scholarly journals The controlled direct effect of temperament at 2-3 years on cognitive and academic outcomes at 6-7 years

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiau Y. Chong ◽  
Catherine R. Chittleborough ◽  
Tess Gregory ◽  
John Lynch ◽  
Murthy N. Mittinty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Reasoning Test ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Matrix Reasoning ◽  
Verbal Literacy ◽  
Widespread Interest

AbstractThere is widespread interest in temperament and its impact upon cognitive and academic outcomes. Parents adjust their parenting according to their child’s temperament, however, previous studies have not accounted for parenting while estimating the association between temperament and academic outcomes. We examined the controlled direct effect of temperament (2-3 years) on cognitive and academic outcomes (6-7 years) when mediation by parenting practices (4-5 years) was held constant. Participants were from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n=5107). Cognitive abilities were measured by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (verbal) and the Matrix Reasoning test (non-verbal). Literacy and numeracy were reported by teachers using the Academic Rating Scale. Mothers reported children’s temperament using the Short Temperament Scale for Toddlers (subscales: reactivity, approach, and persistence). Parenting practices included items about engagement in activities with children. Marginal structural models with inverse probability of treatment weights were used to estimate the controlled direct effect of temperament, when setting parenting to the mean. All temperament subscales were associated with cognitive abilities, with persistence showing the largest controlled direct effect on verbal (β=0.58; 95%CI 0.27, 0.89) and non-verbal (β=0.19; 0.02, 0.34) abilities. Higher persistence was associated with better literacy (β=0.08; 0.03, 0.13) and numeracy (β=0.08; 0.03, 0.13), and higher reactivity with lower literacy (β=−0.08; −0.11, −0.05) and numeracy (β=−0.07; −0.10, −0.04). There was little evidence that temperamental approach influenced literacy or numeracy. Overall, there was a small controlled direct effect of temperament on cognitive and academic outcomes after accounting for parenting and confounders.

THE DYNAMIC INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBESITY AND SCHOOL PERFORMANCE: NEW EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM AUSTRALIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Son Nghiem ◽  
Viet-Ngu Hoang ◽  
Xuan-Binh Vu ◽  
Clevo Wilson
Keyword(s):  
School Performance ◽  
Simultaneous Equation ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Reasoning Test ◽  
Obesity Status ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Lagged Effects ◽  
Matrix Reasoning ◽  
National Tests ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThis paper proposes a new empirical model for examining the relationship between obesity and school performance using the simultaneous equation modelling approach. The lagged effects of both learning and health outcomes were included to capture both the dynamic and inter-relational aspects of the relationship between obesity and school performance. The empirical application of this study used comprehensive data from the first five waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC), which commenced in 2004 (wave 1) and was repeated every two years until 2018. The study sample included 10,000 children, equally divided between two cohorts (infants and children) across Australia. The empirical results show that past learning and obesity status are strongly associated with most indicators of school outcomes, including reading, writing, spelling, grammar and numeracy national tests, and scores from the internationally standardized Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Matrix Reasoning Test. The main findings of this study are robust due to the choice of obesity indicator and estimation methods.

Protecting Against Delinquency in Early Adolescence With Nonverbal Intelligence and Neighborhood Social Capital

2021 ◽  
pp. 027243162110203
Author(s):  
Glenn D. Walters
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Conduct Problems ◽  
Nonverbal Intelligence ◽  
Neighborhood Social Capital ◽  
At Risk Children ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Childhood Conduct Problems ◽  
Matrix Reasoning

The goal of this study was to test nonverbal intelligence and neighborhood social capital as protective factors against future delinquency in early adolescent youth placed at risk by virtue of their involvement in childhood conduct problems. Analyzing longitudinal data from 3,028 youth (1,565 boys, 1,463 girls) in one cohort of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) and 3,682 youth (1,896 boys, 1,786 girls) in a second cohort of the LSAC, nonverbal intelligence, as measured by the Matrix Reasoning subscale of the WISC-IV, displayed a consistent moderating effect on the conduct problems–future delinquency relationship. According to these results, conduct problems were slightly but significantly less likely to lead to delinquency when nonverbal intelligence was high than when it was low or moderate. By shielding at-risk children from future delinquency, protective factors like high nonverbal intelligence may provide a means by which delinquency can be prevented or reduced.

scholarly journals Social Cognition and Sense of Belonging among Institutionalized Schizophrenic Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Fatma N. Kotb
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Addiction Treatment ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Healthy Relationships ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

Context: Schizophrenia is one of the perilous mental health problems. It hinders the patient’s capability of thinking clearly, making life decisions, managing their emotions, and building healthy relationships. Aim: This study aimed to explore the relationship between social cognition and sense of belonging among institutionalized schizophrenic patients. Methods: The study used a descriptive research design to achieve the aim of this study. This research carried out in the inpatient unit of Minia Hospital for Mental Health and Addiction Treatment. A convenient sample of 100 institutionalized schizophrenic patients recruited in the current study. Three tools used to collect data of this study include socio-demographic and medical data questionnaire, Observable Social Cognition Rating Scale, and Sense of Belonging scale. Results: The main findings of this study revealed that more than three fourth of schizophrenic patients had low levels of social cognition, and sense of belonging. There was a significant positive relationship between social cognition and sense of belonging of institutionalized schizophrenic patients. Conclusion: The current study concluded that institutionalized schizophrenic patients have a positive connection between their social cognition and a sense of belonging. Recommendations: The study recommended that, schizophrenic patient in a very high need for psycho-educational program for improving their cognitive abilities, which will improve their social cognition and interaction with others and enhance their sense of belonging.

scholarly journals A-035 What Make Them Tick? The Clock Drawing Test and Correlations Between Cognitive and Functional Abilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 825-825
Author(s):  
Gold D ◽  
Boulos K ◽  
Coolbrith N ◽  
Piryatinsky I
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Cognitive Measures ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Mattis Dementia Rating Scale ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Error Types

Abstract Objective The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is among the most researched cognitive measures and is frequently used to screen for neurocognitive disorders (NCDs). No study to date has investigated the relationship between qualitative errors on the CDT and independence in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) or discrete cognitive abilities. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate the correlations between qualitative errors on the CDT and IADL status as well as performance in individual cognitive domains. Method Data were retrospectively collected from patients seen at an outpatient clinic in eastern Massachusetts, including 16 healthy controls, 22 patients with mild NCD, and 35 patients with major NCD. Analyses were performed between qualitative errors on the CDT and patients’ scores on the Lawton IADL Scale, Mattis Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS-2), Digit Span Forward and Backward, Trail Making Test (TMT), and the Boston Naming Test (BNT). Results IADL scores were moderately correlated with CDT error types. DRS-2 scores were strongly correlated commission of qualitative errors. Strong to very strong correlations were observed between TMT parts A & B scores and all qualitative error types. BNT performance was strongly correlated with conceptual deficits and spatial/planning errors. Digit Span Forward and Backward scores showed low correlations with all CDT errors. Conclusions Functional status appears only moderately correlated with commission of various CDT errors; however, several cognitive measures showed high correlation with various CDT error types. These findings suggest that certain qualitative errors may be indicative of cognitive impairments warranting further workup. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.

scholarly journals Critical Thinking in Health Sciences and How It Pertains to Sonography Education: A Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-250
Author(s):  
Brandy Weidman ◽  
Helen Salisbury
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Professional Practice ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Reasoning Test ◽  
Health Sciences Students ◽  
Different Levels

Objective: Critical thinking is an important skill that sonographers must develop beginning in educational programs and into professional practice. Critical thinking requires students to reflect on information, use judgment skills, and engage in higher levels of thinking, including analysis, interpretation, inference, evaluation, and explanation, to formulate reliable decisions. Methods: Current research related to critical thinking has focused on medicine, nursing, physical therapy, pharmacy, and dental programs, but there has been no description of assessing sonography students. The Dreyfus model has been used as a framework to describe acquired skills that reflects students’ progress from novice to expert clinicians. This model illustrates specific cognitive abilities that students develop as they advance in education. Results: This review of the literature describes critical thinking skills coupled with a framework to understand different levels of cognitive thinking, as well as how it can be assessed. Conclusion: To understand differences between undergraduate sonography students and experts, the Dreyfus model is an excellent model to recognize progression. It can be used with the Health Sciences Reasoning Test, which is a nationally recognized critical thinking examination that can ascertain different levels of health sciences students’ critical thinking skills.

The Effect of Item Type on Performance of the Matrix Reasoning Subtest of the WAIS-III in Traumatically Brain Injured and Non Brain-injured Control Participants

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-154
Author(s):  
Simon F. Crowe ◽  
Robyn M. Bittner ◽  
Ramona Raggl ◽  
Graeme Senior
Keyword(s):  
Item Type ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Psychological Corporation ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Traumatically Brain Injured ◽  
Matrix Reasoning ◽  
Serial Reasoning ◽  
Item Types ◽  
Normal Controls

AbstractQualitative analysis of neuropsychological instruments has been a long tradition in neuropsychological assessment. This study extended this type of analysis to the Matrix Reasoning (MR) subtest of the WAIS-III. The study compared the performance of TBI participants on the item types identified within the MR subtest (i.e., pattern completion, classification, analogy and serial reasoning) with a group of normal controls. MR items were classified into categories (as defined respectively by the Psychological Corporation and by our own research definition). Ninety-three non brain-injured control and 72 brain injured control participants were included in the study. One way analysis of variance indicated that the TBI group performed significantly worse than the non brain-injured group the MR performance overall as well as for both the Psychological Corporation classification and on the research defined categories. Within group analysis revealed that both groups performed significantly differently across the item categories with the most difficult categories being analogy and serial reasoning for the research defined categories and the classification and serial reasoning categories for the Psychological Corporation-defined groups. The results of the study indicate that an item type analysis of the MR performance may further contribute to the qualitative aspects of diagnostic formulation.

scholarly journals Effect of adenotonsillectomy on the growth, development, and comprehensive cognitive abilities of children with obstructive sleep apnea: a prospective single-arm study

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Shan ◽  
Shuyu Wang ◽  
Xue Yang ◽  
Fan Liu ◽  
Linying Xiu
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
The Body ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Growth Development

Abstract Background Previous studies did not comprehensively examine the effect of adenotonsillectomy on growth and development, emotional state, quality of life, attention ability, and cognitive dysfunction in children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This study aimed to explore the improvement effects of adenotonsillectomy on the growth, development, quality of life, and attention ability in children with OSA. Methods This prospective single-arm study involved children with OSA admitted at The No. 980 Hospital, Joint Logistics Support Force, PLA, China (02/2017–02/2018). The Myklebust Pupil Rating Scale (PRS), Inventory of Subjective Life Quality (ISLQ), Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ), and Continuous Performance Task (CPT) were examined before and at 6 months after adenotonsillectomy. Results Forty-nine patients were enrolled. They all completed the 6-month follow-up. The body mass index increased after surgery (from 18.8 ± 4.9 to 19.3 ± 4.3 kg/m2, P = 0.008). The total PRS score increased 6 months after surgery (from 73.8 ± 12.7 to 84.6 ± 10.3, P < 0.001). All aspects of the ISLQ, except anxiety experience and physical emotion, were improved at 6 months after adenotonsillectomy (all P < 0.01). The SAS score also decreased from 20.1 ± 10.0 to 12.8 ± 6.6 (P < 0.001). All six dimensions of the PSQ, as assessed by the legal guardians, decreased after adenotonsillectomy (all P < 0.01). The proportions of children with auditory and/or visual sustained attention abnormalities decreased after surgery. Conclusions After adenotonsillectomy, the PRS, ISLQ, and PSQ improved, and anxiety and auditory/visual sustained attention abnormalities decreased, suggesting positive impacts on the growth, development, quality of life, and comprehensive cognitive abilities of children with OSA.

scholarly journals Cognitive Abilities, Adjustment and Parenting Practices in Preschoolers with Disruptive Conduct Problems

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (31) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fernández-Parra ◽  
S. López-Rubio ◽  
S. Mata ◽  
M. D. Calero ◽  
M. C. Vives ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conduct Problems ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Parenting Practices

Introducción. Una de las principales razones por las que los padres solicitan la asistencia psicológica de sus hijos es la existencia de problemas de conducta. Aunque dichos problemas suelen aparecer cuando los niños comienzan la etapa escolar, se ha observado el desarrollo de los mismos desde la infancia temprana en algunos niños, con un pronóstico particularmente negativo.Método. Los participantes de este estudio fueron 175 preescolares de entre 4 y 5 años, con y sin problemas de conducta. Las variables estudiadas fueron habilidades cognitivas relacionadas con el aprendizaje, actitudes y prácticas de crianza.Resultados. Los resultados demuestran diferencias significativas entre grupos en todos los aspectos estudiados, haciendo evidente que los problemas de conducta tienen un impacto significativo en la vida familiar y que se generalizan a diferentes contextos del funcionamiento del niño.Discusión y Conclusiones. Los preescolares con problemas de conducta presentan dificultades en el dominio de ciertas habilidades cognitivas y en la adquisición de actitudes relacionadas con el aprendizaje. El estudio también señala la importancia de las prácticas de crianza y de las expectativas de los padres sobre las capacidades de sus hijos

scholarly journals CNR2 GENE AND CANNABIS USE INTERPLAY MODULATES MANIPULATIVE ABILITIES IN FIRST-EPISODE OF PSYCHOSIS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maitane Oscoz Irurozqui ◽  
Maria Guardiola-Ripoll ◽  
Carmen Almodóvar-Payá ◽  
Amalia Guerrero-Pedraza ◽  
Edith Pomarol-Clotet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
First Episode ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
General Functioning ◽  
Matrix Reasoning

1. Objectives: While endocannabinoid system seems to be involved in processes underlying psychosis, research about Cannabinoid Receptor 2 gene (CNR2) is scarce and inconclusive. Some few reports indicate that CNR2 plays a role in psychiatric conditions, including depression or drug addiction (Onaivi et al., 2009). We aimed to evaluate the role of CNR2 and its interplay with cannabis on cognition and clinical symptoms in patients with a first-episode of psychosis (FEP). 2. Materials and Methods: the sample comprised 50 Caucasian individuals with a FEP (mean age(sd)=26.14(6.55) years, 76% males, 58% cannabis users). There were no differences in age, sex, premorbid IQ and antipsychotic dose between cannabis users (CU) and non-users (CNU). Neuropsychological (premorbid IQ - TAP-E, current IQ - WAIS, memory - WMS, executive function - BADS) and clinical (psychotic symptoms - PANSS, general functioning - GAF) scales were administered. Genetic variability was assessed by genotyping one Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in CNR2 gene (rs2501431) (qPCR, TaqMan). 3. Results and conclusions: genotypic frequencies did not differ between cannabis users and non-users. CNR2 was not associated with PANSS scores.; however, it showed a differential effect on the performance IQ (measured by the matrix reasoning test - WAIS), conditional to the cannabis use (beta=0.73, p=0.02),. In particular, cannabis non-users with the AA genotype (23.53%) showed higher scores (mean(sd)=10.25 (1.87)) than those with at least one copy of the G allele (76.47%, mean(sd)=6.05(0.99); while cannabis users showed scores in the opposite direction (AA (42.31%): 8.21(1.09) and GG/GA (57.69%): 10.28(0.92)). Our results align with previous studies reporting the association of the CNR2 gene with psychiatric diseases (Ishiguro et al. 2007; Onaivi et al., 2008) adding evidence on the interplay of this gene with cannabis use on cognitive outcomes in first-episode psychosis. However, evidence is still scant, and further investigation in larger samples is needed.

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