scholarly journals Nearly unbiased estimator of adult population size based on within-cohort half-sibling pairs incorporating flexible reproductive variation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Akita
Keyword(s):  
Unbiased Estimator ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Sibling Relationship ◽  
Offspring Number ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Age Variation ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Half Sibling

AbstractClose-kin mark-recapture (CKMR) is a kinship-based method for estimating adult abundance. However, the application of CKMR is limited to using a kinship relationship that is not affected by family-correlated survivorship, which leads to a biased estimation. We developed a nearly unbiased estimator of the number of mothers in a population, which is based on the known maternal half-sibling relationship found within the same cohort. Our method allowed for variance of the averaged offspring number per mother (between-age variation) and for variance of the offspring number among mothers with the same reproductive potential (within-age variation). Estimators of its variance and coefficient variation were also provided. The performance of the estimators was quantitatively evaluated by running an individual-based model. Our results provide guidance for (i) a sample size to archive the required accuracy and precision when the order of mother size is available and (ii) a degree of uncertainty regarding the estimated mother size when information about the mother size is not available. Taken together, these findings offer an opportunity to shed light on the usefulness of analysing within-cohort half-sibling pairs and will greatly widen the scope of the CKMR method.

scholarly journals Nearly unbiased estimator of contemporary effective population size using within-cohort sibling pairs incorporating parental and non-parental reproductive variations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Akita
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Effective Population Size ◽  
Unbiased Estimator ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Sibling Relationship ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Current Application ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Half Sibling

AbstractIn this study, we developed a nearly unbiased estimator of contemporary effective mother size in a population, which is based on a known maternal half-sibling relationship found within the same cohort. Our method allows for variance of the average number of offspring per mother (i.e., parental variation, such as age-specific fecundity) and variance of the number of offspring among mothers with identical reproductive potential (i.e., non-parental variation, such as family-correlated survivorship). We also developed estimators of the variance and coefficient variation of contemporary effective mother size and qualitatively evaluated the performance of the estimators by running an individual-based model. Our results provide guidance for (i) a sample size to ensure the required accuracy and precision when the order of effective mother size is available and (ii) a degree of uncertainty regarding the estimated effective mother size when information about the size is unavailable. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the derivation of a nearly unbiased estimator of effective population size; however, its current application is limited to effective mother size and situations in which the sample size is not particularly small and maternal half-sibling relationships can be detected without error. The results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of a sibship assignment method for estimating effective population size; in addition, they have the potential to greatly widen the scope of genetic monitoring.

scholarly journals Nearly unbiased estimator of contemporary effective mother size using within-cohort maternal sibling pairs incorporating parental and nonparental reproductive variations

Heredity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Akita
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Effective Population Size ◽  
Unbiased Estimator ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Sibling Relationship ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Half Sibling

Abstract In this study, we developed a nearly unbiased estimator of contemporary effective mother size in a population, which is based on a known maternal half-sibling relationship found within the same cohort. Our method allows for variance of the average number of offspring per mother (i.e., parental variation, such as age-specific fecundity) and variance of the number of offspring among mothers with identical reproductive potential (i.e., nonparental variation, such as family-correlated survivorship). We also developed estimators of the variance and coefficient of variation of contemporary effective mother size and qualitatively evaluated the performance of the estimators by running an individual-based model. Our results provide guidance for (i) a sample size to ensure the required accuracy and precision when the order of effective mother size is available and (ii) a degree of uncertainty regarding the estimated effective mother size when information about the size is unavailable. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the derivation of a nearly unbiased estimator of effective population size; however, its current application is limited to effective mother size and situations, in which the sample size is not particularly small and maternal half-sibling relationships can be detected without error. The results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of a sibship assignment method for estimating effective population size; in addition, they have the potential to greatly widen the scope of genetic monitoring, especially in the situation of small sample size.

scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Contributions to The Association Between Violent Victimization and Major Depressive Disorder

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Kavish ◽  
Eric J. Connolly ◽  
Brian B. Boutwell
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Violent Victimization ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Biometric Analysis ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Shared Genetic ◽  
Half Sibling

AbstractResearch suggests victims of violent crime are more likely to suffer from major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to non-victims. Less research has utilized longitudinal data to evaluate the directionality of this relationship or examined the genetic and environmental contributions to this association across the life course. The current study evaluated 473 full-sibling pairs and 209 half-sibling pairs (N = 1,364) from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (Mage = 20.14, SD = 3.94). Cross-lagged models were used to examine the directionality of effects between violent victimization and MDD over time. Biometric liability models were used to examine genetic and environmental influences on single and chronic violent victimization and MDD. Violent victimization was associated with increases in MDD during late adolescence, but MDD was more associated with increased risk for violent victimization across young adulthood. Biometric analysis indicated that 20% and 30% of the association between MDD and single and chronic victimization, respectively, was accounted for by common genetic influences. Results from the current study suggest individuals who exhibit symptoms of MDD are at higher risk for chronic victimization rather than developing MDD as a result of victimization. Shared genetic liability accounted for between 20 to 30% of this longitudinal relationship.

The rearing environment and the risk for alcohol use disorder: a Swedish national high-risk home-reared v. adopted co-sibling control study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Kendler ◽  
Henrik Ohlsson ◽  
Jan Sundquist ◽  
Kristina Sundquist
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Adoptive Parent ◽  
Adoptive Families ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Rearing Environment ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Half Sibling

Abstract Background Although alcohol use disorder (AUD) runs strongly within families, studies examining the impact of rearing environment, unconfounded by genetic effects, are rare and, to date, contradictory. We here seek to conduct such a study using an adoptive co-sib control design. Methods Defining high-risk as having ⩾1 biological parent with an externalizing syndrome (AUD, drug abuse or crime), we identified 1316 high-risk full-sibships and 4623 high-risk half-sibships containing at least one member who was home-reared and one who was adopted-away. Adoptive families are carefully screened in Sweden to provide high-quality rearing environment for adoptees. AUD was assessed from national medical, criminal and pharmacy registries. Results Controlling for sex, parental age at birth, and, for half-siblings, affection status of the non-shared parent, hazard ratios (±95% CI) for AUD in the matched adopted v. home-reared full- and half-siblings were, respectively, 0.76 (0.65–0.89) and 0.77 (0.70–0.84). The protective effect of adoption on AUD risk was stronger in the full- and half-sibling pairs with very high familial liability (two high-risk parents) and significantly weaker when the adoptive family was broken by death or divorce or contained a high-risk adoptive parent. Conclusions In both full- and half-sibling pairs, we found evidence that the rearing environment substantially impacts on the risk for AUD. High-quality rearing environments can meaningfully reduce the risk for AUD, especially in those at high familial risk.

Sacred Bonds

2019 ◽  
pp. 276-293
Author(s):  
Constance M. Furey
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Sibling Relationship ◽  
Relational Dynamics ◽  
Mothers And Daughters ◽  
Transformative Potential ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Religious Devotion ◽  
Mary Sidney Herbert ◽  
Shed Light

This chapter explores the link between familial and religious devotion by comparing a sibling relationship enacted in poems by and about Mary Sidney Herbert, co-author of Renaissance England’s influential Sidney-Pembroke Psalter, to hagiographic sources reporting on the love between mothers and daughters in early Syriac Christian texts. While in the Syriac context, the accounts of mothers and daughters reveal Christians responding to the urbanization of asceticism by joining familial and ascetic bonds, the renewed biblicism in sixteenth-century England inspired poetry preoccupied with the relational dynamics of authorship, translation, and prayer. The chapter further explores the ways that these varied accounts of spiritual relationships might shed light on the relationality of pedagogy and the transformative potential of relationships between teachers and students.

scholarly journals Examining the Role of Communication on Sibling Relationship Quality and Interaction for Sibling Pairs With and Without a Developmental Disability

2013 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 394-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashlyn L. Smith ◽  
MaryAnn Romski ◽  
Rose A. Sevcik
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Developmental Disability ◽  
Sibling Relationship ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Lexical Diversity ◽  
Sibling Relationship Quality ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Managing Behaviors

Abstract This study examined communication interaction patterns when one sibling had a developmental disability as well as the role of communication skills in sibling relationship quality. Thirty sibling dyads were categorized into one of three communication status groups: emerging, context-dependent, and independent communicators. Independent communicators and their siblings did not differ in terms of syntactic complexity but typically developing siblings dominated the interaction and exhibited greater lexical diversity regardless of communication status. Communication status did not impact the warmth/closeness, rivalry, or conflict in the sibling relationship, but siblings of independent communicators engaged in the greatest amount of helping and managing behaviors. These results represent a first step in understanding the role of communication skills in the sibling relationship for families of children with disabilities.

Self-employment: the significance of ability, desire and opportunity

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 538-552
Author(s):  
Per Broomé ◽  
Henrik Ohlsson
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Genetic Factor ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Full Sibling ◽  
Twin Model ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Family Factor ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Half Sibling

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of ability, desire and opportunity on the individual’s intention to be self-employed.Design/methodology/approachThe authors created a database from Swedish national registers consisting of all individuals residing in Sweden sometime during the period 1997-2010 and selected all 333,001 full sibling pairs, 12,810 maternal half sibling pairs and 15,944 paternal half sibling pairs. Three types of entrepreneurs were defined based on information from the Swedish Tax Register. The authors divided the intention to be self-employed into ability and desire and defined ability as a genetic factor and desire as a common family factor. A classical twin model was used to separate the variance of the outcome variables into genetic, common and unshared environmental factors.FindingsThe study demonstrates that the influence from opportunity on the intention to be self-employed is generally strong and that all factors, ability, desire and opportunity, differ, both in size and content, for the three outcomes of entrepreneurs.Originality/valueThe authors divide self-employment into three distinct company types, which enables a sophisticated additive genetic analysis of the ability, desire and opportunity to be self-employed. The authors contribute to the understanding of why individuals become self-employed by examining the influences from internal and external factors of family on the intentions of self-employment.

scholarly journals Viral Hepatitis Endemicity and Trends among an Asymptomatic Adult Population in Ho: A 5-Year Retrospective Study at the Ho Municipal Hospital, Ghana

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvester Yao Lokpo ◽  
James Osei-Yeboah ◽  
Gameli Kwame Norgbe ◽  
Patrick Kwasi Owiafe ◽  
Felix Ayroe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
General Adult Population ◽  
Age Variation ◽  
Asymptomatic Adult

Background. Using prospective blood donors as a proxy, this study was aimed at estimating the burden and five-year (2012–2016) trend of viral hepatitis (HBV and HCV) infection among asymptomatic adult population in Ho. Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis was done on secondary data extracted from the hospital archives comprising 4,180 prospective blood donors from January 2012 to December 2016. Demographic variables included age and sex, as well as place of residence. Screening results of serum infectious markers (HBV and HCV) were obtained. Results. The prevalence of asymptomatic viral hepatitis (HBV and HCV) infection in the general adult population was 6.94% and 1.84%, respectively. Females recorded a higher burden of HBV and HCV (8.3% and 5.0%) compared to their male peers (6.8% and 1.4%). A significant age variation in HBV antigenaemia was seen with HBV seropositivity peaking among the younger population (less than 20 years’ group) at 11.24% and troughed among the older population (above 50 years’ group) at 0.92%. Conclusion. Asymptomatic viral hepatitis among adult population in the Ho Municipality is estimated at the intermediate to high endemicity level. Preventive measures to reduce the burden are urgently needed and should be targeted at the younger generation.

scholarly journals Four factors for the initiation of substance use by young adulthood: A 10-year follow-up twin and sibling study of marital conflict, monitoring, siblings, and peers

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenae M. Neiderhiser ◽  
Kristine Marceau ◽  
David Reiss
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Marital Conflict ◽  
Parental Monitoring ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Sibling Relationship ◽  
Conflict Monitoring ◽  
Illegal Drug Use ◽  
Sibling Pairs

AbstractThis study examined genetic and environmental influences on associations among marital conflict about the child, parental monitoring, sibling relationship negativity, and peer delinquency during adolescence and initiation of illegal drug use by young adulthood. The sample comprised data collected longitudinally from same-sex sibling pairs and parents when the siblings were 10–18 years old (M = 14.5 and 12.9 years for Child 1 and Child 2, respectively) and 20–35 years old (M = 26.8 and 25.5 years for Child 1 and Child 2, respectively). Findings indicate four factors that explain the initiation of illegal drug use: two shaped by genetic influences and two shaped by environments shared by siblings. The two genetically shaped factors probably have distinct mechanisms: one a child-initiated coercive process in the family and the other parent and peer processes shaped by the child's disclosure. The environmentally influenced factors seem distinctively shaped by poor parental monitoring of both sibs and the effects of siblings on each other's deviancy.

scholarly journals The association between cannabis abuse and subsequent schizophrenia: a Swedish national co-relative control study

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Giordano ◽  
H. Ohlsson ◽  
K. Sundquist ◽  
J. Sundquist ◽  
K. S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Population Sample ◽  
Population Based ◽  
National Registry ◽  
Swedish Population ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Full Sibling ◽  
Cannabis Abuse ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
General Swedish Population ◽  
Half Sibling

BackgroundAlthough cannabis abuse (CA) is known to be associated with schizophrenia, the causal nature of this association is unclear, with prodromal effects complicating its interpretation.MethodFrom Swedish national registry databases, we used a co-relative case–control design with full-sibling, half-sibling and first-cousin comparisons, alongside a general Swedish population sample. Using ICD codes, 5456 individuals with an initial diagnosis of schizophrenia (2000–2010) were matched with five schizophrenia-free controls. We further identified first-cousin, half-sibling and full-sibling pairs discordant for CA and statistically extrapolated results for discordant monozygotic (MZ) twins.ResultsWithin the general Swedish population, CA was strongly associated with later schizophrenia [odds ratio (OR) 10.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.99–12.11]. This association was substantially attenuated both by increasing temporal delays between CA exposure and schizophrenia diagnosis and by controlling for increasing degrees of familial confounding. Extrapolated discordant MZ pairs suggested that fully controlling for confounding familial factors reduced the association between CA and later schizophrenia to more modest levels (ORs of approximately 3.3 and 1.6 with 3- and 7-year temporal delays respectively). Opiate, sedative, cocaine/stimulant and hallucinogen abuse were also strongly associated with subsequent schizophrenia in the general population. After controlling for familial confounding, only cocaine/stimulant exposure remained associated.ConclusionsCA has an appreciable causal impact on future risk for schizophrenia. However, population-based estimates of cannabis–schizophrenia co-morbidity substantially overestimate their causal association. Predictions of the cases of schizophrenia that might be prevented by reduced cannabis consumption based on population associations are therefore likely to be considerably overestimated.

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