scholarly journals TheAcinetobacter baumanniiMla system and glycerophospholipid transport to the outer membrane

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra Kamischke ◽  
Junping Fan ◽  
Julien Bergeron ◽  
Hemantha D. Kulasekara ◽  
Zachary D. Dalebroux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Outer Leaflet ◽  
Selective Permeability ◽  
Transposon Mutants

ABSTRACTThe outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria serves as a selective permeability barrier that allows entry of essential nutrients while excluding toxic compounds, including antibiotics. The OM is asymmetric and contains an outer leaflet of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or lipooligosaccharides (LOS) and an inner leaflet of glycerophospholipids (GPL). We screenedAcinetobacter baumanniitransposon mutants and identified a number of mutants with OM defects, including an ABC transporter system homologous to the Mla system inE. coli. We further show that this opportunistic, antibiotic-resistant pathogen uses this multicomponent protein complex and ATP hydrolysis at the inner membrane to promote GPL export to the OM. The broad conservation of the Mla system in Gram-negative bacteria suggests the system may play a conserved role in OM biogenesis. The importance of the Mla system toAcinetobacter baumanniiOM integrity and antibiotic sensitivity suggests that its components may serve as new antimicrobial therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals The Acinetobacter baumannii Mla system and glycerophospholipid transport to the outer membrane

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra Kamischke ◽  
Junping Fan ◽  
Julien Bergeron ◽  
Hemantha D Kulasekara ◽  
Zachary D Dalebroux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Outer Leaflet ◽  
Selective Permeability ◽  
Transposon Mutants

The outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria serves as a selective permeability barrier that allows entry of essential nutrients while excluding toxic compounds, including antibiotics. The OM is asymmetric and contains an outer leaflet of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or lipooligosaccharides (LOS) and an inner leaflet of glycerophospholipids (GPL). We screened Acinetobacter baumannii transposon mutants and identified a number of mutants with OM defects, including an ABC transporter system homologous to the Mla system in E. coli. We further show that this opportunistic, antibiotic-resistant pathogen uses this multicomponent protein complex and ATP hydrolysis at the inner membrane to promote GPL export to the OM. The broad conservation of the Mla system in Gram-negative bacteria suggests the system may play a conserved role in OM biogenesis. The importance of the Mla system to Acinetobacter baumannii OM integrity and antibiotic sensitivity suggests that its components may serve as new antimicrobial therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Mutation and Suppressor Analysis of the Essential Lipopolysaccharide Transport Protein LptA Reveals Strategies To Overcome Severe Outer Membrane Permeability Defects in Escherichia coli

2017 ◽  
Vol 200 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica A. Falchi ◽  
Elisa A. Maccagni ◽  
Simone Puccio ◽  
Clelia Peano ◽  
Cristina De Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Inner Membrane ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Outer Leaflet ◽  
Increased Sensitivity

ABSTRACTIn Gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contributes to the robust permeability barrier of the outer membrane (OM), preventing the entry of toxic molecules, such as detergents and antibiotics. LPS is transported from the inner membrane (IM) to the OM by the Lpt multiprotein machinery. Defects in LPS transport compromise LPS assembly at the OM and result in increased antibiotic sensitivity. LptA is a key component of the Lpt machine that interacts with the IM protein LptC and chaperones LPS through the periplasm. We report here the construction oflptA41, a quadruple mutant in four conserved amino acids potentially involved in LPS or LptC binding. Although viable, the mutant displays increased sensitivity to several antibiotics (bacitracin, rifampin, and novobiocin) and the detergent SDS, suggesting thatlptA41affects LPS transport. Indeed,lptA41is defective in Lpt complex assembly, and its lipid A carries modifications diagnostic of LPS transport defects. We also selected and characterized two phenotypic bacitracin-resistant suppressors oflptA41. One mutant, in which only bacitracin sensitivity is suppressed, harbors a small in-frame deletion inmlaA, which codes for an OM lipoprotein involved in maintaining OM asymmetry by reducing accumulation of phospholipids in the outer leaflet. The other mutant, in which bacitracin, rifampin, and SDS sensitivity is suppressed, harbors an additional amino acid substitution in LptA41 and a nonsense mutation inopgH, encoding a glycosyltransferase involved in periplasmic membrane-derived oligosaccharide synthesis. Characterization of the suppressor mutants highlights different strategies adopted by the cell to overcome OM defects caused by impaired LPS transport.IMPORTANCELipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major constituent of the outer membrane (OM) of most Gram-negative bacteria, forming a barrier against antibiotics. LPS is synthesized at the inner membrane (IM), transported across the periplasm, and assembled at the OM by the multiprotein Lpt complex. LptA is the periplasmic component of the Lpt complex, which bridges IM and OM and ferries LPS across the periplasm. How the cell coordinates the processes involved in OM biogenesis is not completely understood. We generated a mutant partially defective inlptAthat exhibited increased sensitivity to antibiotics and selected for suppressors of the mutant. The analysis of two independent suppressors revealed different strategies adopted by the cell to overcome defects in LPS biogenesis.

scholarly journals Robust Suppression of Lipopolysaccharide Deficiency in Acinetobacter baumannii by Growth in Minimal Medium

2019 ◽  
Vol 201 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Nagy ◽  
Richard Losick ◽  
Daniel Kahne
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Minimal Medium ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Growth Defects ◽  
Outer Leaflet ◽  
Morphological Defects ◽  
Outer Membrane Biogenesis

ABSTRACT Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is normally considered to be essential for viability in Gram-negative bacteria but can be removed in Acinetobacter baumannii. Mutant cells lacking this component of the outer membrane show growth and morphological defects. Here, we report that growth rates equivalent to the wild type can be achieved simply by propagation in minimal medium. The loss of LPS requires that cells rely on phospholipids for both leaflets of the outer membrane. We show that growth rate in the absence of LPS is not limited by nutrient availability but by the rate of outer membrane biogenesis. We hypothesize that because cells grow more slowly, outer membrane synthesis ceases to be rate limiting in minimal medium. IMPORTANCE Gram-negative bacteria are defined by their asymmetric outer membrane that consists of phospholipids on the inner leaflet and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer leaflet. LPS is essential in all but a few Gram-negative species; the reason for this differential essentiality is not well understood. One species that can survive without LPS, Acinetobacter baumannii, shows characteristic growth and morphology phenotypes. We show that these phenotypes can be suppressed under conditions of slow growth and describe how LPS loss is connected to the growth defects. In addition to better defining the challenges A. baumannii cells face in the absence of LPS, we provide a new hypothesis that may explain the species-dependent conditional essentiality.

scholarly journals Structure-guided enzymology of the lipid A acyltransferase LpxM reveals a dual activity mechanism

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (41) ◽  
pp. E6064-E6071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin Dovala ◽  
Christopher M. Rath ◽  
Qijun Hu ◽  
William S. Sawyer ◽  
Steven Shia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Outer Leaflet ◽  
Domains Of Life

Gram-negative bacteria possess a characteristic outer membrane, of which the lipid A constituent elicits a strong host immune response through the Toll-like receptor 4 complex, and acts as a component of the permeability barrier to prevent uptake of bactericidal compounds. Lipid A species comprise the bulk of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane and are produced through a multistep biosynthetic pathway conserved in most Gram-negative bacteria. The final steps in this pathway involve the secondary acylation of lipid A precursors. These are catalyzed by members of a superfamily of enzymes known as lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs), which are present in all domains of life and play important roles in diverse biological processes. To date, characterization of this clinically important class of enzymes has been limited by a lack of structural information and the availability of only low-throughput biochemical assays. In this work, we present the structure of the bacterial LPLAT protein LpxM, and we describe a high-throughput, label-free mass spectrometric assay to characterize acyltransferase enzymatic activity. Using our structure and assay, we identify an LPLAT thioesterase activity, and we provide experimental evidence to support an ordered-binding and “reset” mechanistic model for LpxM function. This work enables the interrogation of other bacterial acyltransferases’ structure–mechanism relationships, and the assay described herein provides a foundation for quantitatively characterizing the enzymology of any number of clinically relevant LPLAT proteins.

scholarly journals The Mla pathway in Acinetobacter baumannii has no demonstrable role in anterograde lipid transport

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J Powers ◽  
Brent W Simpson ◽  
M Stephen Trent
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Stringent Response ◽  
Lipid Homeostasis ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Anterograde Transport ◽  
Lipid Asymmetry ◽  
Outer Leaflet ◽  
Selective Permeability

The asymmetric outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria functions as a selective permeability barrier to the environment. Perturbations to OM lipid asymmetry sensitize the cell to antibiotics. As such, mechanisms involved in lipid asymmetry are fundamental to our understanding of OM lipid homeostasis. One such mechanism, the Maintenance of lipid asymmetry (Mla) pathway has been proposed to extract mislocalized glycerophospholipids from the outer leaflet of the OM and return them to the inner membrane (IM). Work on this pathway in Acinetobacter baumannii support conflicting models for the directionality of the Mla system being retrograde (OM to IM) or anterograde (IM to OM). Here, we show conclusively that A. baumannii mla mutants exhibit no defects in anterograde transport. Furthermore, we identify an allele of the GTPase obgE that is synthetically sick in the absence of Mla; providing another link between cell envelope homeostasis and stringent response.

scholarly journals The inner membrane protein YhdP modulates the rate of anterograde phospholipid flow in Escherichia coli

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Grimm ◽  
Handuo Shi ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Angela M. Mitchell ◽  
Ned S. Wingreen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
High Flux ◽  
Inner Membrane ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Selective Permeability ◽  
Delayed Cell Death ◽  
Inner Membrane Protein

AbstractThe outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria is a selective permeability barrier that allows uptake of nutrients while simultaneously protecting the cell from harmful compounds. The basic pathways and molecular machinery responsible for transporting lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoproteins, and β-barrel proteins to the OM have been identified, but very little is known about phospholipid (PL) transport. To identify genes capable of affecting PL transport, we screened for genetic interactions with mlaA*, a mutant in which anterograde PL transport causes the inner membrane (IM) to shrink and eventually rupture; characterization of mlaA*-mediated lysis suggested that PL transport can occur via a high-flux, diffusive flow mechanism. We found that YhdP, an IM protein involved in maintaining the OM permeability barrier, modulates the rate of PL transport during mlaA*-mediated lysis. Deletion of yhdP from mlaA* reduced the rate of IM transport to the OM by 50%, slowing shrinkage of the IM and delaying lysis. As a result, the weakened OM of ΔydhP cells was further compromised and ruptured before the IM during mlaA*-mediated death. These findings demonstrate the existence of a high-flux, diffusive pathway for PL flow in Escherichia coli that is modulated by YhdP.Significance StatementThe outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria serves as a barrier that protects cells from harmful chemical compounds, including many antibiotics. Understanding how bacteria build this barrier is an important step in engineering strategies to circumvent it. A long-standing mystery in the field is how phospholipids (PLs) are transported from the inner membrane (IM) to the OM. We previously discovered that a mutation in the gene mlaA causes rapid flow of PLs to the OM, eventually resulting in IM rupture. Here, we found that deletion of the gene yhdP delayed cell death in the mlaA mutant by slowing flow of PLs to the OM. These findings reveal a high-flux, diffusive pathway for PL transport in Gram-negative bacteria modulated by YhdP.

scholarly journals Edge-strand of BepA interacts with immature LptD on the β-barrel assembly machine to direct it to on- and off-pathways

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoji Miyazaki ◽  
Tetsuro Watanabe ◽  
Kohei Yoshitani ◽  
Yoshinori Akiyama
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Bam Complex ◽  
Selective Permeability ◽  
Assembly Pathway ◽  
On And Off Pathways

The outer membrane (OM) of gram-negative bacteria functions as a selective permeability barrier. Escherichia coli periplasmic Zn-metallopeptidase BepA contributes to the maintenance of OM integrity through its involvement in the biogenesis and degradation of LptD, a β-barrel protein component of the lipopolysaccharide translocon. BepA either promotes the maturation of LptD when it is on the normal assembly pathway (on-pathway) or degrades it when its assembly is compromised (off-pathway). BepA performs these functions probably on the β‐barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex. However, how BepA recognizes and directs an immature LptD to different pathways remains unclear. Here, we explored the interactions among BepA, LptD, and the BAM complex. We found that the interaction of the BepA edge-strand located adjacent to the active site with LptD was crucial not only for proteolysis but also, unexpectedly, for assembly promotion of LptD. Site-directed crosslinking analyses indicated that the unstructured N-terminal half of the β-barrel-forming domain of an immature LptD contacts with the BepA edge-strand. Furthermore, the C-terminal region of the β-barrel-forming domain of the BepA-bound LptD intermediate interacted with a 'seam' strand of BamA, suggesting that BepA recognized LptD assembling on the BAM complex. Our findings provide important insights into the functional mechanism of BepA.

scholarly journals Phospholipid retention in the absence of asymmetry strengthens the outer membrane permeability barrier to last-resort antibiotics

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (36) ◽  
pp. E8518-E8527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Powers ◽  
M. Stephen Trent
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Permeability ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Outer Leaflet ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Evolution Experiment ◽  
Outer Membrane Permeability

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is a critical barrier that prevents entry of noxious compounds. Integral to this functionality is the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipooligosaccharide (LOS), a molecule that is located exclusively in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane. Its lipid anchor, lipid A, is a glycolipid whose hydrophobicity and net negative charge are primarily responsible for the robustness of the membrane. Because of this, lipid A is a hallmark of Gram-negative physiology and is generally essential for survival. Rare exceptions have been described, includingAcinetobacter baumannii, which can survive in the absence of lipid A, albeit with significant growth and membrane permeability defects. Here, we show by an evolution experiment that LOS-deficientA. baumanniican rapidly improve fitness over the course of only 120 generations. We identified two factors which negatively contribute to fitness in the absence of LOS, Mla and PldA. These proteins are involved in glycerophospholipid transport (Mla) and lipid degradation (PldA); both are active only on mislocalized, surface-exposed glycerophospholipids. Elimination of these two mechanisms was sufficient to cause a drastic fitness improvement in LOS-deficientA. baumannii. The LOS-deficient double mutant grows as robustly as LOS-positive wild-type bacteria while remaining resistant to the last-resort polymyxin antibiotics. These data provide strong biological evidence for the directionality of Mla-mediated glycerophospholipid transport in Gram-negative bacteria and furthers our knowledge of asymmetry-maintenance mechanisms in the context of the outer membrane barrier.

scholarly journals TheEscherichia coliPhospholipase PldA Regulates Outer Membrane Homeostasis via Lipid Signaling

mBio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerrie L. May ◽  
Thomas J. Silhavy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Coenzyme A ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Lipid Asymmetry ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Outer Leaflet

ABSTRACTThe outer membrane (OM) bilayer of Gram-negative bacteria is biologically unique in its asymmetrical organization of lipids, with an inner leaflet composed of glycerophospholipids (PLs) and a surface-exposed outer leaflet composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This lipid organization is integral to the OM’s barrier properties. Perturbations of the outer leaflet by antimicrobial peptides or defects in LPS biosynthesis or transport to the OM cause a compensatory flipping of PLs to the outer leaflet. As a result, lipid asymmetry is disrupted and OM integrity is compromised. Recently, we identified anEscherichia colimutant that exhibits aberrant accumulation of surface PLs accompanied by a cellular increase in LPS production. Remarkably, the observed hyperproduction of LPS is PldA dependent. Here we provide evidence that the fatty acids generated by PldA at the OM are transported into the cytoplasm and simultaneously activated by thioesterification to coenzyme A (CoA) by FadD. The acyl-CoAs produced ultimately inhibit LpxC degradation by FtsH. The increased levels of LpxC, the enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step in LPS biosynthesis, increases the amount of LPS produced. Our data suggest that PldA acts as a sensor for lipid asymmetry in the OM. PldA protects the OM barrier by both degrading mislocalized PLs and generating lipid second messengers that enable long-distance signaling that prompts the cell to restore homeostasis at a distant organelle.IMPORTANCEThe outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is an effective permeability barrier that protects the cell from toxic agents, including antibiotics. Barrier defects are often manifested by phospholipids present in the outer leaflet of this membrane that take up space normally occupied by lipopolysaccharide. We have discovered a signaling mechanism that operates across the entire cell envelope used by the cell to detect these outer membrane defects. A phospholipase, PldA, that functions to degrade these mislocalized phospholipids has a second, equally important function as a sensor. The fatty acids produced by hydrolysis of the phospholipids act as second messengers to signal the cell that more lipopolysaccharide is needed. These fatty acids diffuse across the periplasm and are transported into the cytoplasm by a process that attaches coenzyme A. The acyl-CoA molecule produces signals to inhibit the degradation of the critical enzyme LpxC by the ATP-dependent protease FtsH, increasing lipopolysaccharide production.

scholarly journals Effect of Bile on the Cell Surface Permeability Barrier and Efflux System of Vibrio cholerae

2004 ◽  
Vol 186 (20) ◽  
pp. 6809-6814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpita Chatterjee ◽  
Sohini Chaudhuri ◽  
Gargi Saha ◽  
Satadeepa Gupta ◽  
Rukhsana Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Efflux System ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Outer Leaflet ◽  
Hydrophobic Compounds ◽  
Energy Dependent

ABSTRACT Gram-negative bacteria are inherently impermeable to hydrophobic compounds, due to the synergistic activity of the permeability barrier imposed by the outer membrane and energy dependent efflux systems. The gram-negative, enteric pathogen Vibrio cholerae appears to be deficient in both these activities; the outer membrane is not an effective barrier to hydrophobic permeants, presumably due to the presence of exposed phospholipids on the outer leaflet of the outer membrane, and efflux systems are at best only partially active. When V. cholerae was grown in the presence of bile, entry of hydrophobic compounds into the cells was significantly reduced. No difference was detected in the extent of exposed phospholipids on the outer leaflet of the outer membrane between cells grown in the presence or absence of bile. However, in the presence of energy uncouplers, uptake of hydrophobic probes was comparable between cells grown in the presence or absence of bile, indicating that energy-dependent efflux processes may be involved in restricting the entry of hydrophobic permeants into bile grown cells. Indeed, an efflux system(s) is essential for survival of V. cholerae in the presence of bile. Expression of acrAB, encoding an RND family efflux pump, was significantly increased in V. cholerae cells grown in vitro in the presence of bile and also in cells grown in rabbit intestine.

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