scholarly journals Experience-specific anterograde amnesia: memory reacquisition deficit phenomenon and its characterization in the vertebrate learning model

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Tiunova ◽  
D. V. Bezryadnov ◽  
D.R. Gaeva ◽  
V.S. Solodovnikov ◽  
K.V. Anokhin
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Conditioned Avoidance ◽  
Anterograde Amnesia ◽  
Nmda Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Specific Memory

AbstractA common assumption from experiments that interfere with memory consolidation is that the resultant amnesia returns the brain of an animal to a tabula rasa state with respect to disturbed experience. However, recent studies in terrestrial snail classical conditioning revealed an odd phenomenon: animals were unable to relearn conditioned avoidance of specific food after this memory had been impaired by protein-synthesis inhibitors or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. Here we examined whether such specific memory reacquisition deficit can also be observed in vertebrate learning. We trained day-old chicks in a one-trial passive avoidance task by presenting them a bead of a specific color covered with a repellent substance, methyl anthranilate. Training was preceded by administration of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin or the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Both drugs produced permanent amnesia, and no spontaneous recovery of memory was observed. A second training was given to the amnestic animals either using a bead of the same color (retraining) or a new color (novel training). The interval between the first and second training was 2 or 24 h, and the retention test was given from 30 min to 48 h after the second training. Retraining of the amnestic chicks with the bead that was presented during the initial training failed to produce new avoidance memory for this stimulus at all the between-training and training-to-test intervals. This memory reacquisition deficit was specific and was not transferred to a new conditioned stimulus, which was readily learned. We suggest that such pharmacologically induced experience-specific anterograde amnesia might reflect general properties of normal memory allocation, and we discuss its possible neural bases.

scholarly journals ON THE MECHANISM OF ADAPTATION TO PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS BY TETRAHYMENA

1974 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles T. Roberts ◽  
Eduardo Orias
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cellular Machinery ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

Tetrahymena is able to adapt to the presence of sublethal concentrations of many drugs which inhibit a wide variety of cellular functions. In spite of the generality of this phenomenon in Tetrahymena, the mechanism of adaptation at the cellular and molecular levels is unknown. This study deals mainly with adaptation to the protein synthesis inhibitors, cycloheximide and emetine. The physiological response of Tetrahymena to sublethal concentrations of these drugs is an immediate cessation of cell division for a period of time dependent on the drug concentration, followed by an abrupt resumption of exponential growth at a constant rate. By measuring the length of the growth lags under a variety of experimental conditions, we have confirmed several observations made by Frankel and coworkers, and provide evidence for two new phenomena associated with adaptation to cycloheximide: (a) adaptation to cycloheximide also results in adaptation of cells to emetine, another protein synthesis inhibitor not closely related structurally to cycloheximide. We have termed this phenomenon cross adaptation, (b) exposure to concentrations of cycloheximide too low to cause any growth lags or inhibition of protein synthesis significantly shortens the time required by cells to adapt to higher concentrations of cycloheximide. We have termed this phenomenon facilitation. Facilitation shows some degree of specificity in that facilitation with cycloheximide has no effect on adaptation to emetine. From this, we infer the existence of two distinct systems involved in adaptation to cycloheximide, one of which shows a higher degree of specificity towards cycloheximide than the other. We also show that transfer of adapted or facilitated cells to drug-free medium results in a gradual but complete resensitization. The kinetics of resensitization suggest that the cellular machinery responsible for adaptation and facilitation does not leave the cell, but is simply diluted out during cell division.

Drug inhibition of memory formation in chickens II. Short-term memory

1971 ◽  
Vol 178 (1053) ◽  
pp. 455-464 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Sodium Pump ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Term Memory

1. Memory in day-old-chickens during the first few hours after learning can be made to decline by the prior intracranial injection of two classes of drugs. 2. Sodium pump inhibitors in increasing doses cause increasingly rapid loss of memory. 3. Protein synthesis inhibitors in increasing doses attain a maximum potency in causing memory decline and the rate may not be further accelerated by higher doses. 4. Adding a sodium pump inhibitor to the inhibition of protein synthesis increases memory loss. 5. Adding a protein synthesis inhibitor to a sodium pump inhibitor causes no further loss. 6. Therefore within a few minutes of learning a short-term memory of limited time span but independent of protein synthesis becomes supplemented and eventually replaced by a long-term storage requiring protein synthesis. The amount of long-term store is set by the amount of short-term memory. 7. The short-term store could be directly dependent on post-activation enhancement of Na + extrusion from neurons. Some physiological mechanisms by which this could be achieved and how this might activate protein synthesis are discussed.

scholarly journals Evidence for Different Contributions of Archaea and Bacteria to the Ammonia-Oxidizing Potential of Diverse Oregon Soils

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (23) ◽  
pp. 7691-7698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne E. Taylor ◽  
Lydia H. Zeglin ◽  
Sandra Dooley ◽  
David D. Myrold ◽  
Peter J. Bottomley
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Ammonia Monooxygenase ◽  
Bacterial Protein ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea ◽  
Pasture Soil ◽  
Bacterial Protein Synthesis

ABSTRACT A method was developed to determine the contributions of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) to the nitrification potentials (NPs) of soils taken from forest, pasture, cropped, and fallowed (19 years) lands. Soil slurries were exposed to acetylene to irreversibly inactivate ammonia monooxygenase, and upon the removal of acetylene, the recovery of nitrification potential (RNP) was monitored in the presence and absence of bacterial or eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibitors. For unknown reasons, and despite measureable NPs, RNP did not occur consistently in forest soil samples; however, pasture, cropped, and fallowed soil RNPs commenced after lags that ranged from 12 to 30 h after acetylene removal. Cropped soil RNP was completely prevented by the bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor kanamycin (800 μg/ml), whereas a combination of kanamycin plus gentamicin (800 μg/ml each) only partially prevented the RNP (60%) of fallowed soils. Pasture soil RNP was completely insensitive to either kanamycin, gentamicin, or a combination of the two. Unlike cropped soil, pasture and fallowed soil RNPs occurred at both 30�C and 40�C and without supplemental NH4 + (≤10 μM NH4 + in solution), and pasture soil RNP demonstrated ∼50% insensitivity to 100 μM allyl thiourea (ATU). In addition, fallowed and pasture soil RNPs were insensitive to the fungal inhibitors nystatin and azoxystrobin. This combination of properties suggests that neither fungi nor AOB contributed to pasture soil RNP and that AOA were responsible for the RNP of the pasture soils. Both AOA and AOB may contribute to RNP in fallowed soil, while RNP in cropped soils was dominated by AOB.

scholarly journals Circadian rhythm from the eye of Aplysia: temperature compensation of the effects of protein synthesis inhibitors

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
J. W. Jacklet
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Maximum Phase

1. The circadian rhythm of compound action potentials (CAP) frequency recorded from the isolated eye of Aplysia in culture medium and darkness was subjected to step and pulse treatments with anisomycin, a protein synthesis inhibitor. 2. The step application of anisomycin and its continued presence in the culture medium lengthened the period of the rhythm in a dose-dependent manner. At 10(−8) M the period was increased from the normal 26.5 h to about 28 h and at 10(−7) M the period was lengthened to 31 h or longer. At 10(−6) M the rhythm was suppressed but the CAP activity continued without the cyclic variations in CAP frequency. 3. Six-hour pulses of anisomycin at 10(−6) M caused phase-dependent phase-shifts of the rhythm. Maximum phase delays of 15 h were obtained at CT (circadian time) 2 and maximum phase advances of 4 h were obtained at CT 6. The phase response curves at 12, 15 and 17 degrees C were essentially identical. 4. Anisomycin appears to act rather selectively on the circadian clock mechanism. It does not alter the CAP amplitude and duration and it does not alter the bursting pacemaker mechanism of the optic nerve CAP or central neurones. 5. The results support the hypothesis that the synthesis of a protein or polypeptide on eucaryotic ribosomes is an essential part of the circadian clock timing mechanism. The sensitivity of the clock to anisomycin is the same at three different temperatures (12, 15 and 17 degrees C) within the physiological range of temperatures for Aplysia, as expected for a clock whose period length is temperature compensated (Q10 1.02) over that same range. 6. At the critical phases of CT 1-4, anisomycin pulses often caused unusual perturbations of the rhythm. These effects are consistent with the hypothesis that the circadian rhythm is a multioscillator system.

Baculovirus ACMNPV as well as RNA- and protein-synthesis inhibitors induce apoptosis in a continuous midgut cell line, FPMI-CF-203, of Choristonuera fumiferana (Lepitoptera: tortricidae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 1030-1031
Author(s):  
A.J. Brownwright ◽  
S.R. Palli ◽  
G.F. Caputo ◽  
S.S. Sohi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
Polyhedrosis Virus ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis

Apoptosis is an active cellular self-destruction regulated by expression or repression of certain genes. Apoptosis can be caused by a variety of both external and internal stimuli. Whether these different stimuli that can cause apoptosis converge into a final pathway that leads to self-destruction is not known. This paper compares apoptosis caused by a baculovirus, an RNA-synthesis inhibitor and a protein-synthesis inhibitor.Inoculation of IPLB-SF-21 (SF-21) and FPMI-CF-203 (CF-203, Fig. 1, ) cells with Autographa californica multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) and Choristoneura fumiferana multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (CfMNPV), respectively, results in successful infection as visualized by formation of occlusion bodies (OBs). However, inoculation of CF-203 cells with AcMNPV, or SF-21 cells with CFMNPV, is unsuccessful and no OBs are seen. Inoculation of CF-203 cells with AcMNPV results in premature lysis of cells beginning at 12 hr post-inoculation (pi) and most of the cells are lysed by 48 hr pi.

scholarly journals Discovery of Novel Oral Protein Synthesis Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis That Target Leucyl-tRNA Synthetase

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 6271-6280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Palencia ◽  
Xianfeng Li ◽  
Wei Bu ◽  
Wai Choi ◽  
Charles Z. Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Trna Synthetase ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTThe recent development and spread of extensively drug-resistant and totally drug-resistant resistant (TDR) strains ofMycobacterium tuberculosishighlight the need for new antitubercular drugs. Protein synthesis inhibitors have played an important role in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) starting with the inclusion of streptomycin in the first combination therapies. Although parenteral aminoglycosides are a key component of therapy for multidrug-resistant TB, the oxazolidinone linezolid is the only orally available protein synthesis inhibitor that is effective against TB. Here, we show that small-molecule inhibitors of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs), which are known to be excellent antibacterial protein synthesis targets, are orally bioavailable and effective againstM. tuberculosisin TB mouse infection models. We applied the oxaborole tRNA-trapping (OBORT) mechanism, which was first developed to target fungal cytoplasmic leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS), toM. tuberculosisLeuRS. X-ray crystallography was used to guide the design of LeuRS inhibitors that have good biochemical potency and excellent whole-cell activity againstM. tuberculosis. Importantly, their good oral bioavailability translates intoin vivoefficacy in both the acute and chronic mouse models of TB with potency comparable to that of the frontline drug isoniazid.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-Induced Release of Lipoteichoic Acid and Peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus: Quantitative Measurements and Biological Reactivities

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 3073-3078 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. van Langevelde ◽  
J. T. van Dissel ◽  
E. Ravensbergen ◽  
B. J. Appelmelk ◽  
I. A. Schrijver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Pg Release

ABSTRACT Antibiotics with different mechanisms of action may vary with respect to their effects on the release and immunostimulatory activities of cell wall fragments from gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, after Staphylococcus aureus was cultured for 4 h in the absence of antibiotics (control) and in the presence of β-lactam antibiotics (imipenem, flucloxacillin, or cefamandole) and protein synthesis-inhibiting antibiotics (erythromycin, clindamycin, or gentamicin), the lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PG) levels in the bacterial supernatants were measured. β-Lactam antibiotics greatly enhanced the release of LTA and PG (4- to 9-fold and 60- to 85-fold, respectively), whereas protein synthesis inhibitors did not affect PG release and even inhibited the release of LTA compared to the amount of LTA released in control cultures. The capacity of β-lactam supernatants to stimulate the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-10 in human whole blood was significantly higher than that of protein synthesis inhibitor or control supernatants; the amounts of these cytokines released were directly proportional to the concentrations of PG and LTA in the supernatants. Enzymatic degradation of PG in the supernatants indicated that PG was mainly responsible for the observed biological reactivity.

scholarly journals Chloramphenicol enhances Photosystem II photodamage in intact cells of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803

2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-235
Author(s):  
Sandeesha Kodru ◽  
Ateeq ur Rehman ◽  
Imre Vass
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Superoxide Production ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Pcc 6803

Abstract The effect of chloramphenicol, an often used protein synthesis inhibitor, in photosynthetic systems was studied on the rate of Photosystem II (PSII) photodamage in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. Light-induced loss of PSII activity was compared in the presence of chloramphenicol and another protein synthesis inhibitor, lincomycin, by measuring the rate of oxygen evolution in Synechocystis 6803 cells. Our data show that the rate of PSII photodamage was significantly enhanced by chloramphenicol, at the usually applied 200 μg mL−1 concentration, relative to that obtained in the presence of lincomycin. Chloramphenicol-induced enhancement of photodamage has been observed earlier in isolated PSII membrane particles, and has been assigned to the damaging effect of chloramphenicol-mediated superoxide production (Rehman et al. 2016, Front Plant Sci 7:479). This effect points to the involvement of superoxide as damaging agent in the presence of chloramphenicol also in Synechocystis cells. The chloramphenicol-induced enhancement of photodamage was observed not only in wild-type Synechocystis 6803, which contains both Photosystem I (PSI) and PSII, but also in a PSI-less mutant which contains only PSII. Importantly, the rate of PSII photodamage was also enhanced by the absence of PSI when compared to that in the wild-type strain under all conditions studied here, i.e., without addition and in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors. We conclude that chloramphenicol enhances photodamage mostly by its interaction with PSII, leading probably to superoxide production. The presence of PSI is also an important regulatory factor of PSII photodamage most likely via decreasing excitation pressure on PSII.

scholarly journals Yeast Cycloheximide-resistant crl Mutants Are Proteasome Mutants Defective in Protein Degradation

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2487-2499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe-M. Gerlinger ◽  
Roland Gückel ◽  
Michael Hoffmann ◽  
Dieter H. Wolf ◽  
Wolfgang Hilt
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Incorrect Response ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Partial Restoration ◽  
Proteasomal Genes

In 1988 McCusker and Haber generated a series of mutants which are resistant to the minimum inhibitory concentration of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. These cycloheximide-resistant, temperature-sensitive (crl) mutants, in addition, exhibited other pleiotropic phenotypes, e.g., incorrect response to starvation, hypersensitivity against amino acid analogues, and other protein synthesis inhibitors. Temperature sensitivity of one of these mutants, crl3–2, had been found to be suppressed by a mutation, SCL1–1, which resided in an α-type subunit of the 20S proteasome. We cloned the CRL3 gene by complementation and found CRL3 to be identical to theSUG1/CIM3 gene coding for a subunit of the 19S cap complex of the 26S proteasome. Another mutation, crl21, revealed to be allelic with the 20S proteasomal gene PRE3. crl3–2 and crl21 mutant cells show significant defects in proteasome-dependent proteolysis, whereas theSCL1–1 suppressor mutation causes partial restoration of crl3–2-induced proteolytic defects. Notably, cycloheximide resistance was also detected for other proteolytically deficient proteasome mutants (pre1–1,pre2–1, pre3–1, pre4–1). Moreover, proteasomal genes were found within genomic sequences of 9 of 13 chromosomal loci to which crl mutations had been mapped. We therefore assume that most if not all crlmutations reside in the proteasome and that phenotypes found are a result of defective protein degradation.

scholarly journals 31EFFECTS OF CYCLOHEXIMIDE ON CAPRINE SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER EMBRYO AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
R.E Butler ◽  
D. Melican ◽  
N. Hawkins ◽  
T. Jellerette ◽  
S. Nims ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer ◽  
Nuclear Transfer ◽  
Electrical Pulse ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Significant Difference

The use of protein synthesis inhibitors to down regulate the levels of Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF) following fusion and activation are widely used in the field of Nuclear Transfer (NT). Cycloheximide is a protein synthesis inhibitor that blocks the levels of cyclin B, a component of MPF which is required to maintain MII stage arrest in oocytes. However, it is unclear what, if any, effects these broadbased inhibitors may have on nonspecific protein expression in the oocytes or karyoplasts. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of treatment with and without cycloheximide on embryo and fetal development to term. Ovulated in vivo MII oocytes from superovulated does during the traditional breeding season were surgically collected and then enucleated and reconstructed with either transfected fetal or adult skin cell karyoplasts or transgenic primary somatic skin cells. Couplets were simultaneously fused and activated with a single electrical pulse between 2.6 and 3.0kVcm−1 for 20μs. An additional electrical pulse was given to fused couplets and non-fused couplets were re-fused. Reconstructed embryos were either treated with 5μgmL−1 cyclohexamide (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) for a minimum of 3h or cultured directly post-fusion and activation. The embryos were cultured in SOF +BSA at 38°C in a humidified modular incubation chamber (Billrups-Rothenberg, USA) containing 6% O2, 5% CO2, and 89% N2 for 24–48h. Cleavage was assessed, and nuclear transfer embryos, with age appropriate development (up to 2 cells at 24h or 2 to 8 cells by 48h), were surgically transferred to the oviduct of surrogate recipient does. There were 18 and 11 confirmed pregnancies by Day 50 post-fusion and activation from the cycloheximide and non cycloheximide groups, respectively. A total of 12 recipients that received cycloheximide treated embryos produced term pregnancies and yielded 15 offspring. Alternatively, 9 recipients that received untreated embryos produced term pregnancies which yielded 12 offspring. A total of 27 NT offspring were produced and one offspring from a set of quadruplets died several days post-natally. While significantly more cycloheximide treated NT embryos cleaved, there was no significant difference in pregnancy rate or offspring born between treatment groups. These results suggest that the use of cycloheximide for embryo development in somatic cell nuclear transfer may not be necessary for establishing and maintaining caprine NT pregnancies. Table 1

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