scholarly journals The ecomorphology of southern African rodent incisors: Potential applications to the hominin fossil record

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver C.C. Paine ◽  
Jennifer N. Leichliter ◽  
Nico Avenant ◽  
Daryl Codron ◽  
Austin Lawrence ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Taxonomic Identification ◽  
Mammalian Fauna ◽  
Taxonomic Significance ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Taxonomic Methods ◽  
Modern Sample

AbstractThe taxonomic identification of mammalian fauna within fossil assemblages is a well-established component of paleoenvironmental reconstructions. However, many fragmentary specimens recovered from fossil sites are often disregarded as they can be difficult to identify with the precision required for taxonomic methods. For this reason, the large numbers of isolated rodent incisors that are often recovered from hominin fossil bearing sites have generally been seen as offering little interpretive value. Ecomorphological analysis, often referred to as a “taxon-free” method, can potentially circumvent this problem by focusing on the adaptive, rather than the taxonomic significance of rodent incisor morphology. Here, we determine if the morphology of the upper incisors of modern southern African rodents reflects dietary behavior using discriminant function analysis. Our model suggests that a strong ecomorphological signal exists in our modern sample and we apply these results to two samples of isolated incisors from the hominin fossil bearing sites, Sterkfontein and Swartkrans.

Estimating Suicide Risk among Attempted Suicides: I. the Development of New Clinical Scales

1982 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Pallis ◽  
A. B. Levey ◽  
J. S. Jenkins ◽  
P. Sainsbury ◽  
B. M. Barraclough
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Social Data ◽  
Clinical Scales ◽  
Two Samples

SummaryA discriminant function analysis was carried out to separate a sample of 75 suicides from a sample of 146 attempted suicides, on which comprehensive clinical and social data were recorded on an identical schedule. Two sets of discriminating items (with 18 and 6 variables) correctly classified 91 per cent and 83 per cent of the two samples in their respective groups. The results provide a basis for examining the usefulness of these variables as predictors of future suicide in people who have attempted suicide.

Effect of Hydrogen Post-Annealing on Transparent Conductive ITO/Ga2O3 Bi-Layer Films for Deep Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 7777-7780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyeong Heon Kim ◽  
Su Jin Kim ◽  
Sang Young Park ◽  
Tae Geun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Light Emitting Diodes ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Rf Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Post Annealing ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Uv Transmittance

The effect of hydrogen post-annealing on the electrical and optical properties of ITO/Ga2O3 bi-layer films, deposited by RF magnetron sputtering, is investigated for potential applications to transparent conductive electrodes of ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes. Three samples—an as-deposited sample and two samples post-annealed in N2 gas and N2–H2 gas mixture—were prepared and annealed at different temperatures ranging from 100 °C to 500 °C for comparison. Among these samples, the sample annealed at 300 °C in a mixture of N2 and H2 gases shows the lowest sheet resistance of 301.3 Ω/□ and a high UV transmittance of 87.1% at 300 nm.

scholarly journals An approach to high-throughput X-ray diffraction analysis of combinatorial polycrystalline thin film libraries

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Roncallo ◽  
O. Karimi ◽  
K. D. Rogers ◽  
D. W. Lane ◽  
S. A. Ansari
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Scattering Data ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Raster Scanning ◽  
Area Detector ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Compositional Gradients

With the demand for higher rates of discovery in the materials field, characterization techniques that are capable of rapidly and reliably surveying the characteristics of large numbers of samples are essential. A chemical combinatorial approach using thin films can provide detailed phase diagrams without the need to produce multiple, individual samples. This is achieved with compositional gradients forming high-density libraries. Conventional raster scanning of chemical or structural probes is subsequently used to interrogate the libraries. A new, alternative approach to raster scanning is introduced to provide a method of high-throughput data collection and analysis using an X-ray diffraction probe. Libraries are interrogated with an extended X-ray source and the scattering data collected using an area detector. A simple technique of `partitioning' this scattering distribution enables determination of information comparable to conventional raster scanned results but in a dramatically reduced collection time. The technique has been tested using synthetic X-ray scattering distributions and those obtained from contrived samples. In all cases, the partitioning algorithm is shown to be robust and to provide reliable data; discrimination along the library principal axis is shown to be ∼500 µm and the lattice parameter resolution to be ∼10−3 Å mm−1. The limitations of the technique are discussed and future potential applications described.

Depression and Somatic Symptoms: A Cross-Cultural Study

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Marmanidis ◽  
G. Holme ◽  
R. J. Hafner
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Research Team ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Somatic Complaints ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Australian Sample

The study was carried out by the same research team in two metropolitan hospitals, one in Greece (N = 60) and one in Australia (N q 56). Subjects comprised patients consecutively admitted with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of depressive disorder, all of whom completed questionnaire measures of depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms. Clinical concepts and practices in the two hospitals were very similar. Overall levels of depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms in the two samples were almost identical, but there were differences in the pattern of somatic complaints: Greeks scored significantly higher on dizziness, paraesthesiae and masticatory spasms, and Australians scored significantly higher on drowsiness, hypersomnia and non-refreshing sleep, with the latter two items being the best discriminators of the two samples using discriminant function analysis. These findings, combined with factor analysis, suggested that symptoms associated with hyperventilation in the Greek sample, and with sleep disturbance in the Australian sample, explained most of the differences between them.

scholarly journals Comparison of Genetic Diversity in Core and Whole Germplasm Collections for Phaseolus vulgaris L.

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 772E-772
Author(s):  
J. Nienhuis ◽  
P. Skroch ◽  
M. Sass ◽  
S. Beebe ◽  
J. Tohme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
The Core ◽  
Germplasm Collections ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Marker Frequency ◽  
Seed Characteristics

The number of Phaseolus vulgaris germplasm accessions numbers more than 30,000. While the large numbers of accessions increase the probability of preserving genetic variability they simultaneously limit the efficient and routine utilization of this resource. From the approximately 4000 P. vulgaris accessions in the C.I.A.T. whole collection that were collected in Mexico, a core collection of 400 accessions was developed based on variation for agronomic performance, ecological adaptation, and seed characteristics. Random samples of 90 accessions each were drawn from the core and whole collections and evaluated for 224 polymorphic RAPD bands. Based on analysis of the RAPD data there were no significant differences in genetic diversity between the two samples. The correlation of marker frequency for the two samples was 0.984 confirming that the two samples represent the same population.

scholarly journals Taxonomic identification bias does not drive patterns of abundance and diversity in theropod dinosaurs

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 20210168
Author(s):  
Daniel D. Cashmore ◽  
Richard J. Butler ◽  
Susannah C. R. Maidment
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Taxonomic Identification ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Theropod Dinosaurs ◽  
Bone Preservation ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Fossil Preservation ◽  
Vertebrate Skeleton

The ability of palaeontologists to correctly diagnose and classify new fossil species from incomplete morphological data is fundamental to our understanding of evolution. Different parts of the vertebrate skeleton have different likelihoods of fossil preservation and varying amounts of taxonomic information, which could bias our interpretations of fossil material. Substantial previous research has focused on the diversity and macroevolution of non-avian theropod dinosaurs. Theropods provide a rich dataset for analysis of the interactions between taxonomic diagnosability and fossil preservation. We use specimen data and formal taxonomic diagnoses to create a new metric, the Likelihood of Diagnosis, which quantifies the diagnostic likelihood of fossil species in relation to bone preservation potential. We use this to assess whether a taxonomic identification bias impacts the non-avian theropod fossil record. We find that the patterns of differential species abundance and clade diversity are not a consequence of their relative diagnosability. Although there are other factors that bias the theropod fossil record that are not investigated here, our results suggest that patterns of relative abundance and diversity for theropods might be more representative of Mesozoic ecology than often considered.

scholarly journals sweetD: An R package using Hoeffding’s D statistic to visualise the dependence between M and A for large numbers of gene expression samples

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber Barton
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
R Package ◽  
Large Datasets ◽  
Batch Effects ◽  
Gene Abundance ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Manual Examination ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractSummaryMA plots are frequently used to examine the relationship between gene abundance and differences in gene expression between two samples. In good quality samples without batch effects or outliers, there is generally no or little relationship between intensity and log fold difference. As the number of MA plots increases quadratically with the number of samples, for large datasets the number of potential MA plots becomes prohibitively high for manual examination. Here we present an R package calculating and visualising the dependence between abundance and log fold difference for large numbers of samples using Hoeffding’s D statistic.Availability and implementationsweetD is currently available as an R package on Github https://github.com/amberjoybarton/sweetD.

Age and origin of subalpine forest zone

Paleobiology ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Axelrod
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Pyroclastic Deposits ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
Herbaceous Perennials ◽  
Vegetation Zones ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Subalpine Zone ◽  
Adaptive Zone

Genera of montane conifers first appeared in the fossil record in large numbers in the Middle Eocene (47-45 Ma) as widespread volcanism in the Cordilleran region provided scattered, cold upland tracts suited for them. Higher subalpine environments, generally above 2,000 m, probably were confined then to upper slopes of scattered strato-volcanos and basement highs covered with thick pyroclastic deposits. As relief increased in the middle Tertiary, and especially during the Pliocene-Quaternary, the area suited for a subalpine forest zone increased significantly, enabling montane conifers to spread into that higher, colder environment and form a new major forest zone. During glaciations the subalpine zone was much larger and probably from 900-1,000 m lower than at present. Spreading post-glacial warmth and drought account for its retreat to higher levels and for the discontinuous distribution of the forest and its species today. Recency of the subalpine adaptive zone is implied also by the close relations of its varieties and subspecies of herbaceous perennials, a few annuals, and pines to those in vegetation zones below it.

Collective synthesis and dissociation of soliton molecules in parallel optical-soliton reactors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenbin He ◽  
Meng Pang ◽  
Dung-Han Yeh ◽  
Jiapeng Huang ◽  
Philip Russell
Keyword(s):  
Optical Control ◽  
Fibre Laser ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Soliton Interactions ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
All Optical ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Mode Locked Lasers

Abstract Mode-locked lasers have been widely used to explore interactions between optical solitons, including bound-soliton states that may be regarded as "photonic molecules". Conventional mode-locked lasers normally however host at most only a few solitons, which means that stochastic behaviours involving large numbers of solitons cannot easily be studied under controlled experimental conditions. Here we report the use of an optoacoustically mode-locked fibre laser to create hundreds of temporal traps or "reactors" in parallel, within each of which multiple solitons can be isolated and controlled both globally and individually using all-optical method. We achieve on-demand synthesis and dissociation of soliton molecules within these reactors, in this way unfolding a novel panorama of diverse dynamics in which the statistics of multi-soliton interactions can be studied. The results are of crucial importance in understanding dynamical soliton interactions, and may motivate potential applications for all-optical control of ultrafast light fields in optical resonators.

scholarly journals Residual Doses in Recent Alluvial Sediments From the Ardenne (S Belgium)

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (-1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitri Vandenberghe ◽  
Cilia Derese ◽  
Geoffrey Houbrechts
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Dose Distributions ◽  
Alluvial Sediments ◽  
Particle Size Fractions ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
River Flood ◽  
Small Aliquot ◽  
Quartz Grains ◽  
Modern Sample

Residual Doses in Recent Alluvial Sediments From the Ardenne (S Belgium)We report on our first investigations into the potential of optical dating for determining the rate of river flood sedimentation in the Ardenne region (S Belgium). Two samples collected from a recent alluvial deposit were used to investigate the extent of resetting in different particle size fractions of quartz (4-11 μm, 63-90 μm, 90-125 μm, 125-180 μm, 180-212 μm and 212-250 μm) as well as in polymineral fine (4-11 μm) grains. Both samples show satisfactory OSL and IRSL characteristics. The IRSL signals from the polymineral fine grains yield an equivalent dose (De) of 3-4 Gy, while a Deof 0.3-0.6 Gy was measured using large aliquots of quartz. Small aliquot analyses of 63-90 μm and 212-250 μm quartz grains confirm that the coarser fraction contains more grains with lower De's. Furthermore, for a modern sample (< 3 years old), ~60% of the aliquots yields a Deconsistent with zero, indicating that these contain only well-bleached grains. These findings suggest that it might be possible to extract the true burial dose from dose distributions measured using small aliquots of coarse-grained (e.g. 212-250 μm) quartz.

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