scholarly journals Relative Reduction of the Biological and phylogenetic diversity of oral microbiome in diabetic and pre-diabetic subjects

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amr T. M. Saeb ◽  
Khalid A. Al-Rubeaan ◽  
Khalid Aldosary ◽  
G. K. Udaya Raja ◽  
Balavenkatesh Mani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Oral Infection ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Diabetic Group ◽  
Relative Reduction

AbstractBackgroundThere is a suggested reciprocal relationship between oral health and systemic disease such as type 2 diabetes. In this relationship, a systemic disease predisposing to oral infection, and when that infection is present, the oral infection aggravates the progression of the systemic disease. Several studies suggested that some oral microbiome constituents are linked to both diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity. This study aims to compare the microbial diversity and population structure of oral microbiome among normoglycemic, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetic subjects.MethodologyThis study followed a case-control design (15 T2D patients, 10 IGTs and, 19 controls). Patient records were screened as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Assessment of periodontitis and oral health was performed to all subjects. DNA Isolation purification and quantification from collected Saliva samples were performed. 16SrRNA hypervariable regions were amplified and sequenced. Generated sequences were subjected to bioinformatics analysis. Statistical analysis and diversity indices were computed with the statistical software R, the vegan R-package, and Past318 software.ResultsA total observed number of 551 OTUs. A clear reduction of the number of species (OTUs) was observed in both IGT (412) and diabetic group (372) compared with the normoglycemic group (502). This was associated with a similar pattern of biological diversity among the three groups. Phylogenetic diversity (PD-SBL) value in the normoglycemic group was higher than the diabetic group. The diabetic group had the highest evenness value and the highest microbiome bacterial pathogenic content.ConclusionWe observed a clear reduction in the biological and phylogenetic diversity in the diabetic and pre-diabetic oral microbiome in comparison with the normoglycemic oral microbiome. However, this reduction was associated with an increase in the pathogenic content of the hyperglycemic microbiomes.

scholarly journals Decomposing phylogenetic entropy into α , β and γ components

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud A. Mouchet ◽  
David Mouillot
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Species Loss ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
Abundance Distribution ◽  
Additive Decomposition ◽  
Weak Monotonicity

Measuring the phylogenetic diversity of communities has become a key issue for biogeography and conservation. However, most diversity indices that rely on interspecies phylogenetic distances may increase with species loss and thus violate the principle of weak monotonicity. Moreover, most published phylogenetic diversity indices ignore the abundance distribution along phylogenetic trees, even though lineage abundances are crucial components of biodiversity. The recently introduced concept of phylogenetic entropy overcomes these limitations, but has not been decomposed across scales, i.e. into α , β and γ components. A full understanding of mechanisms sustaining biological diversity within and between communities needs such decomposition. Here, we propose an additive decomposition framework for estimating α , β and γ components of phylogenetic entropy. Based on simulated trees, we demonstrate its robustness to phylogenetic tree shape and species richness. Our decomposition fulfils the requirements of both independence between components and weak monotonicity. Finally, our decomposition can also be adapted to the partitioning of functional diversity across different scales with the same desirable properties.

scholarly journals Pre and Probiotics Involved in the Modulation of Oral Bacterial Species: New Therapeutic Leads in Mental Disorders?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1450
Author(s):  
Yoann Maitre ◽  
Rachid Mahalli ◽  
Pierre Micheneau ◽  
Alexis Delpierre ◽  
Marie Guerin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Therapeutic Leads

This systematic review aims to identify probiotics and prebiotics for modulating oral bacterial species associated with mental disorders. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guideline, we search the electronic MEDLINE database published till January 2021 to identify the studies on probiotics and/or prebiotics for preventing and treating major oral dysbiosis that provokes mental disorders. The outcome of the search produces 374 records. After excluding non-relevant studies, 38 papers were included in the present review. While many studies suggest the potential effects of the oral microbiota on the biochemical signalling events between the oral microbiota and central nervous system, our review highlights the limited development concerning the use of prebiotics and/or probiotics in modulating oral dysbiosis potentially involved in the development of mental disorders. However, the collected studies confirm prebiotics and/or probiotics interest for a global or targeted modulation of the oral microbiome in preventing or treating mental disorders. These outcomes also offer exciting prospects for improving the oral health of people with mental disorders in the future.

scholarly journals Personal Oral Infection Control, Low Birthweight, and Preterm Births in Appalachia West Virginia: A Cross-Sectional Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Constance Wiener ◽  
Christopher Waters
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
Oral Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Powered Toothbrush

Introduction. Appalachia West Virginia has a higher prevalence of preterm and low birthweight babies than the US national prevalence. Many factors have been studied which are known to influence preterm births and low birthweight babies. There are limited interventions that are available to decrease the likelihood of preterm and low birthweight babies; however oral health and personal oral infection control may be helpful. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of limited personal oral infection control among pregnant West Virginia Appalachian women and poor birth outcomes (preterm and low birthweight babies). Methods. A secondary data analysis of data from the West Virginia Healthy Start Helping Appalachian Parents and Infants (HAPI) Project from 2005 to 2016 was conducted. The researchers determined the odds ratio of personal oral infection control with a powered toothbrush (use of the brush fewer than 13 times per week versus use of the brush 13 or more times per week) on poor birth outcomes. Results. There were 845 women who completed the oral health program within the HAPI project. In unadjusted logistic regression, women who used the powered toothbrush and brushed less frequently had greater odds of poor birth outcomes than women who brushed more frequently (odds ratio of 2.07 [1.18, 3.62] P = 0.011 for low birthweight babies; and an odds ratio of 1.78 [1.04, 3.02] P = 0.034 for preterm birth). The results remained positive but were no longer significant in adjusted analysis. Conclusion. There is a need to identify interventions that will benefit pregnant women so that their pregnancies result in healthy pregnancy outcomes.

Oral mucosal manifestations of systemic disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 175573802110451
Author(s):  
Rebecca Iles ◽  
Melanie Simms ◽  
Alistair Ledsam
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related

Disorders spanning a wide range of body systems may, directly or indirectly, impact upon the orofacial tissues. Specifically, the oral mucosa may be the first, or most severely affected site of systemic disease, posing significant implications for oral health-related quality of life. It is not uncommon for patients to present to their GP with orofacial symptoms, therefore a firm understanding of how systemic disease can manifest in this way is important. This article will discuss oral mucosal presentations of systemic disease, aiming to improve understanding and recognition of these conditions, allowing appropriate referral for investigation, diagnosis and management.

scholarly journals INTEREST GROUP SESSION—ORAL HEALTH: COGNITIVE FUNCTION, SOCIAL SUPPORT, AND ORAL HEALTH STATUS AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN THE U.S. AND ABROAD

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S349-S349
Author(s):  
Bei Wu ◽  
Stephen K Shuman ◽  
Michele Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
The U.S

Abstract There is an increasing awareness of the importance of oral health and its associated risk factors among older adults. This symposium includes four papers that address cognitive function, social support and oral health problems and symptoms among older adults in the U.S. and China. Lu and his colleagues examined the reciprocal relationship between cognitive function and complete tooth loss Chinese adults age 50+ using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal study. The results show that there is a reciprocal relationship between these two indicators. The second paper used the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago (PINE) and examined the associations between tooth/gums symptoms and changes in cognitive function in Chinese older immigrants. The results reveal that having teeth symptoms was associated with a decline in cognitive function. Using the same PINE data, the third paper examined the association between different characteristics of social relationships and the number of oral health problems among U.S. older Chinese adults. Wu and her colleagues conducted a partner-assisted pilot intervention to improve oral health for community-dwelling older adults with either mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia. The results of this 6-month intervention show that persons in the treatment group had more improvement in oral hygiene than those in the control group. Findings from these four papers illustrate that cognitive function, social support, and oral health are interrelated. This symposium highlights the importance of improving cognitive health, social support, and oral health for middle-aged and older adults.

scholarly journals Examining the association between oral health status and dementia: A nationwide nested case-controlled study

2020 ◽  
Vol 245 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW Lin ◽  
CH Chang ◽  
JL Caffrey
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Sporadic Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
National Insurance ◽  
Dental Records ◽  
Insurance Database

Alzheimer’s disease as a consequence of chronic brain inflammation mediated by infectious microbes including the oral microbiome continues to attract support. Taiwan’s National Insurance database was used to evaluate associations between dental health and Alzheimer’s disease; 209,112 new cases of Alzheimer’s disease were matched 1:4 with 836,448 dementia-free controls to test the hypothesis that better dental health would be associated with less occurrence of dementia. Ten year dental records and conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Subgroup analyses compared vascular Alzheimer’s disease and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. As the population aged, Alzheimer’s disease diagnoses were more frequent with a 10 fold upward inflection after 60. Nearly 56% of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease patients were women but less than 50% had vascular Alzheimer’s disease. Comorbidities were 10–20% higher in the Alzheimer’s disease patients than in controls, but stroke, chronic infection, and pneumonia were 40–45% more common in the vascular Alzheimer’s disease patients. Heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, peripheral artery disease, pneumonia, and herpetic disease (HSV) were all associated with higher odds of Alzheimer’s disease. HSV was not a factor in the vascular Alzheimer’s disease. Routine dental procedures tended to lower odds ratios. Root canals and extractions that restore oral homeostasis were associated with lower odds of dementia. However, when extractions exceeded four, the odds of Alzheimer’s disease rose. The fact that Alzheimer’s disease was not associated with periodontal procedures per se but with more frequent periodontal emergencies suggested again a chronic issue. Dental health costs suggest that good dental care was associated with lower odds of Alzheimer’s disease except for radiographic costs which were consistently associated with higher odds, independent of oral health. Common comorbid conditions were associated with higher odds of Alzheimer’s disease and oral health care was associated with lower odds, providing support for the hypothesis that the oral microbiome is a factor in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Impact statement This study clearly demonstrates the power and value of a nationally applied digital medical record. Longitudinal studies of gradually developing pathologies like dementia have often been limited by sample size and narrow and incomplete medical histories. The Taiwan National Insurance database provides an unparalleled opportunity for detailed analyses of associations between current medical conditions and a spectrum of prior medical and dental events. The temporal impact of the database will only become more important as the past historical record progressively expands going forward. The inclusion of dental records in assessing the relationship with subsequent dementia is very important because this information is often unavailable or dependent on subject recall. This study clearly establishes associations between a variety of suspected cardiovascular and metabolic factors and the odds of dementia. A critical outcome should include the design of targeted interventions and the subsequent assessment of their efficacy.

scholarly journals Poor oral hygiene, oral microorganisms and aspiration pneumonia risk in older people in residential aged care: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangeeta Khadka ◽  
Shahrukh Khan ◽  
Anna King ◽  
Lynette R Goldberg ◽  
Leonard Crocombe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Older People ◽  
Aspiration Pneumonia ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Oral Care ◽  
Aged Care ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Residential Aged Care ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Oral Microorganisms

Abstract Background aspiration pneumonia increases hospitalisation and mortality of older people in residential aged care. Objectives determine potentially pathogenic microorganisms in oral specimens of older people with aspiration pneumonia and the effect of professional oral care in reducing aspiration pneumonia risk. Data Sources PUBMED/MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, COCHRANE, PROQUEST, Google Scholar, Web of Science. Study Eligibility Criteria published between January 2001 and December 2019 addressing oral microorganisms, aspiration pneumonia, oral health and treatment. Participants people 60 years and older in residential aged care. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Intervention Trials checklist. Results twelve studies (four cross-sectional, five cohort and three intervention) reported colonisation of the oral cavity of older people by microorganisms commonly associated with respiratory infections. Aspiration pneumonia occurred less in people who received professional oral care compared with no such care. Isolation of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was related to mortality due to aspiration pneumonia. An interesting finding was isolation of Escherichia coli, a gut bacterium. Limitations more information may be present in publications about other co-morbidities that did not meet inclusion criteria. A high degree of heterogeneity prevented a meta-analysis. Issues included sampling size, no power and effect size calculations; different oral health assessments; how oral specimens were analysed and how aspiration pneumonia was diagnosed. Conclusions and Implications of Key Findings pathogenic microorganisms colonising the oral microbiome are associated with aspiration pneumonia in older people in residential care; professional oral hygiene care is useful in reducing aspiration pneumonia risk.

scholarly journals Oral Health Knowledge of Periodontal Disease among University Students

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bader K. Al-Zarea
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
University Students ◽  
General Health ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Oral Health Knowledge

Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate levels of oral health knowledge of periodontal disease among nondental university students.Materials and Methods. Two hundred and fifty university students (mean age 20.1 years ± 2.5) were recruited into this study. The participants completed a structured questionnaire during a personal interview. The questionnaire consisted of items to assess participants’ personal data (age, gender, level of study, and specialty) and oral heath knowledge related to periodontal disease. Statistical significance was based on probability values of less than 0.05.Results. Participants showed poor knowledge of causes, signs, symptoms, and preventive measures of gum disease. The level of study had no relationship with students’ knowledge of the initiating factors of periodontal disease (P<0.05), but had a significant relationship with the knowledge of periodontal disease’s signs, preventive measures, and relations to general health and systemic disease (P<0.05). Students from scientific disciplines had more knowledge of periodontal disease’s causes, preventive measures, and relations to general health and systemic disease (P<0.05) than those from humanity disciplines.Conclusions. There were significant differences in oral health knowledge regarding periodontal disease between students from different levels of studies and different disciplines.

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