scholarly journals Complex interactions between local adaptation, plasticity, and sex affect vulnerability to warming in a widespread marine copepod

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Sasaki ◽  
Sydney Hedberg ◽  
Kailin Richardson ◽  
Hans G. Dam
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Marine Copepod ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

AbstractPredicting the response of populations to climate change requires knowledge of thermal performance. Genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity affect thermal performance, but the effects of sex and developmental temperatures often go uncharacterized. We used common garden experiments to test for effects of local adaptation, developmental phenotypic plasticity, and individual sex on thermal performance of the ubiquitous copepod, Acartia tonsa. Females had higher thermal tolerance than males in both populations, while the Florida population had higher thermal tolerance compared to the Connecticut population. An effect of developmental phenotypic plasticity on thermal tolerance was observed only in the Connecticut population. Ignoring sex-specific differences may result in a severe underestimation of population-level impacts of warming (i.e. - population decline due to sperm limitation). Further, despite having a higher thermal tolerance, southern populations may be more vulnerable to warming as they lack the ability to respond to increases in temperature through phenotypic plasticity.

scholarly journals Complex interactions between local adaptation, phenotypic plasticity and sex affect vulnerability to warming in a widespread marine copepod

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 182115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Sasaki ◽  
Sydney Hedberg ◽  
Kailin Richardson ◽  
Hans G. Dam
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Marine Copepod ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

Predicting the response of populations to climate change requires an understanding of how various factors affect thermal performance. Genetic differentiation is well known to affect thermal performance, but the effects of sex and developmental phenotypic plasticity often go uncharacterized. We used common garden experiments to test for effects of local adaptation, developmental phenotypic plasticity and individual sex on thermal performance of the ubiquitous copepod,Acartia tonsa(Calanoida, Crustacea) from two populations strongly differing in thermal regimes (Florida and Connecticut, USA). Females had higher thermal tolerance than males in both populations, while the Florida population had higher thermal tolerance compared with the Connecticut population. An effect of developmental phenotypic plasticity on thermal tolerance was observed only in the Connecticut population. Our results show clearly that thermal performance is affected by complex interactions of the three tested variables. Ignoring sex-specific differences in thermal performance may result in a severe underestimation of population-level impacts of warming because of population decline due to sperm limitation. Furthermore, despite having a higher thermal tolerance, low-latitude populations may be more vulnerable to warming as they lack the ability to respond to increases in temperature through phenotypic plasticity.

scholarly journals Adaptation to a latitudinal thermal gradient within a widespread copepod species: the contributions of genetic divergence and phenotypic plasticity

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1853) ◽  
pp. 20170236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo J. Pereira ◽  
Matthew C. Sasaki ◽  
Ronald S. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Thermal Adaptation ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
Physiological Limits ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

Understanding how populations adapt to heterogeneous thermal regimes is essential for comprehending how latitudinal gradients in species diversification are formed, and how taxa will respond to ongoing climate change. Adaptation can occur by innate genetic factors, by phenotypic plasticity, or by a combination of both mechanisms. Yet, the relative contribution of such mechanisms to large-scale latitudinal gradients of thermal tolerance across conspecific populations remains unclear. We examine thermal performance in 11 populations of the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus , ranging from Baja California Sur (Mexico) to British Columbia (Canada). Common garden experiments show that survivorship to acute heat-stress differs between populations (by up to 3.8°C in LD 50 values), reflecting a strong genetic thermal adaptation. Using a split-brood experiment with two rearing temperatures, we also show that developmental phenotypic plasticity is beneficial to thermal tolerance (by up to 1.3°C), and that this effect differs across populations. Although genetic divergence in heat tolerance strongly correlates with latitude and temperature, differences in the plastic response do not. In the context of climate warming, our results confirm the general prediction that low-latitude populations are most susceptible to local extinction because genetic adaptation has placed physiological limits closer to current environmental maxima, but our results also contradict the prediction that phenotypic plasticity is constrained at lower latitudes.

scholarly journals Environment and phenology shape local adaptation in thermal performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1955) ◽  
pp. 20210741
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Villeneuve ◽  
Lisa M. Komoroske ◽  
Brian S. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Urosalpinx Cinerea ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

Populations within species often exhibit variation in traits that reflect local adaptation and further shape existing adaptive potential for species to respond to climate change. However, our mechanistic understanding of how the environment shapes trait variation remains poor. Here, we used common garden experiments to quantify thermal performance in eight populations of the marine snail Urosalpinx cinerea across thermal gradients on the Atlantic and the Pacific coasts of North America. We then evaluated the relationship between thermal performance and environmental metrics derived from time-series data. Our results reveal a novel pattern of ‘mixed’ trait performance adaptation, where thermal optima were positively correlated with spawning temperature (cogradient variation), while maximum trait performance was negatively correlated with season length (countergradient variation). This counterintuitive pattern probably arises because of phenological shifts in the spawning season, whereby ‘cold’ populations delay spawning until later in the year when temperatures are warmer compared to ‘warm’ populations that spawn earlier in the year when temperatures are cooler. Our results show that variation in thermal performance can be shaped by multiple facets of the environment and are linked to organismal phenology and natural history. Understanding the impacts of climate change on organisms, therefore, requires the knowledge of how climate change will alter different aspects of the thermal environment.

scholarly journals Fine-scale local adaptation in an invasive freshwater fish has evolved in contemporary time

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1751) ◽  
pp. 20122327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. H. Westley ◽  
Eric J. Ward ◽  
Ian A. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Relative Survival ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Ecological Selection ◽  
Reciprocal Transplants ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

Adaptive evolutionary change in only a few generations can increase the ability of non-native invasive species to spread, and yet adaptive divergence is rarely assessed in recently established populations. In this study, we experimentally test for evidence of fine-scale local adaptation in juvenile survival and growth among three populations of an invasive freshwater fish with reciprocal transplants and common-garden experiments. Despite intrinsic differences in habitat quality, in two of three populations we detected evidence of increased survival in ‘home’ versus ‘away’ environments with a Bayesian occupancy model fitted to mark–recapture data. We found support for the ‘local’ versus ‘foreign’ criterion of local adaptation as 14 of 15 pairwise comparisons of performance were consistent with local adaptation ( p < 0.001). Patterns in growth were less clear, though we detected evidence of location- and population-level effects. Although the agents of divergent ecological selection are not known in this system, our results combine to indicate that adaptive divergence—reflected by higher relative survival of local individuals—can occur in a small number of generations and only a few kilometres apart on the landscape.

scholarly journals Integrating patterns of thermal tolerance and phenotypic plasticity with population genetics to improve understanding of vulnerability to warming in a widespread copepod

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Sasaki ◽  
Hans G. Dam
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Thermal Adaptation ◽  
Florida Keys ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
High Dispersal ◽  
Performance Curves

AbstractDifferences in population vulnerability to warming are defined by spatial patterns in thermal adaptation. These patterns may be driven by natural selection over spatial environmental gradients, but can also be shaped by gene flow, especially in marine taxa with high dispersal potential. Understanding and predicting organismal responses to warming requires disentangling the opposing effects of selection and gene flow. We begin by documenting genetic divergence of thermal tolerance and developmental phenotypic plasticity. Ten populations of the widespread copepodAcartia tonsawere collected from sites across a large thermal gradient, ranging from the Florida Keys to Northern New Brunswick, Canada (spanning over 20 degrees latitude). Thermal performance curves from common garden experiments revealed local adaptation at the sampling range extremes, with thermal tolerance increasing at low latitudes and decreasing at high latitudes. The opposite pattern was observed in phenotypic plasticity, which was strongest at high latitudes. Over a large portion of the sampled range, however, we observed a remarkable lack of differentiation of thermal performance curves. To examine whether this lack of divergence is the result of selection for a generalist performance curve or constraint by gene flow, we analyzed cytochrome oxidase I mtDNA sequences, which revealed abundant genetic diversity and widely-distributed haplotypes. Strong divergence in thermal performance within genetic clades, however, suggests that the pace of thermal adaptation can be relatively rapid. The combined insight from the laboratory physiological experiments and genetic data indicate that gene flow constrains differentiation of thermal performance curves. This balance between gene flow and selection has implications for patterns of vulnerability to warming. Taking both genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity into account, our results suggest that local adaptation does not increase vulnerability to warming, and that low latitude populations in general may be more vulnerable to predicted temperature change over the next century.

scholarly journals High differentiation in functional traits but similar phenotypic plasticity in populations of a soil specialist along a climatic gradient

2020 ◽  
Vol 125 (6) ◽  
pp. 969-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Matesanz ◽  
Marina Ramos-Muñoz ◽  
Mario Blanco-Sánchez ◽  
Adrián Escudero
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Population Level ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Moisture Variation ◽  
Neutral Genetic Variation

Abstract Background and Aims Plants experiencing contrasting environmental conditions may accommodate such heterogeneity by expressing phenotypic plasticity, evolving local adaptation or a combination of both. We investigated patterns of genetic differentiation and plasticity in response to drought in populations of the gypsum specialist Lepidium subulatum. Methods We created an outdoor common garden with rain exclusion structures using 60 maternal progenies from four distinct populations that substantially differ in climatic conditions. We characterized fitness, life history and functional plasticity in response to two contrasting treatments that realistically reflect soil moisture variation in gypsum habitats. We also assessed neutral genetic variation and population structure using microsatellite markers. Key Results In response to water stress, plants from all populations flowered earlier, increased allocation to root tissues and advanced leaf senescence, consistent with a drought escape strategy. Remarkably, these probably adaptive responses were common to all populations, as shown by the lack of population × environment interaction for almost all functional traits. This generally common pattern of response was consistent with substantial neutral genetic variation and large differences in population trait means. However, such population-level trait variation was not related to climatic conditions at the sites of origin. Conclusions Our results show that, rather than ecotypes specialized to local climatic conditions, these populations are composed of highly plastic, general-purpose genotypes in relation to climatic heterogeneity. The strikingly similar patterns of plasticity among populations, despite substantial site of origin differences in climate, suggest past selection on a common norm of reaction due to similarly high levels of variation within sites. It is thus likely that plasticity will have a prevalent role in the response of this soil specialist to further environmental change.

scholarly journals Multiple common garden experiments suggest lack of local adaptation in an invasive ornamental plant

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Ebeling ◽  
J. Stocklin ◽  
I. Hensen ◽  
H. Auge
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

scholarly journals Coherent synthesis of genomic associations with phenotypes and home environments

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse R. Lasky ◽  
Brenna R. Forester ◽  
Matthew Reimherr
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Home Environments ◽  
Climate Gradients ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Fitness Tradeoffs ◽  
Common Garden Experiments ◽  
Diverse Data

Local adaptation is often studied via 1) multiple common garden experiments comparing performance of genotypes in different environments and 2) sequencing genotypes from multiple locations and characterizing geographic patterns in allele frequency. Both approaches aim to characterize the same pattern (local adaptation), yet the complementary information from each has not yet been coherently integrated. Here, we develop a genome-wide association model of genotype interactions with continuous environmental gradients (G×E), i.e. reaction norms. We present an approach to impute relative fitness, allowing us to coherently synthesize evidence from common garden and genome-environment associations. Our approach identifies loci exhibiting environmental clines where alleles are associated with higher fitness in home environments. Simulations show our approach can increase power to detect loci causing local adaptation. In a case study on Arabidopsis thaliana, most identified SNPs exhibited home allele advantage and fitness tradeoffs along climate gradients, suggesting selective gradients can maintain allelic clines. SNPs exhibiting G×E associations with fitness were enriched in genic regions, putative partial selective sweeps, and associations with an adaptive phenotype (flowering time plasticity). We discuss extensions for situations where only adaptive phenotypes other than fitness are available. Many types of data may point toward the loci underlying G×E and local adaptation; coherent models of diverse data provide a principled basis for synthesis.

Biotic interactions affect fitness across latitudes, but only drive local adaptation in the tropics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. Hargreaves ◽  
Rachel M. Germain ◽  
Megan Bontrager ◽  
Joshua Persi ◽  
Amy L. Angert
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Environmental Heterogeneity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Spatiotemporal Scales ◽  
Common Garden Experiments ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Biotic Environment

AbstractLocal adaptation to broad-scale environmental heterogeneity can increase species’ distributions and diversification, but which environmental components commonly drive local adaptation— particularly the importance of biotic interactions—is unclear. Biotic interactions should drive local adaptation when they impose consistent divergent selection; if this is common we expect experiments to detect more frequent and stronger local adaptation when biotic interactions are left intact. We tested this hypothesis using a meta-analysis of common-garden experiments from 138 studies (149 taxa). Across studies, local adaptation was common and biotic interactions affected fitness. Nevertheless, local adaptation was neither more common nor stronger when biotic interactions were left intact, either between experimental treatments within studies (control vs. biotic interactions experimentally manipulated) or between studies that used natural vs. biotically-altered transplant environments. However, tropical studies, which comprised only 7% of our data, found strong local adaptation in intact environments but not when negative biotic interactions were ameliorated, suggesting that interactions frequently drive local adaptation in the tropics. Our results suggest that biotic interactions often fail to drive local adaptation even though they affect fitness, perhaps because the temperate-zone biotic environment is less predictable at the spatiotemporal scales required for local adaptation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document