scholarly journals Cortical subnetworks encode context of visual stimulus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan P. Hamm ◽  
Yuriy Shymkiv ◽  
Shuting Han ◽  
Weijian Yang ◽  
Rafael Yuste
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Fundamental Function ◽  
Stimulus Context ◽  
Contextual Modulation ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Cortical Responses

AbstractCortical processing of sensory events is significantly influenced by context. For instance, a repetitive or redundant visual stimulus elicits attenuated cortical responses, but if the same stimulus is unexpected or “deviant”, responses are augmented. This contextual modulation of sensory processing is likely a fundamental function of neural circuits, yet an understanding of how it is computed is still missing. Using holographic two-photon calcium imaging in awake animals, here we identify three distinct, spatially intermixed ensembles of neurons in mouse primary visual cortex which differentially respond to the same stimulus under separate contexts, including a subnetwork which selectively responds to deviant events. These non-overlapping ensembles are distributed across layers 2-5, though deviance detection is more common in superficial layers. Contextual preferences likely arise locally since they are not present in bottom up inputs from the thalamus or top-down inputs from prefrontal cortex. The functional parcellation of cortical circuits into independent ensembles that encode stimulus context provides a circuit basis underlying cortically based perception of novel or redundant stimuli, a key deficit in many psychiatric disorders.One Sentence SummaryVisual cortex represents deviant and redundant stimuli with separate subnetworks.

scholarly journals Color and orientation are jointly coded and spatially organized in primate primary visual cortex

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 364 (6447) ◽  
pp. 1275-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupam K. Garg ◽  
Peichao Li ◽  
Mohammad S. Rashid ◽  
Edward M. Callaway
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Stimulus Space ◽  
Single Neurons ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Rigorous Testing

Previous studies support the textbook model that shape and color are extracted by distinct neurons in primate primary visual cortex (V1). However, rigorous testing of this model requires sampling a larger stimulus space than previously possible. We used stable GCaMP6f expression and two-photon calcium imaging to probe a very large spatial and chromatic visual stimulus space and map functional microarchitecture of thousands of neurons with single-cell resolution. Notable proportions of V1 neurons strongly preferred equiluminant color over achromatic stimuli and were also orientation selective, indicating that orientation and color in V1 are mutually processed by overlapping circuits. Single neurons could precisely and unambiguously code for both color and orientation. Further analyses revealed systematic spatial relationships between color tuning, orientation selectivity, and cytochrome oxidase histology.

scholarly journals Thalamic input to auditory cortex is locally heterogeneous but globally tonotopic

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian A Vasquez-Lopez ◽  
Yves Weissenberger ◽  
Michael Lohse ◽  
Peter Keating ◽  
Andrew J King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Contextual Modulation ◽  
Cortical Organization ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Thalamic Input ◽  
Thalamocortical Axons ◽  
Thalamocortical Projections ◽  
Main Input

Topographic representation of the receptor surface is a fundamental feature of sensory cortical organization. This is imparted by the thalamus, which relays information from the periphery to the cortex. To better understand the rules governing thalamocortical connectivity and the origin of cortical maps, we used in vivo two-photon calcium imaging to characterize the properties of thalamic axons innervating different layers of mouse auditory cortex. Although tonotopically organized at a global level, we found that the frequency selectivity of individual thalamocortical axons is surprisingly heterogeneous, even in layers 3b/4 of the primary cortical areas, where the thalamic input is dominated by the lemniscal projection. We also show that thalamocortical input to layer 1 includes collaterals from axons innervating layers 3b/4 and is largely in register with the main input targeting those layers. Such locally varied thalamocortical projections may be useful in enabling rapid contextual modulation of cortical frequency representations.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal adaptation through corticothalamic loops: A hypothesis

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
ULRICH HILLENBRAND ◽  
J. LEO van HEMMEN
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Object Segmentation ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Spatiotemporal Structure ◽  
Cortical Responses ◽  
Cortical Receptive Fields

The thalamus is the major gate to the cortex and its control over cortical responses is well established. Cortical feedback to the thalamus is, in turn, the anatomically dominant input to relay cells, yet its influence on thalamic processing has been difficult to interpret. For an understanding of complex sensory processing, detailed concepts of the corticothalamic interplay need yet to be established. Drawing on various physiological and anatomical data, we elaborate the novel hypothesis that the visual cortex controls the spatiotemporal structure of cortical receptive fields via feedback to the lateral geniculate nucleus. Furthermore, we present and analyze a model of corticogeniculate loops that implements this control, and exhibit its ability of object segmentation by statistical motion analysis in the visual field.

scholarly journals Texture coarseness responsive neurons and their mapping in layer 2–3 of the rat barrel cortex in vivo

eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liora Garion ◽  
Uri Dubin ◽  
Yoav Rubin ◽  
Mohamed Khateb ◽  
Yitzhak Schiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Barrel Cortex ◽  
Fundamental Function ◽  
Tactile Information ◽  
Hierarchical Processing ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Columnar Organization ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Single Unit Recordings

Texture discrimination is a fundamental function of somatosensory systems, yet the manner by which texture is coded and spatially represented in the barrel cortex are largely unknown. Using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging in the rat barrel cortex during artificial whisking against different surface coarseness or controlled passive whisker vibrations simulating different coarseness, we show that layer 2–3 neurons within barrel boundaries differentially respond to specific texture coarsenesses, while only a minority of neurons responded monotonically with increased or decreased surface coarseness. Neurons with similar preferred texture coarseness were spatially clustered. Multi-contact single unit recordings showed a vertical columnar organization of texture coarseness preference in layer 2–3. These findings indicate that layer 2–3 neurons perform high hierarchical processing of tactile information, with surface coarseness embodied by distinct neuronal subpopulations that are spatially mapped onto the barrel cortex.

scholarly journals Context-dependent signaling of coincident auditory and visual events in primary visual cortex

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Deneux ◽  
Alexandre Kempf ◽  
Brice Bathellier
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Sound Sources ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Visual Events ◽  
Visual Inputs ◽  
Sensory Modalities

AbstractDetecting rapid coincident changes across sensory modalities is essential to recognize sudden threats and events. Using two-photon calcium imaging in identified cell types in awake mice, we show that auditory cortex (AC) neurons projecting to primary visual cortex (V1) preferentially encode the abrupt onsets of sounds. In V1, a sub-population of layer 1 interneurons gates this selective cross-modal information by a suppression specific to the absence of visual inputs. However, when large auditory onsets coincide with visual stimuli, visual responses are strongly boosted in V1. Thus, a dynamic asymmetric circuit across AC and V1 specifically identifies visual events starting simultaneously to sudden sounds, potentially catalyzing localization of new sound sources in the visual field.

scholarly journals Chromatic micromaps in primary visual cortex

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumya Chatterjee ◽  
Kenichi Ohki ◽  
R. Clay Reid
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Functional Architecture ◽  
Color Representation ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Spatial Content

AbstractThe clustering of neurons with similar response properties is a conspicuous feature of neocortex. In primary visual cortex (V1), maps of several properties like orientation preference are well described, but the functional architecture of color, central to visual perception in trichromatic primates, is not. Here we used two-photon calcium imaging in macaques to examine the fine structure of chromatic representation and found that neurons responsive to spatially uniform, chromatic stimuli form unambiguous clusters that coincide with blobs. Further, these responsive groups have marked substructure, segregating into smaller ensembles or micromaps with distinct chromatic signatures that appear columnar in upper layer 2/3. Spatially structured chromatic stimuli revealed maps built on the same micromap framework but with larger subdomains that go well beyond blobs. We conclude that V1 has an architecture for color representation that switches between blobs and a combined blob/interblob system based on the spatial content of the visual scene.

scholarly journals Simultaneous mesoscopic and two-photon imaging of neuronal activity in cortical circuits

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Barson ◽  
AS Hamodi ◽  
X Shen ◽  
G Lur ◽  
RT Constable ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Orthogonal Axis ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Evoked Activity ◽  
Sensory Evoked ◽  
Local Circuits ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Juvenile Mouse

AbstractSpontaneous and sensory-evoked activity propagates across spatial scales in the mammalian cortex but technical challenges have generally precluded establishing conceptual links between the function of local circuits of neurons and brain-wide network dynamics. To solve this problem, we developed a method for simultaneous cellular-resolution two-photon calcium imaging of a local microcircuit and mesoscopic widefield calcium imaging of the entire cortical mantle in awake, behaving mice. Our method employs an orthogonal axis design whereby the mesoscopic objective is oriented downward directly above the brain and the two-photon objective is oriented horizontally, with imaging performed through a glass right angle microprism implanted in the skull. In support of this method, we introduce a suite of analysis tools for relating the activity of individual cells to distal cortical areas, as well as a viral method for robust and widespread gene delivery in the juvenile mouse brain. We use these methods to characterize the diversity of associations of individual, genetically-defined neurons with cortex-wide network motifs.

Mapping receptive fields on mouse primary visual cortex: reverse correlation using two-photon calcium imaging signals

2009 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. S172
Author(s):  
Yoshiya Mori ◽  
Koji Ikezoe ◽  
Junichi Furutaka ◽  
Kazuo Kitamura ◽  
Hiroshi Tamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Reverse Correlation ◽  
Two Photon

Response properties of GABAergic and excitatory neurons in visual cortex of awake rats, revealed by two-photon functional calcium imaging

2010 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. e383
Author(s):  
Rie Kimura ◽  
Kazuhiro Sohya ◽  
Teppei Ebina ◽  
Yoshikazu Isomura ◽  
Yuchio Yanagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Excitatory Neurons ◽  
Awake Rats

scholarly journals V1 microcircuit dynamics: altered signal propagation suggests intracortical origins for adaptation in response to visual repetition

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 1938-1952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob A. Westerberg ◽  
Michele A. Cox ◽  
Kacie Dougherty ◽  
Alexander Maier
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Altered State ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Neuronal Interactions ◽  
Sensory Activation

Repetitive visual stimulation profoundly changes sensory processing in the primary visual cortex (V1). We show how the associated adaptive changes are linked to an altered flow of synaptic activation across the V1 laminar microcircuit. Using repeated visual stimulation, we recorded layer-specific responses in V1 of two fixating monkeys. We found that repetition-related spiking suppression was most pronounced outside granular V1 layers that receive the main retinogeniculate input. This repetition-related response suppression was robust to alternating stimuli between the eyes, in line with the notion that repetition-related adaptation is predominantly of cortical origin. Most importantly, current source density (CSD) analysis, which provides an estimate of local net depolarization, revealed that synaptic processing during repeated stimulation was most profoundly affected within supragranular layers, which harbor the bulk of cortico-cortical connections. Direct comparison of the temporal evolution of laminar CSD and spiking activity showed that stimulus repetition first affected supragranular synaptic currents, which translated into a reduction of stimulus-evoked spiking across layers. Together, these results suggest that repetition induces an altered state of intracortical processing that underpins visual adaptation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our survival depends on our brains rapidly adapting to ever changing environments. A well-studied form of adaptation occurs whenever we encounter the same or similar stimuli repeatedly. We show that this repetition-related adaptation is supported by systematic changes in the flow of sensory activation across the laminar cortical microcircuitry of primary visual cortex. These results demonstrate how adaptation impacts neuronal interactions across cortical circuits.

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