly journals optoPAD, a closed-loop optogenetics system to study the circuit basis of feeding behaviors

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
José-Maria Moreira ◽  
Pavel M Itskov ◽  
Dennis Goldschmidt ◽  
Celia Baltazar ◽  
Kathrin Steck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Dynamic Environments ◽  
Important Goal ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Specific Subset ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gustatory Neurons

The regulation of feeding plays a key role in determining the fitness of animals through its impact on nutrition. Elucidating the circuit basis of feeding and related behaviors is an important goal in neuroscience. We recently used a system for closed-loop optogenetic manipulation of neurons contingent on the feeding behavior of Drosophila to dissect the impact of a specific subset of taste neurons on yeast feeding. Here, we describe the development and validation of this system, which we term the optoPAD. We use the optoPAD to induce appetitive and aversive effects on feeding by activating or inhibiting gustatory neurons in closed-loop – effectively creating virtual taste realities. The use of optogenetics allowed us to vary the dynamics and probability of stimulation in single flies and assess the impact on feeding behavior quantitatively and with high throughput. These data demonstrate that the optoPAD is a powerful tool to dissect the circuit basis of feeding behavior, allowing the efficient implementation of sophisticated behavioral paradigms to study the mechanistic basis of animals’ adaptation to dynamic environments.

Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Flupyradifurone on Bemisia tabaci MED (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Feeding Behavior and TYLCV Transmission in Tomato

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baiming Liu ◽  
Evan L Preisser ◽  
Xiaoguo Jiao ◽  
Weihong Xu ◽  
Youjun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Load Vector ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Pesticides primarily affect target organisms via direct toxicity, but may also alter the feeding behaviors of surviving individuals in ways that alter their effect on host plants. The latter impact is especially important when pests can transmit plant pathogens. The Mediterranean (MED) population of the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) transmits Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a pathogen that can be economically devastating in field and greenhouse cropping systems. We first assessed the impact of sublethal (LC15) and label concentrations of flupyradifurone, a butenolide-derived insecticide, on the feeding behavior of TYLCV-infected MED on tomato. We next measured the effect of flupyradifurone on plant TYLCV load, vector transmission efficiency, and MED survival. Both the LC15 and label flupyradifurone concentrations dramatically altered MED feeding and caused the near cessation of both salivation and phloem ingestion (necessary for viral transmission and acquisition, respectively). Both concentrations also significantly reduced plant TYLCV load, and the label rate of flupyradifurone sharply decreased TYLCV transmission while killing >99% of MED. As the first report of pesticide-induced changes in the feeding behavior of viruliferous Bemisia, our findings highlight the potential importance of chemically driven feeding cessation in the control of TYLCV and other Bemisia-transmitted plant pathogens.

The Impact of Visual Feedback Type on the Mastery of Visuo-Motor Transformations

2012 ◽  
Vol 220 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Sülzenbrück
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Closed Loop Control ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Feedback Type ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The Impact

For the effective use of modern tools, the inherent visuo-motor transformation needs to be mastered. The successful adjustment to and learning of these transformations crucially depends on practice conditions, particularly on the type of visual feedback during practice. Here, a review about empirical research exploring the influence of continuous and terminal visual feedback during practice on the mastery of visuo-motor transformations is provided. Two studies investigating the impact of the type of visual feedback on either direction-dependent visuo-motor gains or the complex visuo-motor transformation of a virtual two-sided lever are presented in more detail. The findings of these studies indicate that the continuous availability of visual feedback supports performance when closed-loop control is possible, but impairs performance when visual input is no longer available. Different approaches to explain these performance differences due to the type of visual feedback during practice are considered. For example, these differences could reflect a process of re-optimization of motor planning in a novel environment or represent effects of the specificity of practice. Furthermore, differences in the allocation of attention during movements with terminal and continuous visual feedback could account for the observed differences.

Development and Validation of an LC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Canagliflozin and Metformin HCl in Rat Plasma and its Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 752-762
Author(s):  
Vivek Nalawade ◽  
Vaibhav A. Dixit ◽  
Amisha Vora ◽  
Himashu Zade
Keyword(s):  
Internal Standard ◽  
Rat Plasma ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Herbal Extracts ◽  
One Step ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Metformin Hcl

Background: Food and herbal extracts rich in Quercetin (QRT) are often self-medicated by diabetics and can potentially alter the pharmacokinetics (PK) of Metformin HCl (MET) and Canagliflozin (CNG) leading to food or herb-drug interactions and reduced therapeutic efficacy. However, the impact of these flavonoids on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of MET and CNG is mostly unknown. Methods: A simple one-step protein precipitation method was developed for the determination of MET and CNG from rat plasma. The mobile phase chosen was MeOH 65% and 35% water containing 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 1mL/min. Results: The retention time of MET, internal standard (Valsartan) and CNG was 1.83, 6.2 and 8.2 min, respectively. The method was found to be linear in the range of 200 - 8000 ng/mL for CNG and 100 = 4000 ng/ml for MET. Precision and accuracy of the method were below 20% at LLOQ and below 15% for LQC, MQC, and HQC. Conclusion: The method was successfully applied for the determination of PK of MET and CNG by using 100 μL of rat plasma. QRT co-administration affects the PK parameters of MET and CNG. This alteration in PK parameters might be of significant use for clinicians and patients.

scholarly journals Research on Closed-Loop Supply Chain Decision-Making in Different Cooperation Modes with Government’s Reward-Penalty Mechanism

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6425
Author(s):  
Quanxi Li ◽  
Haowei Zhang ◽  
Kailing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Stackelberg Game ◽  
Recycling Rate ◽  
Transfer Payment ◽  
Closed Loop Supply Chain ◽  
Asymmetry Of Information ◽  
Optimal Decisions ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

In closed-loop supply chains (CLSC), manufacturers, retailers, and recyclers perform their duties. Due to the asymmetry of information among enterprises, it is difficult for them to maximize efficiency and profits. To maximize the efficiency and profit of the CLSC, this study establishes five cooperation models of CLSC under the government‘s reward–penalty mechanism. We make decisions on wholesale prices, retail prices, transfer payment prices, and recovery rates relying on the Stackelberg game method and compare the optimal decisions. This paper analyzes the impact of the government reward-penalty mechanism on optimal decisions and how members in CLSC choose partners. We find that the government’s reward-penalty mechanism can effectively increase the recycling rate of used products and the total profit of the closed-loop supply chain. According to the calculation results of the models, under the government’s reward-penalty mechanism, the cooperation can improve the CLSC’s used products recycling capacity and profitability. In a supply chain, the more members participate in the cooperation, the higher profit the CLSC obtain. However, the cooperation mode of all members may lead to monopoly, which is not approved by government and customers.

scholarly journals Forest and Society’s Welfare: Impact Assessment in Lithuania

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5598
Author(s):  
Stasys Mizaras ◽  
Diana Lukmine
Keyword(s):  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Important Goal ◽  
Welfare Impact ◽  
Global Problem ◽  
Five Dimensional Model ◽  
Welfare Index ◽  
The Impact

Effective formation and implementation of forest policy can only be achieved with orientation to the most important goal—increasing society’s welfare. The global problem is, at present, that the impact of forests on society welfare indexes have not been identified. The aim of the study is to design an assessment model and assess the impact of Lithuanian forests on the society welfare index. The impact of forests was determined by multiplying the country’s welfare of society index by the forest contribution coefficient. In this study, to assess the index of the welfare of Lithuanian society, a five-dimensional model with 16 indicators was applied. The study is based on the Eurostat database and on Lithuanian forestry statistics. The Lithuanian welfare of society index calculated according to the model was 51.4% and the contribution of forests in this index was 3.9%. It represented 7.6% of the index of the welfare of society. Forests have the greatest impact in the environmental dimension, according to the assessment results.

Associations Between Parent–Child Communication and Connectedness, Parent Feeding Behavior, and Child Body Mass in Pre-Adolescent Children

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina D Lowe ◽  
Mark A Lott ◽  
Chad D Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Parent Child Communication ◽  
Parental Feeding ◽  
Parent Feeding ◽  
Parent Child

Abstract Objective  This study evaluated associations between parent–child connectedness and communication, parent feeding behaviors (restriction, pressure to eat, and monitoring), and age- and sex-standardized child body mass index (zBMI) in a sample of pre-adolescent children aged 8–12 years. Methods  A community sample of three hundred and eight child–parent dyads completed measures of communication and connectedness. Parents completed a feeding behavior measure and children were weighed and their height was measured. We examined whether parental feeding behaviors and parent–child communication and connectedness predicted child zBMI and whether parental feeding behaviors moderated the association between parent–child communication and connectedness and child zBMI. Results  Feeding restriction was positively associated with zBMI, while both pressure to eat and food monitoring exhibited negative associations with zBMI. Child-reported communication was inversely associated with zBMI and parental pressure to eat moderated this association such that lower pressure to eat predicted a stronger association between communication and zBMI. Conclusions  These findings are consistent with previous research suggesting that parent feeding strategies and parent–child communication are important contributors to child weight status. This study also provides preliminary evidence suggesting that adaptive parent–child communication is associated with lower body mass when parents avoid pressuring their child to eat. Our study provides an important extension of this body of research into middle childhood, a relatively understudied developmental stage.

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