scholarly journals Distributed plasticity drives visual habituation learning in larval zebrafish

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen Randlett ◽  
Martin Haesemeyer ◽  
Greg Forkin ◽  
Hannah Shoenhard ◽  
Alexander F. Schier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simple Form ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Stimulus Context ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
Pharmacological Manipulations ◽  
Visual Habituation

AbstractHabituation is a simple form of learning, where animals learn to reduce their responses to repeated innocuous stimuli. While habituation is simple in concept, its exact implementation in the vertebrate brain is not clear. It could occur via a single plasticity event at a singular site in the circuit, or alternatively via more complex strategies that combine multiple mechanisms at various processing stages and sites. Here, we use a visual habituation assay in larval zebrafish, where larvae habituate to sudden reductions in illumination (dark flashes). We find that 8 different components of this response habituate, including the probability of executing a response, its latency, and measures of its magnitude. Through behavioural analyses, we find that habituation of these different behavioural components occurs independently of each other and at different locations in the circuit. Further, we use genetic and pharmacological manipulations to show that habituation of different behavioural components are molecularly distinct. These results are consistent with a model by which visual habituation originates from the combination of multiple independent processes, which each act to adapt specific components of behaviour. This may allow animals to more specifically habituate behaviour based on stimulus context or internal state.

scholarly journals Modularity and neural coding from a brainstem synaptic wiring diagram

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashwin Vishwanathan ◽  
Alexandro D. Ramirez ◽  
Jingpeng Wu ◽  
Alex Sood ◽  
Runzhe Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Neural Coding ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Recurrent Network ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Wiring Diagram ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Vertebrate Brain

AbstractNeuronal wiring diagrams reconstructed from electron microscopic images are enabling new ways of attacking neuroscience questions. We address two central issues, modularity and neural coding, by reconstructing and analyzing a wiring diagram from a larval zebrafish brainstem. We identified a recurrently connected “center” within the 3000-node graph, and applied graph clustering algorithms to divide the center into two modules with stronger connectivity within than between modules. Outgoing connection patterns and registration to maps of neural activity suggested the modules were specialized for body and eye movements. The eye movement module further subdivided into two submodules corresponding to the control of the two eyes. We constructed a recurrent network model of the eye movement module with connection strengths estimated from synapse numbers. Neural activity in the model replicated the statistics of eye position encoding across multiple populations of neurons as observed by calcium imaging. Our findings show that synapse-level wiring diagrams can be used to extract structural modules with interpretable functions in the vertebrate brain, and can be related to the encoding of computational variables important for behavior. We also show through a potential synapse formalism that these modeling successes require true synaptic connectivity; connectivity inferred from arbor overlap is insufficient.

scholarly journals Probabilistic Models of Larval Zebrafish Behavior: Structure on Many Scales

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Evan Johnson ◽  
Scott Linderman ◽  
Thomas Panier ◽  
Caroline Lei Wee ◽  
Erin Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Probabilistic Models ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Action Selection ◽  
Natural Behavior ◽  
Behavioral History ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Zebrafish Larvae ◽  
Simulated Environments ◽  
Naturalistic Environment ◽  
Food Seeking

AbstractNervous systems have evolved to combine environmental information with internal state to select and generate adaptive behavioral sequences. To better understand these computations and their implementation in neural circuits, natural behavior must be carefully measured and quantified. Here, we collect high spatial resolution video of single zebrafish larvae swimming in a naturalistic environment and develop models of their action selection across exploration and hunting. Zebrafish larvae swim in punctuated bouts separated by longer periods of rest called interbout intervals. We take advantage of this structure by categorizing bouts into discrete types and representing their behavior as labeled sequences of bout-types emitted over time. We then construct probabilistic models – specifically, marked renewal processes – to evaluate how bout-types and interbout intervals are selected by the fish as a function of its internal hunger state, behavioral history, and the locations and properties of nearby prey. Finally, we evaluate the models by their predictive likelihood and their ability to generate realistic trajectories of virtual fish swimming through simulated environments. Our simulations capture multiple timescales of structure in larval zebrafish behavior and expose many ways in which hunger state influences their action selection to promote food seeking during hunger and safety during satiety.

scholarly journals Percolation in the resting zebrafish habenula

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suryadi ◽  
Ruey-Kuang Cheng ◽  
Suresh Jesuthasan ◽  
Lock Yue Chew
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
The Other ◽  
Behavioural Flexibility ◽  
Spatial Correlations ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Neuronal Avalanches

AbstractThe habenula is an evolutionarily conserved structure of the vertebrate brain that is essential for behavioural flexibility and mood control. It is spontaneously active and is able to access diverse states when the animal is exposed to sensory stimuli or reward. Here we analyze two-photon calcium imaging time-series of the habenula of larval zebrafish and find that percolation occurs, indicating the presence of long-range spatial correlations within each side of the habenula, with percolation occurring independently in each side. On the other hand, the analysis of neuronal avalanches suggests that the system is subcritical, implying that the flexibility in its dynamics may result from other dynamical processes.

scholarly journals Distributed Plasticity Drives Visual Habituation Learning in Larval Zebrafish

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1337-1345.e4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen Randlett ◽  
Martin Haesemeyer ◽  
Greg Forkin ◽  
Hannah Shoenhard ◽  
Alexander F. Schier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Visual Habituation

scholarly journals Zebrafish forebrain and temporal conditioning

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1637) ◽  
pp. 20120462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruey-Kuang Cheng ◽  
Suresh J. Jesuthasan ◽  
Trevor B. Penney
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Interval Timing ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Temporal Conditioning ◽  
Precise Time

The rise of zebrafish as a neuroscience research model organism, in conjunction with recent progress in single-cell resolution whole-brain imaging of larval zebrafish, opens a new window of opportunity for research on interval timing. In this article, we review zebrafish neuroanatomy and neuromodulatory systems, with particular focus on identifying homologies between the zebrafish forebrain and the mammalian forebrain. The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of interval timing is summarized with emphasis on the potential of using zebrafish to reveal the neural circuits for interval timing. The behavioural repertoire of larval zebrafish is reviewed and we demonstrate that larval zebrafish are capable of expecting a stimulus at a precise time point with minimal training. In conclusion, we propose that interval timing research using zebrafish and whole-brain calcium imaging at single-cell resolution will contribute to our understanding of how timing and time perception originate in the vertebrate brain from the level of single cells to circuits.

scholarly journals Contributions of Luminance and Motion to Visual Escape and Habituation in Larval Zebrafish

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa Mancienne ◽  
Emmanuel Marquez-Legorreta ◽  
Maya Wilde ◽  
Marielle Piber ◽  
Itia Favre-Bulle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Escape Behavior ◽  
Sensorimotor Gating ◽  
Specific Role ◽  
Motor Pathways ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Behavioral Habituation ◽  
Visual Habituation ◽  
The Brain

Animals from insects to humans perform visual escape behavior in response to looming stimuli, and these responses habituate if looms are presented repeatedly without consequence. While the basic visual processing and motor pathways involved in this behavior have been described, many of the nuances of predator perception and sensorimotor gating have not. Here, we have performed both behavioral analyses and brain-wide cellular-resolution calcium imaging in larval zebrafish while presenting them with visual loom stimuli or stimuli that selectively deliver either the movement or the dimming properties of full loom stimuli. Behaviorally, we find that, while responses to repeated loom stimuli habituate, no such habituation occurs when repeated movement stimuli (in the absence of luminance changes) are presented. Dim stimuli seldom elicit escape responses, and therefore cannot habituate. Neither repeated movement stimuli nor repeated dimming stimuli habituate the responses to subsequent full loom stimuli, suggesting that full looms are required for habituation. Our calcium imaging reveals that motion-sensitive neurons are abundant in the brain, that dim-sensitive neurons are present but more rare, and that neurons responsive to both stimuli (and to full loom stimuli) are concentrated in the tectum. Neurons selective to full loom stimuli (but not to movement or dimming) were not evident. Finally, we explored whether movement- or dim-sensitive neurons have characteristic response profiles during habituation to full looms. Such functional links between baseline responsiveness and habituation rate could suggest a specific role in the brain-wide habituation network, but no such relationships were found in our data. Overall, our results suggest that, while both movement- and dim-sensitive neurons contribute to predator escape behavior, neither plays a specific role in brain-wide visual habituation networks or in behavioral habituation.

The Zebrafish Visual System: From Circuits to Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann H. Bollmann
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
Visuomotor Transformations ◽  
Behavioral Needs ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Processing Steps

Visual stimuli can evoke complex behavioral responses, but the underlying streams of neural activity in mammalian brains are difficult to follow because of their size. Here, I review the visual system of zebrafish larvae, highlighting where recent experimental evidence has localized the functional steps of visuomotor transformations to specific brain areas. The retina of a larva encodes behaviorally relevant visual information in neural activity distributed across feature-selective ganglion cells such that signals representing distinct stimulus properties arrive in different areas or layers of the brain. Motor centers in the hindbrain encode motor variables that are precisely tuned to behavioral needs within a given stimulus setting. Owing to rapid technological progress, larval zebrafish provide unique opportunities for obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the intermediate processing steps occurring between visual and motor centers, revealing how visuomotor transformations are implemented in a vertebrate brain.

scholarly journals Development of social behaviour in young zebrafish.

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Dreosti ◽  
Gonçalo Lopes ◽  
Adam R. Kampff ◽  
Stephen W. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Simple Form ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Acute Exposure ◽  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Social Animals

Adult zebrafish are robustly social animals whereas larva is not. We designed an assay to determine at what stage of development zebrafish begin to interact with and prefer other fish. One week old zebrafish do not show significant social preference whereas most 3 weeks old zebrafish strongly prefer to remain in a compartment where they can view conspecifics. However, for some individuals, the presence of conspecifics drives avoidance instead of attraction. Social preference is dependent on vision and requires viewing fish of a similar age/size. In addition, over the same 1-3 weeks period larval zebrafish increasingly tend to coordinate their movements, a simple form of social interaction. Finally, social preference and coupled interactions are differentially modified by an NMDAR antagonist and acute exposure to ethanol, both of which are known to alter social behavior in adult zebrafish.

Background Fitting in the Low-Loss Region of Electron Energy Loss Spectra

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-57
Author(s):  
C P Scott ◽  
A J Craven ◽  
C J Gilmore ◽  
A W Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Multiple Scattering ◽  
Simple Form ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Low Loss ◽  
Characteristic Energy ◽  
Normal Method ◽  
Fitting In ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
Electron Energy Loss Spectra

The normal method of background subtraction in quantitative EELS analysis involves fitting an expression of the form I=AE-r to an energy window preceding the edge of interest; E is energy loss, A and r are fitting parameters. The calculated fit is then extrapolated under the edge, allowing the required signal to be extracted. In the case where the characteristic energy loss is small (E < 100eV), the background does not approximate to this simple form. One cause of this is multiple scattering. Even if the effects of multiple scattering are removed by deconvolution, it is not clear that the background from the recovered single scattering distribution follows this simple form, and, in any case, deconvolution can introduce artefacts.The above difficulties are particularly severe in the case of Al-Li alloys, where the Li K edge at ~52eV overlaps the Al L2,3 edge at ~72eV, and sharp plasmon peaks occur at intervals of ~15eV in the low loss region. An alternative background fitting technique, based on the work of Zanchi et al, has been tested on spectra taken from pure Al films, with a view to extending the analysis to Al-Li alloys.

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