scholarly journals Premovement suppression of corticospinal excitability may be a necessary part of movement preparation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ibáñez ◽  
R. Hannah ◽  
L. Rocchi ◽  
J.C. Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Movement Preparation ◽  
Movement Onset ◽  
Imperative Signal ◽  
Speed Of Response ◽  
External Events ◽  
The Times ◽  
External Signals ◽  
Inherent Part

ABSTRACTIn a warned reaction time (RT) task, corticospinal excitability (CSE) decreases in task-related muscles at the time of the imperative signal (preparatory inhibition). Because RT tasks emphasise speed of response, it is impossible to distinguish whether preparatory inhibition reflects a mechanism preventing premature reactions, or whether it is an inherent part of movement preparation. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to study CSE changes preceding RT movements and movements that were either self-paced (SP) or performed at predictable times to coincide with an external event (PT). Results show that CSE changes over a similar temporal profile in all cases, suggesting that preparatory inhibition is a necessary state in planned movements allowing the transition between rest and movement. Additionally, TMS given shortly before the times to move speeded the onset of movements in both RT and SP contexts, suggesting that their initiation depends on a form of trigger that can be conditioned by external signals. On the contrary, PT movements do not show this effect, suggesting the use of a mechanistically different triggering strategy. This relative immunity of PT tasks to be biased by external events may reflect a mechanism that ensures priority of internal predictive signals to trigger movement onset.

scholarly journals Premovement Suppression of Corticospinal Excitability may be a Necessary Part of Movement Preparation

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 2910-2923 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Ibáñez ◽  
R Hannah ◽  
L Rocchi ◽  
J C Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Movement Preparation ◽  
Temporal Profile ◽  
Speed Of Response ◽  
External Events ◽  
The Times ◽  
Inherent Part

Abstract In reaction time (RT) tasks corticospinal excitability (CSE) rises just prior to movement. This is preceded by a paradoxical reduction in CSE, when the time of the imperative (“GO”) stimulus is relatively predictable. Because RT tasks emphasise speed of response, it is impossible to distinguish whether reduced CSE reflects a mechanism for withholding prepared actions, or whether it is an inherent part of movement preparation. To address this question, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to estimate CSE changes preceding 1) RT movements; 2) movements synchronized with a predictable signal (predictive timing or PT movements); and 3) self-paced movements. Results show that CSE decreases with a similar temporal profile in all three cases, suggesting that it reflects a previously unrecognised state in the transition between rest and movement. Although TMS revealed reduced CSE in all movements, the TMS pulse itself had different effects on movement times. TMS given ~200 ms before the times to move speeded the onset of RT and self-paced movements, suggesting that their initiation depends on a form of trigger that can be conditioned by external events. On the contrary, PT movements did not show this effect, suggesting the use of a different triggering strategy prioritizing internal events.

scholarly journals Influence of fatigue on reaction times and corticospinal excitability during movement preparation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William De Doncker ◽  
Katlyn E Brown ◽  
Annapoorna Kuppuswamy
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Movement Preparation ◽  
Movement Onset ◽  
High Fatigue ◽  
Auditory Reaction Time ◽  
Sensory Attenuation ◽  
First Time

AbstractSlower self-selected ballistic movement speeds and reduced corticospinal excitability at rest are associated with post-stroke fatigue (PSF). It is unclear if fatigue-related differences in corticospinal excitability, measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation, prior to a movement will explain slower movement speeds. We hypothesized that the levels of PSF explains the modulation of corticospinal excitability during movement preparation and altered behaviour. In this study, 73 non-depressed, high functioning, chronic, first-time stroke survivors performed a simple warned and unwarned auditory reaction time task. We show a reduced suppression of corticospinal excitability during movement preparation, an increased facilitation immediately prior to movement onset and slower reaction times in those with greater levels of PSF. Reduced suppression and increased facilitation of corticospinal excitability prior to movement onset in high fatigue is an indicator of poor modulation of pre-movement excitability which may in turn reflect poor sensory processing, supporting the sensory attenuation model of fatigue.

scholarly journals The effects of expectancy on corticospinal excitability: passively preparing to observe a movement

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (7) ◽  
pp. 1479-1486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Arias ◽  
Verónica Robles-García ◽  
Nelson Espinosa ◽  
Yoanna Corral-Bergantiños ◽  
Laura Mordillo-Mateos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Corticospinal Tract ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Spinal Level ◽  
Movement Execution ◽  
Movement Onset ◽  
Movement Observation ◽  
Finger Extension

The corticospinal tract excitability is modulated when preparing movements. Earlier to movement execution, the excitability of the spinal cord increases waiting for supraspinal commands to release the movement. Movement execution and movement observation share processes within the motor system, although movement observation research has focused on processes later to movement onset. We used single and paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation on M1 ( n = 12), and electrical cervicomedullary stimulation ( n = 7), to understand the modulation of the corticospinal system during the “preparation” to observe a third person's movement. Subjects passively observed a hand that would remain still or make an index finger extension. The observer's corticospinal excitability rose when “expecting to see a movement” vs. when “expecting to see a still hand.” The modulation took origin at a spinal level and not at the corticocortical networks explored. We conclude that expectancy of seeing movements increases the excitability of the spinal cord.

Increased corticospinal excitability prior to arm cycling is due to enhanced supraspinal but not spinal motoneurone excitability

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1154-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin E. Power ◽  
David B. Copithorne
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Corticospinal Tract ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Quiescent State ◽  
M Wave ◽  
Arm Cycling ◽  
Intention To Move ◽  
Stimulation Of

Human studies have not assessed supraspinal or spinal motoneurone excitability in the quiescent state prior to a rhythmic and alternating cyclical motor output. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether supraspinal and (or) spinal motoneurone excitability was modulated in humans prior to arm cycling when compared with rest with no intention to move. We hypothesized that corticospinal excitability would be enhanced prior to arm cycling due, in part, to increased spinal motoneurone excitability. Supraspinal and spinal motoneurone excitability were assessed via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex and transmastoid stimulation of the corticospinal tract, respectively. Surface electromyography recordings of TMS motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and cervicomedullary MEPs (CMEPs) were made from the relaxed biceps brachii muscle prior to rhythmic arm cycling and at rest with no intention to move. The amplitude of the MEPs was greater (mean increase: +9.8% of maximal M wave; p = 0.006) and their onset latencies were shorter (mean decrease: –1.5 ms; p < 0.05) prior to cycling when compared with rest. The amplitudes of the CMEPs at any of 3 stimulation intensities were not different between conditions. We conclude that premovement enhancement of corticospinal excitability is greater prior to arm cycling than at rest because of increases in supraspinal but not spinal motoneurone excitability.

Evaluation of corticobulbar and corticospinal excitability in developmental stuttering: the navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation study

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Rogić Vidaković ◽  
Marina Zmajević Schönwald ◽  
Tomislav Jurić ◽  
Nikola Erceg ◽  
Andreja Bubić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Developmental Stuttering

scholarly journals The Reliability of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Derived Corticomotor Inhibition as a Brain Health Evaluation Tool in Soccer Players

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Di Virgilio ◽  
Magdalena Ietswaart ◽  
Ragul Selvamoorthy ◽  
Angus M. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Actual Measurement ◽  
Head Impacts

Abstract Background The suitability of corticomotor inhibition and corticospinal excitability to measure brain health outcomes and recovery of sport-related head impact (concussion and subconcussion) depends on good inter-day reliability, which is evaluated in this study. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) reliability in soccer players is assessed by comparing soccer players, for whom reliability on this measure may be reduced due to exposure to head impacts, to generally active individuals not engaged in contact sport. Methods TMS-derived corticomotor inhibition and corticospinal excitability were recorded from the rectus femoris muscle during two testing sessions, spaced 1–2 weeks apart in 19 soccer players (SOC—age 22 ± 3 years) and 20 generally active (CON—age 24 ± 4 years) healthy volunteers. Inter-day reliability between the two time points was quantified by using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Intra-group reliability and group differences on actual measurement values were also explored. Results Good inter-day reliability was evident for corticomotor inhibition (ICCSOC = 0.61; ICCCON = 0.70) and corticospinal excitability (ICCSOC = 0.59; ICCCON = 0.70) in both generally active individuals and soccer players routinely exposed to sport-related head impacts. Corticomotor inhibition showed lower coefficients of variation than excitability for both groups (InhibSOC = 15.2%; InhibCON = 9.7%; ExcitabSOC = 41.6%; ExcitabCON = 39.5%). No group differences between soccer players and generally active individuals were found on the corticomotor inhibition value (p > 0.05), but levels of corticospinal excitability were significantly lower in soccer players (45.1 ± 20.8 vs 85.4 ± 6.2%Mmax, p < 0.0001). Corticomotor inhibition also showed excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.87). Conclusions Corticomotor inhibition and corticospinal excitability are stable and maintain good degrees of reliability when assessed over different days in soccer players, despite their routine exposure to head impacts. However, based on intra-group reliability and group differences of the levels of excitability, we conclude that corticomotor inhibition is best suited for the evaluation of neuromuscular alterations associated with head impacts in contact sports.

scholarly journals Corticospinal correlates of fast and slow adaptive processes in motor learning

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 2011-2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adjmal M. E. Sarwary ◽  
Miles Wischnewski ◽  
Dennis J. L. G. Schutter ◽  
Luc P. J. Selen ◽  
W. Pieter Medendorp
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Adaptive Processes ◽  
Adaptation Processes ◽  
Adaptation Task ◽  
Adaptation Model

Recent computational theories and behavioral observations suggest that motor learning is supported by multiple adaptation processes, operating on different timescales, but direct neural evidence is lacking. We tested this hypothesis by applying transcranial magnetic stimulation over motor cortex in 16 human subjects during a validated reach adaptation task. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and cortical silent periods (CSPs) were recorded from the biceps brachii to assess modulations of corticospinal excitability as indices for corticospinal plasticity. Guided by a two-state adaptation model, we show that the MEP reflects an adaptive process that learns quickly but has poor retention, while the CSP correlates with a process that responds more slowly but retains information well. These results provide a physiological link between models of motor learning and distinct changes in corticospinal excitability. Our findings support the relationship between corticospinal gain modulations and the adaptive processes in motor learning. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Computational theories and behavioral observations suggest that motor learning is supported by multiple adaptation processes, but direct neural evidence is lacking. We tested this hypothesis by applying transcranial magnetic stimulation over human motor cortex during a reach adaptation task. Guided by a two-state adaptation model, we show that the motor-evoked potential reflects a process that adapts and decays quickly, whereas the cortical silent period reflects slow adaptation and decay.

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