scholarly journals Basal extrusion drives cell invasion and mechanical stripping of E-cadherin

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Fadul ◽  
Gloria M. Slattum ◽  
Nadja M. Redd ◽  
Mauricio Franco Jin ◽  
Michael J. Redd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Invasion ◽  
Apical Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oncogenic Mutations ◽  
Apical Extrusion ◽  
Cell Densities ◽  
Apical Membranes ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
E Cadherin

Metastasis is the predominant reason that patients succumb to cancer, yet the mechanisms that drive initial tumor cell invasion are poorly understood. We previously discovered that crowding-induced apical extrusion drives most epithelial cell death, critical to maintaining constant cell densities. Oncogenic mutations can disrupt apical cell extrusion, instead causing masses to form and aberrant basal extrusion. Using transparent zebrafish epidermis to model simple epithelia, we can image invasion events live at high resolution. We find that KRas/p53-transformed cells form masses and, at completely independent sites, invade by basal extrusion. Basal extrusion also causes invading cells to simultaneously mechanically shed their entire apical membranes and E-cadherin. Once cells invade the underlying tissue, they migrate throughout the body, divide, enter the bloodstream, and become different cell types. KRas-transformation makes cells intrinsically invasive by increasing basal extrusion rates; collaborating mutations in p53 allow disseminated cells to survive at distant sites.

scholarly journals To Divide or Invade: A Look Behind the Scenes of the Proliferation-Invasion Interplay in the Caenorhabditis elegans Anchor Cell

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn Lattmann ◽  
Ting Deng ◽  
Alex Hajnal
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Cell Invasion ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Basement Membranes ◽  
The Body ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Anchor Cell ◽  
Different Cell Types

Cell invasion is defined by the capability of cells to migrate across compartment boundaries established by basement membranes (BMs). The development of complex organs involves regulated cell growth and regrouping of different cell types, which are enabled by controlled cell proliferation and cell invasion. Moreover, when a malignant tumor takes control over the body, cancer cells evolve to become invasive, allowing them to spread to distant sites and form metastases. At the core of the switch between proliferation and invasion are changes in cellular morphology driven by remodeling of the cytoskeleton. Proliferative cells utilize their actomyosin network to assemble a contractile ring during cytokinesis, while invasive cells form actin-rich protrusions, called invadopodia that allow them to breach the BMs. Studies of developmental cell invasion as well as of malignant tumors revealed that cell invasion and proliferation are two mutually exclusive states. In particular, anchor cell (AC) invasion during Caenorhabditis elegans larval development is an excellent model to study the transition from cell proliferation to cell invasion under physiological conditions. This mini-review discusses recent insights from the C. elegans AC invasion model into how G1 cell-cycle arrest is coordinated with the activation of the signaling networks required for BM breaching. Many regulators of the proliferation-invasion network are conserved between C. elegans and mammals. Therefore, the worm may provide important clues to better understand cell invasion and metastasis formation in humans.

scholarly journals Extraneous E-Cadherin Engages the Deterministic Process of Somatic Reprogramming through Modulating STAT3 and Erk1/2 Activity

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Yu-Hao Liu ◽  
Chien-Chang Chen ◽  
Yi-Jen Hsueh ◽  
Li-Man Hung ◽  
David Hui-Kang Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Process ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Activity Ratio ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Deterministic Process ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
E Cadherin

Although several modes of reprogramming have been reported in different cell types during iPSC induction, the molecular mechanism regarding the selection of different modes of action is still mostly unknown. The present study examined the molecular events that participate in the selection of such processes at the onset of somatic reprogramming. The activity of STAT3 versus that of Erk1/2 reversibly determines the reprogramming mode entered; a lower activity ratio favors the deterministic process and vice versa. Additionally, extraneous E-cadherin facilitates the early events of somatic reprogramming, potentially by stabilizing the LIF/gp130 and EGFR/ErbB2 complexes to promote entry into the deterministic process. Our current findings demonstrated that manipulating the pSTAT3/pErk1/2 activity ratio in the surrounding milieu can drive different modes of action toward either the deterministic or the stochastic process in the context of OSKM-mediated somatic reprogramming.

scholarly journals Cryo-Electron Microscopy Structure and Interactions of the Human Cytomegalovirus gHgLgO Trimer with Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Liu ◽  
Adam Vanarsdall ◽  
Dong-Hua Chen ◽  
Andrea Chin ◽  
David Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Defects ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Platelet Derived Growth Factor ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Factor Receptor Alpha ◽  
Complex Protein ◽  
Different Cell Types

HCMV is a herpesvirus that infects a large percentage of the adult population and causes significant levels of disease in immunocompromised individuals and birth defects in the developing fetus. The virus encodes a complex protein machinery that coordinates infection of different cell types in the body, including a trimer formed of gH, gL, and gO subunits.

A simple microcomputer-based system for real-time analysis of cell behaviour

1987 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-182
Author(s):  
J.A. Dow ◽  
J.M. Lackie ◽  
K.V. Crocket
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Real Time Analysis ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Previous Frame ◽  
Real Time Tracking ◽  
Cell Densities ◽  
Different Cell Types

An image analysis package based on a BBC microcomputer has been developed, which can simultaneously track many moving cells in vitro. Cells (rabbit neutrophil leucocytes, BHK C13 fibroblasts, or PC12 phaeochromocytoma cells) are viewed under phase optics with a monochrome TV camera, and the signal digitized. Successive frames are acquired by the computer as a 640 X 256 pixel array. Under controlled lighting conditions, cells can readily be isolated from the background by binary filtering. In real-time tracking, the positions of a given cell in successive frames are obtained by searching the area around the cell's centroid in the previous frame. A simple box-search algorithm is described, which proves highly successful at low cell densities. The resilience of different search algorithms to various exceptional conditions (such as collisions) is discussed. The success of this system in real-time tracking is largely dependent upon the leisurely speed of movement of cells, and on obtaining a clean, high quality optical image to analyse. The limitations of this technique for different cell types, and the possible configurations of more sophisticated hardware, are outlined. This system provides a versatile and automated solution to the problem of studying the movement of tissue cells.

Infection and immunity

2021 ◽  
pp. 853-920
Keyword(s):  
Major Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Repair Mechanisms ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Different Cell Types

‘Infection and immunity’ considers the response of the body to pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, prions, fungi, and parasites, which are discussed in terms of their nature, life cycle, and modes of infection. The role of the immune system in defence against infection is discussed, including innate and adaptive (acquired) immunity, antigens, the major histocompatibility complex, and the different cell types involved (antigen-presenting cells, T-cells, and B-cells). The mechanisms and cellular basis of inflammation are considered, as are post-infection repair mechanisms, and pathologies of the immune system such as hypersensitivity, autoimmunity and transplantations, and immunodeficiency (both primary and secondary to other diseases).

scholarly journals Adiponectin: a pleiotropic hormone with multifaceted roles

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 98-112
Author(s):  
S. S. Shklyaev ◽  
G. A. Melnichenko ◽  
N. N. Volevodz ◽  
N. A. Falaleeva ◽  
S. A. Ivanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Endocrine Organs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Pleiotropic Actions

Adipose tissue mostly composed of different types of fat is one of the largest endocrine organs in the body playing multiple intricate roles including but not limited to energy storage, metabolic homeostasis, generation of heat, participation in immune functions and secretion of a number of biologically active factors known as adipokines. The most abundant of them is adiponectin. This adipocite-derived hormone exerts pleiotropic actions and exhibits insulin-sensitizing, antidiabetic, anti-obesogenic, anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic, cardio- and neuroprotective properties. Contrariwise to its protective effects against various pathological events in different cell types, adiponectin may have links to several systemic diseases and malignances. Reduction in adiponectin levels has an implication in COVID-19-associated respiratory failure, which is attributed mainly to a phenomenon called ‘adiponectin paradox’. Ample evidence about multiple functions of adiponectin in the body was obtained from animal, mostly rodent studies. Our succinct review is entirely about multifaceted roles of adiponectin and mechanisms of its action in different physiological and pathological states.

scholarly journals Responses and coping methods of different testicular cell types to heat stress: overview and perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Cai ◽  
Dezhe Qin ◽  
Sha Peng
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Testicular Cell ◽  
Coping Methods ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Different Cell Types

To facilitate temperature adjustments, the testicles are located outside the body cavity. In most mammals, the temperature of the testes is lower than the body temperature to ensure the normal progression of spermatogenesis. Rising temperatures affect spermatogenesis and eventually lead to a decline in male fertility or even infertility. However, the testes are composed of different cell types, including spermatogonial stem cells, spermatocytes, spermatozoa, Leydig cells, and Sertoli cells, which have different cellular responses to heat stress. Recent studies have shown that using different drugs can relieve heat-stress-induced reproductive damage by regulating different signaling pathways. Here, we review the mechanisms by which heat stress damages different cells in testes and possible treatments.

Immunological changes accompanying the development of experimental neoplastic process

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-108
Author(s):  
Elena Aleksandrovna Dementeva ◽  
Olga Petrovna Gurina
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Genome Stability ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Neoplastic Process ◽  
And Control ◽  
Different Cell Types

The key immunology problem remains the understanding of the mechanisms for the effective protection of the body against various pathogens with simultaneous suppression of the immune response to autoantigens. The pathogenesis of neoplastic pathological processes includes violations of the mechanisms of normal cell growth and cell proliferation. Antitumor immune response is a complex event, involving many different cell types. But despite the ability of the immune system to recognize and respond to a variety of tumor-associated antigens, the neoplastic process overcomes the protective forces of the organism, grows and spreads. For cancer cells characterized by independence from antiproliferative signals, autocrine stimulation of growth disturbances in the system, induction of apoptosis and control of genome stability. As a result of accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes in tumor cells differ significantly from the normal range and the level of expression of genes involved in the transformation process, the accumulation of mutations in key genes promoters and suppressors of tumorigenesis. This creates the opportunity for recognition by cells of the immune system. The study of changes in value and operation of the various elements of the immune system in the development of experimental neoplastic process allows you to identify the mechanisms of interaction in the system «malignant tumor-immune system, to assess patterns of interaction with other organs and tissues, to create a theoretical pathogenetically reasonable premise for the development of anticancer therapy.

scholarly journals The Tuberculous Granuloma: An Unsuccessful Host Defence Mechanism Providing a Safety Shelter for the Bacteria?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayra Silva Miranda ◽  
Adrien Breiman ◽  
Sophie Allain ◽  
Florence Deknuydt ◽  
Frederic Altare
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Latently Infected ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Infectious Stage ◽  
Different Cell Types

One of the main features of the immune response toM. Tuberculosisis the formation of an organized structure called granuloma. It consists mainly in the recruitment at the infectious stage of macrophages, highly differentiated cells such as multinucleated giant cells, epithelioid cells and Foamy cells, all these cells being surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes. Although in the first instance the granuloma acts to constrain the infection, some bacilli can actually survive inside these structures for a long time in a dormant state. For some reasons, which are still unclear, the bacilli will reactivate in 10% of the latently infected individuals, escape the granuloma and spread throughout the body, thus giving rise to clinical disease, and are finally disseminated throughout the environment. In this review we examine the process leading to the formation of the granulomatous structures and the different cell types that have been shown to be part of this inflammatory reaction. We also discuss the differentin vivoandin vitromodels available to study this fascinating immune structure.

scholarly journals Clonal culturing of human embryonic stem cells on laminin-521/E-cadherin matrix in defined and xeno-free environment

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Rodin ◽  
Liselotte Antonsson ◽  
Colin Niaudet ◽  
Oscar E. Simonson ◽  
Elina Salmela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inner Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Hes Cells ◽  
Free Environment ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
E Cadherin

Abstract Lack of robust methods for establishment and expansion of pluripotent human embryonic stem (hES) cells still hampers development of cell therapy. Laminins (LN) are a family of highly cell-type specific basement membrane proteins important for cell adhesion, differentiation, migration and phenotype stability. Here we produce and isolate a human recombinant LN-521 isoform and develop a cell culture matrix containing LN-521 and E-cadherin, which both localize to stem cell niches in vivo. This matrix allows clonal derivation, clonal survival and long-term self-renewal of hES cells under completely chemically defined and xeno-free conditions without ROCK inhibitors. Neither LN-521 nor E-cadherin alone enable clonal survival of hES cells. The LN-521/E-cadherin matrix allows hES cell line derivation from blastocyst inner cell mass and single blastomere cells without a need to destroy the embryo. This method can facilitate the generation of hES cell lines for development of different cell types for regenerative medicine purposes.

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