scholarly journals Bioorthogonal antigens allow the unbiased study of antigen processing and presentation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Can Araman ◽  
Linda Pieper-Pournara ◽  
Tyrza van Leeuwen ◽  
Arieke S. B. Kampstra ◽  
Thomas Bakkum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Antigen Processing ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Short Peptides ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Major Histocompatibility Complexes ◽  
Antigenic Material ◽  
Antigen Processing And Presentation

AbstractProteolysis is fundamental to many biological processes. In the immune system, it underpins the activation of the adaptive immune response: degradation of antigenic material into short peptides and presentation thereof on major histocompatibility complexes, leads to activation of T-cells. This initiates the adaptive immune response against many pathogens.

scholarly journals Bioorthogonal Protein Labelling Enables The Study Of Antigen Processing of Citrullinated and Carbamylated Auto-Antigens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyrza van Leeuwen ◽  
Can Araman ◽  
Linda Pieper Pournara ◽  
Arieke S.B. Kampstra ◽  
Thomas Bakkum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Antigen Processing ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Short Peptides ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Protein Labelling ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Antigenic Material

Proteolysis is fundamental to many biological processes. In the immune system, it underpins the activation of the adaptive immune response: degradation of antigenic material into short peptides and presentation thereof...

scholarly journals Proteomic and metabolomic signatures associated with the immune response in healthy individuals immunized with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wang ◽  
Xiaoxia Wang ◽  
Laurence Don Wai Luu ◽  
Shaojin Chen ◽  
Jin Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Systems Biology ◽  
Complement Activation ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Adaptive Immune

CoronaVac (Sinovac), an inactivated vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, has been widely used for immunization. However, analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms driving CoronaVac-induced immunity is still limited. Here, we applied a systems biology approach to understand the mechanisms behind the adaptive immune response to CoronaVac in a cohort of 50 volunteers immunized with 2 doses of CoronaVac. Vaccination with CoronaVac led to an integrated immune response that included several effector arms of the adaptive immune system including specific IgM/IgG, humoral response and other immune response, as well as the innate immune system as shown by complement activation. Metabolites associated with immunity were also identified implicating the role of metabolites in the humoral response, complement activation and other immune response. Networks associated with the TCA cycle and amino acids metabolic pathways, such as phenylalanine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism were tightly coupled with immunity. Critically, we constructed a multifactorial response network (MRN) to analyze the underlying interactions and compared the signatures affected by CoronaVac immunization and SARS-CoV-2 infection to further identify immune signatures and related metabolic pathways altered by CoronaVac immunization. These results suggest that protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 can be achieved via multiple mechanisms and highlights the utility of a systems biology approach in defining molecular correlates of protection to vaccination.

scholarly journals Exosomes Recovered From the Plasma of COVID-19 Patients Expose SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Derived Fragments and Contribute to the Adaptive Immune Response

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Pesce ◽  
Nicola Manfrini ◽  
Chiara Cordiglieri ◽  
Spartaco Santi ◽  
Alessandra Bandera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Pathological State ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by beta-coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has rapidly spread across the globe starting from February 2020. It is well established that during viral infection, extracellular vesicles become delivery/presenting vectors of viral material. However, studies regarding extracellular vesicle function in COVID-19 pathology are still scanty. Here, we performed a comparative study on exosomes recovered from the plasma of either MILD or SEVERE COVID-19 patients. We show that although both types of vesicles efficiently display SARS-CoV-2 spike-derived peptides and carry immunomodulatory molecules, only those of MILD patients are capable of efficiently regulating antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell responses. Accordingly, by mass spectrometry, we show that the proteome of exosomes of MILD patients correlates with a proper functioning of the immune system, while that of SEVERE patients is associated with increased and chronic inflammation. Overall, we show that exosomes recovered from the plasma of COVID-19 patients possess SARS-CoV-2-derived protein material, have an active role in enhancing the immune response, and possess a cargo that reflects the pathological state of patients in the acute phase of the disease.

scholarly journals Salmonella and the Immune System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weam Saad Al-Hamadany
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Adaptive Immune

The human body has many mechanisms to resist invaders like pathogenic bacteria to avoid harm according to the living creature’s law “survival for the best”. On the opposite; Salmonella as pathogenic bacteria have many weapons that they utilize to invade the human body. The resistance mechanisms expressed by the human body are called immunity which represented by the immune system that has many different types of resistance processes, either specific (adaptive immune response) or non-specific (Innate Immune Response) against certain pathogenic invaders. As far as these processes are strong they will be enough to avoid infections occurrence, otherwise, the human body will get infected with Salmonella, be ill, show the disease symptoms, transmit the disease to others, and may become a carrier for the pathogen according to many circumstances. Prevention is still stood the most effective way to avoid getting infected with Salmonella by personal hygiene or suitable vaccination if available.

scholarly journals Snippets of virus integrated into human genome suggests possibility of CRISPR-like adaptive immune system in human cells

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfa Ng
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Foreign Dna

Snippets of virus that infect humans have been shown to be incorporated into the human genome. Could such virus snippets provide a form of adaptive immunity similar to that offered by CRISPR to bacterial cells? To answer the question, RNA-seq could be used to provide a broad view of the RNA transcribed from DNA in the genome. Using known genome sequence of viruses that infect humans as template, reads obtained from RNA-seq would be profiled for virus snippets integrated into human genome and subsequently transcribed as part of an adaptive immune system. Subsequently, viruses corresponding to the virus snippets in human genome would be used to infect human cell lines to obtain direct evidence of how virus snippets mediate an adaptive immune response at the cellular level. Specifically, successful defence of the cell by virus snippets triggering an adaptive immune response would manifest as viable cells compared to lysed cells unable to mount an immune response. Following demonstration of cell viability under viral challenge, in vitro biochemical assays using cell lysate would interrogate the specific proteins and enzymes that mediate possible cutting of the foreign DNA or RNA. To this end, beads immobilized with virus snippets would serve as bait for binding to complementary viral DNA or RNA as well as potential endogenous endonuclease protein. Following precipitation and recovery of beads, possible endonuclease that bind to both viral DNA or RNA and virus snippets immobilized on beads would be isolated through gel electrophoresis and subsequently purified. Purified endonuclease would be assayed for activity against a variety of nucleic acids (both DNA and RNA) from various sources with and without added virus snippets. This provides important information on substrate range and specificity of the potential endonuclease. Amino acid sequencing of the purified endonuclease would help downstream bioinformatic search for candidate protein in the human genome. Finally, cryo-electron microscopy could help determine the structure of the endonuclease in complex with viral nucleic acids and virus snippets. Such structural information would provide more insights into mechanistic details describing the binding and cleavage of viral DNA or RNA in a CRISPR-like adaptive immune response in human cells. Overall, tantalizing clues have emerged that a CRISPR-like adaptive immune response may exist in human cells for defending against viral attack. Combination of cell biological, biochemical and structural tools could lend insights into the potential endonuclease that mediate double strand break of foreign DNA or RNA using virus snippets transcribed from the human genome as guide RNA. If demonstrated to be true for a variety of human viruses across different cell lines, the newly discovered viral defence mechanism in human cells hold important implications for understanding the adoption and evolution of CRISPR in eukaryotic cells.

scholarly journals Fetal Lymphoid Organ Immune Responses to Transient and Persistent Infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie J. Knapek ◽  
Hanah M. Georges ◽  
Hana Van Campen ◽  
Jeanette V. Bishop ◽  
Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) fetal infections occur in two forms; persistent infection (PI) or transient infection (TI), depending on what stage of gestation the fetus is infected. Examination of lymphoid organs from both PI and TI fetuses reveals drastically different fetal responses, dependent upon the developmental stage of the fetal immune system. Total RNA was extracted from the thymuses and spleens of uninfected control, PI, and TI fetuses collected on day 190 of gestation to test the hypothesis that BVDV infection impairs the innate and adaptive immune response in the fetal thymus and spleen of both infection types. Transcripts of genes representing the innate immune response and adaptive immune response genes were assayed by Reverse Transcription quatitative PCR (RT-qPCR) (2−ΔΔCq; fold change). Genes of the innate immune response, interferon (IFN) inducible genes, antigen presentation to lymphocytes, and activation of B cells were downregulated in day 190 fetal PI thymuses compared to controls. In contrast, innate immune response genes were upregulated in TI fetal thymuses compared to controls and tended to be upregulated in TI fetal spleens. Genes associated with the innate immune system were not different in PI fetal spleens; however, adaptive immune system genes were downregulated, indicating that PI fetal BVDV infection has profound inhibitory effects on the expression of genes involved in the innate and adaptive immune response. The downregulation of these genes in lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells in the developing thymus and spleen may explain the incomplete clearance of BVDV and the persistence of the virus in PI animals while the upregulation of the TI innate immune response indicates a more mature immune system, able to clear the virus.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 and interferon blockade

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty Diamond ◽  
Bruce T. Volpe ◽  
Sonya VanPatten ◽  
Yousef Al Abed
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Interferon Production ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Abstract The response to viral infection generally includes an activation of the adaptive immune response to produce cytotoxic T cells and neutralizing antibodies. We propose that SARS-CoV-2 activates the innate immune system through the renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-bradykinin pathways, blocks interferon production and reduces an effective adaptive immune response. This model has therapeutic implications.

scholarly journals Orchestration of Adaptive T Cell Responses by Neutrophil Granule Contents

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Minns ◽  
Katie Jane Smith ◽  
Emily Gwyer Findlay
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
T Cell Immunity ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Cell Immunity

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in peripheral blood and respond rapidly to danger, infiltrating tissues within minutes of infectious or sterile injury. Neutrophils were long thought of as simple killers, but now we recognise them as responsive cells able to adapt to inflammation and orchestrate subsequent events with some sophistication. Here, we discuss how these rapid responders release mediators which influence later adaptive T cell immunity through influences on DC priming and directly on the T cells themselves. We consider how the release of granule contents by neutrophils—through NETosis or degranulation—is one way in which the innate immune system directs the phenotype of the adaptive immune response.

Plant Phenolics and Lectins as Vaccine Adjuvants

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 1236-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernández-Ramos Reyna-Margarita ◽  
Castillo-Maldonado Irais ◽  
Rivera-Guillén Mario-Alberto ◽  
Ramírez-Moreno Agustina ◽  
Serrano-Gallardo Luis-Benjamín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Plant Phenolics ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Foreign Substance

Background: The immune system is responsible for providing protection to the body against foreign substances. The immune system divides into two types of immune responses to study its mechanisms of protection: 1) Innate and 2) Adaptive. The innate immune response represents the first protective barrier of the organism that also works as a regulator of the adaptive immune response, if evaded the mechanisms of the innate immune response by the foreign substance the adaptive immune response takes action with the consequent antigen neutralization or elimination. The adaptive immune response objective is developing a specific humoral response that consists in the production of soluble proteins known as antibodies capable of specifically recognizing the foreign agent; such protective mechanism is induced artificially through an immunization or vaccination. Unfortunately, the immunogenicity of the antigens is an intrinsic characteristic of the same antigen dependent on several factors. Conclusion: Vaccine adjuvants are chemical substances of very varied structure that seek to improve the immunogenicity of antigens. The main four types of adjuvants under investigation are the following: 1) Oil emulsions with an antigen in solution, 2) Pattern recognition receptors activating molecules, 3) Inflammatory stimulatory molecules or activators of the inflammasome complex, and 4) Cytokines. However, this paper addresses the biological plausibility of two phytochemical compounds as vaccine adjuvants: 5) Lectins, and 6) Plant phenolics whose characteristics, mechanisms of action and disadvantages are addressed. Finally, the immunological usefulness of these molecules is discussed through immunological data to estimate effects of plant phenolics and lectins as vaccine adjuvants, and current studies that have implanted these molecules as vaccine adjuvants, demonstrating the results of this immunization.

Role of non-resident subpopulations of mucosal and adaptive immune systems in patients with chronic periodontitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (30) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
V. P. Mudrov ◽  
N. V. Davidova ◽  
S. P. Kazakov ◽  
T. E. Mishina
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Chronic Periodontitis ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Hla Dr

Periodontal bacterial bioflm causes an innate and adaptive immune response of the host mucosa, leading to inflammation and destruction of the tissues supporting the periodontal. The progression of periodontitis depends not only on bacteria, since an inadequate immune response to microorganisms can accelerate the development of periodontitis. However, the exact mechanisms of the development of immune reactions remain unclear. Recent studies emphasize the existence of a typical innate response of resident and extravasated immune cells.Objective. To investigate the quantitative composition of non-resident subpopulations of lymphocytes in salivary fluid and to study the mechanisms of interaction of the cellular link of the innate and adaptive immune system in chronic generalized periodontitis of varying severity.Materials and methods. 49 people aged 26–67 years of both sexes were examined with a diagnosis of chronic periodontitis. The comparison group consisted of 17 people aged 26–44 years with no periodontal diseases. The state of the cellular link of the adaptive and local immune system of the oral cavity was assessed by the following phenotypes: CD3–CD16+56+; CD3+CD16+56+; CD3+; CD3+HLA-DR+; CD19+, CD19+HLA-DR+; CD19+CD5+CD27–; CD19+CD5–СD 27–; CD19+СD5–CD27+.Results. The number of T-NK cells decreased with a mild degree of periodontitis and increased with a severe degree. Similarly, CD3+HLA-DR+ decreased with mild periodontitis [Me = 0.148 cells/µl] and increased with moderate [Me = 0.247 cells/µl] and severe [Me = 0.448 cells/µl]. The number of B-lymphocytes with the CD19+, CD19+CD5+, CD19+CD5–CD27+ phenotype decreased to single cells per microliter during the development of the disease.Conclusion. The imbalance of the immune system caused by pathogenic colonization of the periodontium, at different degrees of severity, is an important factor in the occurrence and development of periodontitis, in which various subsets of B cells of the adaptive immune system play a certain role, closely interacting with the cellular link of the innate mucosal immune system

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document