Effects of food restriction on body mass, energy metabolism and thermogenesis in a tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-na Gong ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Di Zhang ◽  
Wan-long Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Tree Shrew ◽  
Tree Shrews ◽  
Tupaia Belangeri ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractThis study investigates the energy strategies of a small mammal in response to food shortages as a function of food restriction (FR), metabolic rate and ambient temperature. We subjected tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) to FR and measured body mass, survival rate, resting metabolic rate (RMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Cold-exposed animals restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake had significantly increased RMR and NST and decreased body mass and survival rates compared with those kept at room temperature on the same FR level. Animals classified has having a high RMR consumed 30.69% more food than those classified as having a low RMR, but showed no differences in body mass or survival when restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake. These results indicate that tree shrews, known for their relatively high metabolic rates, are sensitive to periods of FR, which supports the metabolic switch hypothesis. Our findings are also consistent with the prediction that small mammals with food hoarding behaviors, like tree shrews, may have a lower tolerance for food shortages than non-hoarding species.

scholarly journals Effects of food restriction on body mass, energy metabolism and thermogenesis in a tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri)

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-187
Author(s):  
Peng Hong-bi ◽  
Hou Dong-min ◽  
Zhang Di ◽  
Zhu Wan-long
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Switch ◽  
Tree Shrews ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

Abstract The metabolic switch hypothesis refers to an ability to adjust metabolic rate. It plays a key role in animals adapted to periods of food shortage, enabling them to “switch down” their resting metabolic rate and to survive and maintain their weight indefinitely on limited rations. The present study investigates the energy strategies of a small mammal in response to food shortages as a function of food restriction, metabolic rate and ambient temperature. We subjected tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) to food restriction and measured body mass, survival rate, resting metabolic rate, non-shivering thermogenesis and cytochrome c oxidase activity of brown adipose tissue. Cold-exposed animals restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake had significantly increased resting metabolic rate and non-shivering thermogenesis and decreased body mass and survival rates compared with those kept as control group on the same ood restriction level. Animals classified as having a high resting metabolic rate consumed 30.69% more food than those classified as having a low resting metabolic rate, but showed no differences in body mass or survival when restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake. These results indicate that tree shrews, known for their relatively high metabolic rates, are sensitive to periods of food restriction, which supports the metabolic switch hypothesis. Our findings are also consistent with the prediction that small mammals with food hoarding behaviors, like tree shrews, may have a lower tolerance for food shortages than non-hoarding species.

Plasticity in food intake, thermogenesis and body mass in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) is affected by food restriction and refeeding

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-rong Gao ◽  
Wan-long Zhu ◽  
Fang-yan Ye ◽  
Mu-lin Zuo ◽  
Zheng-kun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Ad Libitum

Physiological adjustments are important strategies for small mammals in response to variation in food availability. To determine the physiological mechanisms affected by food restriction and refeeding, tree shrews were restricted to 85% of initial food intake for 4 weeks and refedad libitumfor another 4 weeks. Changes in food intake, body mass, thermogenesis, body composition, mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase activity, uncoupling protein-1 content in brown adipose tissue and serum leptin levels were measured. The results showed that body mass, body fat mass and serum leptin levels significantly decreased in food restricted tree shrews, and increased when the restriction ended, showing a short “compensatory growth” rather than over-weight or obesity compared withad libitumcontrols. Resting metabolic rate, non-shivering thermogenesis, brown adipose tissue mass (mg), and uncoupling protein-1 content decreased significantly in response to food restriction, and returned to the control levels after the animals were refedad libitum, while the brown adipose tissue mass (%) and cytochromecoxidase activity remained stable during food restriction and refeeding. Food intake increased shortly after refeeding, which perhaps contributed to the rapid regaining of body mass. These results suggest thatTupaia belangerican adjust the status of its physiology integratively to cope with the lack of food by means of decreasing body mass, thermogenesis and serum leptin levels. Leptin may act as a starvation signal to predominantly mediate the reduction in body mass and energy expenditure.

scholarly journals Effects of stochastic food deprivation on energy budget, body mass and activity in Swiss mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhijun Zhao ◽  
Jing Cao ◽  
Ye Tian ◽  
Ruirui Wang ◽  
Guiying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
General Activity ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

Abstract When small animals are faced with an unpredictable food supply, they can adapt by altering different components of their energy budget such as energy intake, metabolic rate, rate of non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) or behaviour. The present study examined the effect of stochastic food deprivation (FD) on body mass, food intake, resting metabolic rate (RMR), NST and behaviour in male Swiss mice. During a period of 4 weeks’ FD, animals were fed ad libitum for a randomly assigned 4 days each week, but were deprived of food for the other 3 days. The results showed that body mass significantly dropped on FD days compared to controls. Food intake of FD mice increased significantly on ad libitum days, ensuring cumulative food intake, final body mass, fat mass, RMR and NST did not differ significantly from controls. Moreover, gastrointestinal tract mass increased in FD mice, but digestibility decreased. In general, activity was higher on deprived days, and feeding behaviour was higher on ad libitum days suggesting that Swiss mice are able to compensate for stochastic FD primarily by increasing food intake on ad libitum days, and not by reducing energy expenditure related to RMR or NST.

Influence of photoperiod on cold-adapted thermogenesis and endocrine aspects in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri)

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Wanlong Zhu ◽  
Fang Yang ◽  
Zhengkun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tree Shrews ◽  
Tupaia Belangeri ◽  
Short Days

Environmental factors play an important role in the regulation of a mammal’s physiology and behavior. Consequently, particular species may provide valuable models for understanding the regulation of energy balance. In the present study, tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) were transferred from a short to a long day photoperiod in cold conditions, in order to test our prediction that short photoperiod may stimulate an increase in thermogenic capacity and energy intake in tree shrews. During the first four weeks of acclimation to short days, T. belangeri increased body mass, whereas during the second four weeks of acclimation to long days, the body mass of tree shrews decreased compared with the short day group. The increase in body mass reflected a significant increase in absolute amounts of body components, such as carcass mass. During long photoperiod associated with cold exposure, livers, kidney, and small intestine mass decreased. T. belangeri decreased resting metabolic rate and energy intake after exposure to long days while during the exposure to short days the shrews started to maintain a stable level after 28 days. Serum leptin levels were positively correlated with body mass, as well as resting metabolic rate and energy intake. The results show that T. belangeri may provide an attractive novel model system for investigation of the regulation of body mass and energy balance at individual levels. Leptin is potentially stimulated by the photoperiod and cold exposure and is responsible for body mass regulation and thermogenesis in T. belangeri.

Responses of caribou and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) to acute food shortages in spring

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (9) ◽  
pp. 610-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P. Thompson ◽  
P.S. Barboza
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Digestive Efficiency ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Spare Capacity ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
Survival And Reproduction

Migratory caribou and sedentary reindeer (Rangifer tarandus (L., 1758)) can encounter acute food shortages during spring. We examined the response to short-term food restrictions by measuring individual food intake, body mass, and activity of 2-year-old unbred female caribou and reindeer from 25 April to 29 May 2011. Caribou lost 2%–3% of body mass on days when mean dry matter (DM) intakes (60 ± 6 g DM·kg−0.75·d−1) were restricted up to 75%. Caribou regained body mass as intake increased to 98 ± 8 g DM·kg−0.75·d−1 following restriction without a change in digestibility (82%–83%). In reindeer, digestibility increased (78%–83%) as intakes decreased (67–45 g DM·kg−0.75·d−1). Food restriction did not affect activity for either subspecies. We suggest that, at high digestive efficiency, Rangifer have “spare capacity”, to increase DM intake to compensate for lost foraging opportunity or to use patches of emerging high-quality forage. Furthermore, caribou with large fat reserves lost proportionally more body mass, consumed less food, and were less active than leaner caribou. Our data indicate that Rangifer use flexible responses of food intake, digestion, and body condition to maximize survival and reproduction in both migratory and sedentary ecotypes at the end of winter.

Does food restriction retard aging by reducing the metabolic rate?

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (4) ◽  
pp. E488-E490 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. McCarter ◽  
E. J. Masoro ◽  
B. P. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Metabolic rate was determined by measuring O2 consumption in two groups of 6-mo-old male rats fed ad libitum (group 1) or maintained on a life-prolonging food-restriction regimen for 4.5 mo (group 2). These measurements were made continuously for 23.75 h under conditions nearly identical to those of the daily life of the rats. The metabolic rate per kilogram lean body mass was the same for both groups, a finding contrary to the hypothesis that food restriction retards the aging process and prolongs life by slowing the metabolic rate per unit of metabolic mass. This and our previous work strongly suggest that the classic views of the action of food restriction on aging must be re-evaluated because retardation of the aging process can occur without the restriction of calories or any other nutrient per unit of lean body mass. The long held belief that reducing food intake lowers the metabolic rate per unit of metabolic mass may be true in short-term dietary programs but appears not to be true when a significant portion of the life span is involved.

Variations of body mass and thermogenesis properties in Eothenomys olitor during cold acclimatization

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Ya-zuo Yang ◽  
Chun-yan Han ◽  
Ting Jia ◽  
Zheng-kun Wang ◽  
Wan-long Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Cold Acclimatization ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract The set-point hypothesis states that there is a biological control method in mammals that actively regulates weight toward a predetermined set weight for each individual, which may occur by regulation of energy intake or energy expenditure. In order to investigate the effects of low temperature on body mass regulation in Eothenomys olitor, body mass, body fat mass, food intake, resting metabolic rate (RMR), non-shivering thermogenesis (NST), serum leptin levels, morphology, biochemical indexes of liver and brown adipose tissue (BAT) and hypothalamic neuropeptide genes expression were measured during cold acclimatization. The results showed that there was no significant difference in body mass, but food intake, RMR and NST increased during cold acclimatization. Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and α-glycerophosphate oxidase (α-GPO) activities in liver and BAT were significantly enhanced during cold acclimatization, and triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels in serum were significantly higher than those in the control group. Serum leptin levels decreased after cold acclimatization. Low temperature significantly increased the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), while it decreased cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) expressions. All of the above results suggested that body mass in E. olitor can remain relatively stable at low temperature, which conforms to the ‘set-point hypothesis’. However, the species showed differences with sympatric species, such as E. miletus, Apodemus chevrieri and Tupaia belangeri. Moreover, E. olitor can cope with low temperature by increasing its metabolic rate and thermogenesis properties.

Effects of food restriction on energy metabolism in male Apodemus chevrieri from Hengduan mountain region of China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-long Zhu ◽  
Li-xin Chen ◽  
Xue-na Gong ◽  
Hao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Energy Strategies ◽  
Different Levels

To investigate the relationship between the energy strategies in response to food restriction and the levels of metabolism in small mammals, body mass, resting metabolic rate (RMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity were measured in Apodemus chevrieri that were subjected to different levels of food restriction (FR). The results showed that cold-exposed group had significantly increased RMR and NST, but decreased body mass and survival rate after being restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake compared with their counterparts maintained at room temperature. A. chevrieri with higher RMR consumed higher food intake than individuals with lower RMR, whereas no differences were observed in body mass and survival rate between two groups after being restricted to 80% of ad libitum food intake. The results suggest that A. chevrieri characterized by higher levels of metabolism are sensitive to periods of FR, providing a support for the “metabolism switch hypothesis”.

Effects of experimental food restriction and body-mass changes on the avian T-cell-mediated immune response

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Alonso-Alvarez ◽  
José L Tella
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Body Mass Changes ◽  
Ad Libitum

The T-cell-mediated immune response (CMI) of birds, measured with the phytohaemagglutinin skin test, is in most cases positively correlated with their body mass. This correlation, however, does not imply causality, since high-quality birds may be more immunocompetent as well as heavier at the time of sampling. We assessed this relationship experimentally by measuring the changes in body mass and CMI in individual captive yellow-legged gulls (Larus cachinnans) maintained with food provided ad libitum (control group), with no food (fasting group), or with one-third of their daily food requirements (subfeeding group). We identified a direct, nonlinear relationship between food intake, body mass, and CMI. Before the experiment started, body mass of birds (corrected for size) fed ad libitum did not correlate with their CMI, while a positive correlation was found after food restriction. This suggests that birds may reach a threshold above which increases in food intake and body mass do not enhance CMI. Thereafter, food restriction caused decreases in CMI that were significantly correlated with the percentage of body mass lost by each bird. However, for birds that lost similar proportions of body mass, changes in CMI varied according to food-restriction treatment, the subfeeding group exhibiting a stronger CMI than the fasting group.

scholarly journals Effects of Chronic Intracerebroventricular Infusion of RFamide-Related Peptide-3 on Energy Metabolism in Male Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8606
Author(s):  
Shogo Moriwaki ◽  
Yuki Narimatsu ◽  
Keisuke Fukumura ◽  
Eiko Iwakoshi-Ukena ◽  
Megumi Furumitsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Related Peptide ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Infusion ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
The Masses

RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3), the mammalian ortholog of avian gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), plays a crucial role in reproduction. In the present study, we explored the other functions of RFRP-3 by investigating the effects of chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of RFRP-3 (6 nmol/day) for 13 days on energy homeostasis in lean male C57BL/6J mice. The infusion of RFRP-3 increased cumulative food intake and body mass. In addition, the masses of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the liver were increased by the administration of RFRP-3, although the mass of white adipose tissue was unchanged. On the other hand, RFRP-3 decreased O2 consumption, CO2 production, energy expenditure, and core body temperature during a short time period in the dark phase. These results suggest that the increase in food intake and the decrease in energy expenditure contributed to the gain of body mass, including the masses of BAT and the liver. The present study shows that RFRP-3 regulates not only reproductive function, but also energy metabolism, in mice.

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