scholarly journals Beat-Relevant Signals in Auditory Cortical Responses to Musical Excerpts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vani G. Rajendran ◽  
Nicol S. Harper ◽  
Jan W. H. Schnupp
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Field Model ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Cortical Responses ◽  
Musical Excerpts ◽  
Sensory Pathway ◽  
Spectrotemporal Receptive Field ◽  
High Level

AbstractMusical beat perception is widely regarded as a high-level ability involving widespread coordination across brain areas, but how low-level auditory processing must necessarily shape these dynamics, and therefore perception, remains unexplored. Previous cross-species work suggested that beat perception in simple rhythmic noise bursts is shaped by neural transients in the ascending sensory pathway. Here, we found that low-level processes even substantially explain the emergence of beat in real music. Firing rates in the rat auditory cortex in response to twenty musical excerpts were on average higher on the beat than off the beat tapped by human listeners. This “neural emphasis” distinguished the perceived beat from alternative interpretations, was predictive of the degree of consensus across listeners, and was accounted for by a spectrotemporal receptive field model. These findings indicate that low-level auditory processing may have a stronger influence on the location and clarity of the beat in music than previously thought.

scholarly journals Auditory cortical representation of music favours the perceived beat

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 191194
Author(s):  
Vani G. Rajendran ◽  
Nicol S. Harper ◽  
Jan W. H. Schnupp
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Field Model ◽  
Cortical Representation ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Musical Excerpts ◽  
Spectrotemporal Receptive Field ◽  
Cognitive Areas

Previous research has shown that musical beat perception is a surprisingly complex phenomenon involving widespread neural coordination across higher-order sensory, motor and cognitive areas. However, the question of how low-level auditory processing must necessarily shape these dynamics, and therefore perception, is not well understood. Here, we present evidence that the auditory cortical representation of music, even in the absence of motor or top-down activations, already favours the beat that will be perceived. Extracellular firing rates in the rat auditory cortex were recorded in response to 20 musical excerpts diverse in tempo and genre, for which musical beat perception had been characterized by the tapping behaviour of 40 human listeners. We found that firing rates in the rat auditory cortex were on average higher on the beat than off the beat. This ‘neural emphasis’ distinguished the beat that was perceived from other possible interpretations of the beat, was predictive of the degree of tapping consensus across human listeners, and was accounted for by a spectrotemporal receptive field model. These findings strongly suggest that the ‘bottom-up’ processing of music performed by the auditory system predisposes the timing and clarity of the perceived musical beat.

Ideaesthesia: Conceptual processes assign similar colours to similar shapes

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uta Jürgens ◽  
Danko Nikolić
Keyword(s):  
Brain Areas ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
Novel Associations

AbstractOne of the main problems in understanding synaesthesia is determining whether it is a sensory or semantic phenomenon-a problem also known as the distinction between ‘low-’ vs. ‘high-level’ synaesthesia. Recently, it has been reported that in grapheme-colour synaesthesia, the colour associated to a letter is chosen by similarity to other letters. Letters of similar shapes tend to elicit similar colours. The authors explained this result by low-level cross-wiring between grapheme and colour brain areas. In the present study we show that when new graphemes are learned, they also associate synaesthetic colours based on shape- and colour similarity. Importantly, these novel associations between graphemes and colors are created within minutes, which is too rapid to be accounted for by cross-wiring. In addition, the dimensions of similarity used to create these associations were more abstract than what would be expected from elementary features processed in the grapheme area. Therefore, we conclude that the result is better explained by high-level conceptual mechanisms that guide the choices and creation of synaesthetic concurrents.

scholarly journals Neurons in the human hippocampus and amygdala respond to both low- and high-level image properties

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 2874-2884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter N. Steinmetz ◽  
Elaine Cabrales ◽  
Michael S. Wilson ◽  
Christopher P. Baker ◽  
Christopher K. Thorp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Visual Objects ◽  
Human Epilepsy ◽  
Human Hippocampus ◽  
High Level ◽  
Simultaneous Representation ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

A large number of studies have demonstrated that structures within the medial temporal lobe, such as the hippocampus, are intimately involved in declarative memory for objects and people. Although these items are abstractions of the visual scene, specific visual details can change the speed and accuracy of their recall. By recording from 415 neurons in the hippocampus and amygdala of human epilepsy patients as they viewed images drawn from 10 image categories, we showed that the firing rates of 8% of these neurons encode image illuminance and contrast, low-level properties not directly pertinent to task performance, whereas in 7% of the neurons, firing rates encode the category of the item depicted in the image, a high-level property pertinent to the task. This simultaneous representation of high- and low-level image properties within the same brain areas may serve to bind separate aspects of visual objects into a coherent percept and allow episodic details of objects to influence mnemonic performance.

Teknik Data Mining Dalam Clustering Produksi Susu Segar Di Indonesia Dengan Algoritma K-Means

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Ilham Safitra Damanik ◽  
Sundari Retno Andani ◽  
Dedi Sehendro
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Clustering Method ◽  
Data Mining Techniques ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Cluster

Milk is an important intake to meet nutritional needs. Both consumed by children, and adults. Indonesia has many producers of fresh milk, but it is not sufficient for national milk needs. Data mining is a science in the field of computers that is widely used in research. one of the data mining techniques is Clustering. Clustering is a method by grouping data. The Clustering method will be more optimal if you use a lot of data. Data to be used are provincial data in Indonesia from 2000 to 2017 obtained from the Central Statistics Agency. The results of this study are in Clusters based on 2 milk-producing groups, namely high-dairy producers and low-milk producing regions. From 27 data on fresh milk production in Indonesia, two high-level provinces can be obtained, namely: West Java and East Java. And 25 others were added in 7 provinces which did not follow the calculation of the K-Means Clustering Algorithm, including in the low level cluster.

Determinants of Abuse of the Bodies of the Dead

2019 ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
Margarita Khomyakova
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Specific Object ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Dead ◽  
High Level

The author analyzes definitions of the concepts of determinants of crime given by various scientists and offers her definition. In this study, determinants of crime are understood as a set of its causes, the circumstances that contribute committing them, as well as the dynamics of crime. It is noted that the Russian legislator in Article 244 of the Criminal Code defines the object of this criminal assault as public morality. Despite the use of evaluative concepts both in the disposition of this norm and in determining the specific object of a given crime, the position of criminologists is unequivocal: crimes of this kind are immoral and are in irreconcilable conflict with generally accepted moral and legal norms. In the paper, some views are considered with regard to making value judgments which could hardly apply to legal norms. According to the author, the reasons for abuse of the bodies of the dead include economic problems of the subject of a crime, a low level of culture and legal awareness; this list is not exhaustive. The main circumstances that contribute committing abuse of the bodies of the dead and their burial places are the following: low income and unemployment, low level of criminological prevention, poor maintenance and protection of medical institutions and cemeteries due to underperformance of state and municipal bodies. The list of circumstances is also open-ended. Due to some factors, including a high level of latency, it is not possible to reflect the dynamics of such crimes objectively. At the same time, identification of the determinants of abuse of the bodies of the dead will reduce the number of such crimes.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Marketers Project Their Personal Preferences onto Consumers: Overcoming the Threat of Egocentric Decision Making

2021 ◽  
pp. 002224372199837
Author(s):  
Walter Herzog ◽  
Johannes D. Hattula ◽  
Darren W. Dahl
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Marketing Managers ◽  
False Consensus Effect ◽  
False Consensus ◽  
High Level

This research explores how marketing managers can avoid the so-called false consensus effect—the egocentric tendency to project personal preferences onto consumers. Two pilot studies were conducted to provide evidence for the managerial importance of this research question and to explore how marketing managers attempt to avoid false consensus effects in practice. The results suggest that the debiasing tactic most frequently used by marketers is to suppress their personal preferences when predicting consumer preferences. Four subsequent studies show that, ironically, this debiasing tactic can backfire and increase managers’ susceptibility to the false consensus effect. Specifically, the results suggest that these backfire effects are most likely to occur for managers with a low level of preference certainty. In contrast, the results imply that preference suppression does not backfire but instead decreases false consensus effects for managers with a high level of preference certainty. Finally, the studies explore the mechanism behind these results and show how managers can ultimately avoid false consensus effects—regardless of their level of preference certainty and without risking backfire effects.

Exploring The Effect of Visual Information Degradation on Human Perception and Performance In A Human-Telerobot System

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1302-1307
Author(s):  
Richard Stone ◽  
Minglu Wang ◽  
Thomas Schnieders ◽  
Esraa Abdelall
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Hit Rate ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Level Of Automation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Human Operators ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

Human-robotic interaction system are increasingly becoming integrated into industrial, commercial and emergency service agencies. It is critical that human operators understand and trust automation when these systems support and even make important decisions. The following study focused on human-in-loop telerobotic system performing a reconnaissance operation. Twenty-four subjects were divided into groups based on level of automation (Low-Level Automation (LLA), and High-Level Automation (HLA)). Results indicated a significant difference between low and high word level of control in hit rate when permanent error occurred. In the LLA group, the type of error had a significant effect on the hit rate. In general, the high level of automation was better than the low level of automation, especially if it was more reliable, suggesting that subjects in the HLA group could rely on the automatic implementation to perform the task more effectively and more accurately.

scholarly journals The high-level benefits of low-level sandboxing

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (POPL) ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sammler ◽  
Deepak Garg ◽  
Derek Dreyer ◽  
Tadeusz Litak
Keyword(s):  
Low Level ◽  
High Level

Urban network of China from the perspective of population mobility: Three-dimensional co-occurrence of nodes and links

2021 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2199781
Author(s):  
Xinyue Luo ◽  
Mingxing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Geographical Distance ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Urban Network ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
External Connections

The nodes and links in urban networks are usually presented in a two-dimensional(2D) view. The co-occurrence of nodes and links can also be realized from a three-dimensional(3D) perspective to make the characteristics of urban network more intuitively revealed. Our result shows that the external connections of high-level cities are mainly affected by the level of cities(nodes) and less affected by geographical distance, while medium-level cities are affected by the interaction of the level of cities(nodes) and geographical distance. The external connections of low-level cities are greatly restricted by geographical distance.

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