scholarly journals Behavioral response to visual motion impacts population coding in the mouse visual thalamus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Socha ◽  
Matt Whiteway ◽  
Daniel A. Butts ◽  
Vincent Bonin
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Neural Coding ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Population Coding ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
Visual Thalamus ◽  
Thalamocortical Axons ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

SummaryVisual motion is a ubiquitous component of animals’ sensory experience and its encoding is critical for navigation and movement. Yet its impact on behavior and neural coding is not well understood. Combining pupillometry with cellular calcium imaging measurements of thalamocortical axons in awake behaving mice, we examined the impact of arousal and behavioral state on encoding of visual motion in the visual thalamus. We discovered that back-to-front visual motions elicits a robust behavioral response that shapes tunings of visual thalamic responses. Consistent with an arousal mechanism, the effects were pronounced during stillness and weak or absent during locomotor activity and under anesthesia. The impact on neuronal tuning was specific, biasing population response patterns in favor of back-to-front motion. The potent influence of visual motion on behavioral state dynamically affect sensory coding at early visual processing stages. Further research is required to reveal the circuitry and function of this novel mechanism.

scholarly journals Behavioral state modulates the ON visual motion pathway of Drosophila

2017 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. E102-E111 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Strother ◽  
Shiuan-Tze Wu ◽  
Edward M. Rogers ◽  
Jessica L. M. Eliason ◽  
Allan M. Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Neural Coding ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Inhibitory Neuron ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
Primary Input ◽  
Baseline Activity ◽  
Slow Moving

The behavioral state of an animal can dynamically modulate visual processing. In flies, the behavioral state is known to alter the temporal tuning of neurons that carry visual motion information into the central brain. However, where this modulation occurs and how it tunes the properties of this neural circuit are not well understood. Here, we show that the behavioral state alters the baseline activity levels and the temporal tuning of the first directionally selective neuron in the ON motion pathway (T4) as well as its primary input neurons (Mi1, Tm3, Mi4, Mi9). These effects are especially prominent in the inhibitory neuron Mi4, and we show that central octopaminergic neurons provide input to Mi4 and increase its excitability. We further show that octopamine neurons are required for sustained behavioral responses to fast-moving, but not slow-moving, visual stimuli in walking flies. These results indicate that behavioral-state modulation acts directly on the inputs to the directionally selective neurons and supports efficient neural coding of motion stimuli.

scholarly journals Spatial specificity and inheritance of adaptation in human visual cortex

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 1211-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Larsson ◽  
Sarah J. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
Selective Adaptation ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Spatial Specificity ◽  
Fmri Adaptation ◽  
The Impact

Adaptation at early stages of sensory processing can be propagated to downstream areas. Such inherited adaptation is a potential confound for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques that use selectivity of adaptation to infer neuronal selectivity. However, the relative contributions of inherited and intrinsic adaptation at higher cortical stages, and the impact of inherited adaptation on downstream processing, remain unclear. Using fMRI, we investigated how adaptation to visual motion direction and orientation influences visually evoked responses in human V1 and extrastriate visual areas. To dissociate inherited from intrinsic adaptation, we quantified the spatial specificity of adaptation for each visual area as a measure of the receptive field sizes of the area where adaptation originated, predicting that adaptation originating in V1 should be more spatially specific than adaptation intrinsic to extrastriate visual cortex. In most extrastriate visual areas, the spatial specificity of adaptation did not differ from that in V1, suggesting that adaptation originated in V1. Only in one extrastriate area—MT—was the spatial specificity of direction-selective adaptation significantly broader than in V1, consistent with a combination of inherited V1 adaptation and intrinsic MT adaptation. Moreover, inherited adaptation effects could be both facilitatory and suppressive. These results suggest that adaptation at early visual processing stages can have widespread and profound effects on responses in extrastriate visual areas, placing important constraints on the use of fMRI adaptation techniques, while also demonstrating a general experimental strategy for systematically dissociating inherited from intrinsic adaptation by fMRI.

Population Coding with Motion Energy Filters: The Impact of Correlations

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Klam ◽  
R. S. Zemel ◽  
A. Pouget
Keyword(s):  
Neural Coding ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Population Coding ◽  
Ideal Observer ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Motion Energy ◽  
Population Codes ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
The Impact

The codes obtained from the responses of large populations of neurons are known as population codes. Several studies have shown that the amount of information conveyed by such codes, and the format of this information, is highly dependent on the pattern of correlations. However, very little is known about the impact of response correlations (as found in actual cortical circuits) on neural coding. To address this problem, we investigated the properties of population codes obtained from motion energy filters, which provide one of the best models for motion selectivity in early visual areas. It is therefore likely that the correlations that arise among energy filters also arise among motion-selective neurons. We adopted an ideal observer approach to analyze filter responses to three sets of images: noisy sine gratings, random dots kinematograms, and images of natural scenes. We report that in our model, the structure of the population code varies with the type of image. We also show that for all sets of images, correlations convey a large fraction of the information: 40% to 90% of the total information. Moreover, ignoring those correlations when decoding leads to considerable information loss—from 50% to 93%, depending on the image type. Finally we show that it is important to consider a large population of motion energy filters in order to see the impact of correlations. Study of pairs of neurons, as is often done experimentally, can underestimate the effect of correlations.

Spatial Coincidence of Intentional Actions Modulates an Implicit Visuomotor Control

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 2717-2727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naotoshi Abekawa ◽  
Hiroaki Gomi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Motor Command ◽  
The Body ◽  
Motion Sensitivity ◽  
Arm Reaching ◽  
The Impact

We investigated a visuomotor mechanism contributing to reach correction: the manual following response (MFR), which is a quick response to background visual motion that frequently occurs as a reafference when the body moves. Although several visual specificities of the MFR have been elucidated, the functional and computational mechanisms of its motor coordination remain unclear mainly because it involves complex relationships among gaze, reaching target, and visual stimuli. To directly explore how these factors interact in the MFR, we assessed the impact of spatial coincidences among gaze, arm reaching, and visual motion on the MFR. When gaze location was displaced from the reaching target with an identical visual motion kept on the retina, the amplitude of the MFR significantly decreased as displacement increased. A factorial manipulation of gaze, reaching-target, and visual motion locations showed that the response decrease is due to the spatial separation between gaze and reaching target but is not due to the spatial separation between visual motion and reaching target. Additionally, elimination of visual motion around the fovea attenuated the MFR. The effects of these spatial coincidences on the MFR are completely different from their effects on the perceptual mislocalization of targets caused by visual motion. Furthermore, we found clear differences between the modulation sensitivities of the MFR and the ocular following response to spatial mismatch between gaze and reaching locations. These results suggest that the MFR modulation observed in our experiment is not due to changes in visual interaction between target and visual motion or to modulation of motion sensitivity in early visual processing. Instead the motor command of the MFR appears to be modulated by the spatial relationship between gaze and reaching.

scholarly journals Temporal stability of stimulus representation increases along rodent visual cortical hierarchies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenio Piasini ◽  
Liviu Soltuzu ◽  
Paolo Muratore ◽  
Riccardo Caramellino ◽  
Kasper Vinken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Neural Coding ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Ventral Stream ◽  
Dynamic Stimuli ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
The Impact

AbstractCortical representations of brief, static stimuli become more invariant to identity-preserving transformations along the ventral stream. Likewise, increased invariance along the visual hierarchy should imply greater temporal persistence of temporally structured dynamic stimuli, possibly complemented by temporal broadening of neuronal receptive fields. However, such stimuli could engage adaptive and predictive processes, whose impact on neural coding dynamics is unknown. By probing the rat analog of the ventral stream with movies, we uncovered a hierarchy of temporal scales, with deeper areas encoding visual information more persistently. Furthermore, the impact of intrinsic dynamics on the stability of stimulus representations grew gradually along the hierarchy. A database of recordings from mouse showed similar trends, additionally revealing dependencies on the behavioral state. Overall, these findings show that visual representations become progressively more stable along rodent visual processing hierarchies, with an important contribution provided by intrinsic processing.

scholarly journals Intrinsic dynamics enhance temporal stability of stimulus representation along rodent visual cortical hierarchies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenio Piasini ◽  
Liviu Soltuzu ◽  
Paolo Muratore ◽  
Riccardo Caramellino ◽  
Kasper Vinken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Neural Coding ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Ventral Stream ◽  
Dynamic Stimuli ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
Predictive Processes ◽  
The Impact

SummaryAlong the ventral stream, cortical representations of brief, static stimuli become gradually more invariant to identity-preserving transformations. In the presence of long, temporally structured dynamic stimuli, higher invariance should imply temporally persistent representations at the top of this functional hierarchy. However, such stimuli could engage adaptive and predictive processes, whose impact on neural coding dynamics is unknown. By probing the rat analogue of the ventral stream with movies, we uncovered a hierarchy of temporal scales, with deeper areas encoding visual information more persistently. Furthermore, the impact of intrinsic dynamics on the stability of stimulus representations gradually grew along the hierarchy. Analysis of a large dataset of recordings from the mouse visual hierarchy yielded similar trends, revealing also their dependence on the behavioral state of the animal. Overall, these findings show that visual representations become progressively more stable along rodent visual processing hierarchies, with an important contribution provided by intrinsic processing.

scholarly journals A cross-species comparison of corticogeniculate structure and function

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. MICHAEL HASSE ◽  
FARRAN BRIGGS
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Visual Response ◽  
Species Comparison ◽  
Thalamic Neurons ◽  
Visual Neuroscience ◽  
Visual Thalamus ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross Species Comparison

AbstractThe corticogeniculate circuit is an evolutionarily conserved pathway linking the primary visual cortex with the visual thalamus in the feedback direction. While the corticogeniculate circuit is anatomically robust, the impact of corticogeniculate feedback on the visual response properties of visual thalamic neurons is subtle. Accordingly, discovering the function of corticogeniculate feedback in vision has been a particularly challenging task. In this review, the morphology, organization, physiology, and function of corticogeniculate feedback is compared across mammals commonly studied in visual neuroscience: primates, carnivores, rabbits, and rodents. Common structural and organizational motifs are present across species, including the organization of corticogeniculate feedback into parallel processing streams in highly visual mammals.

Surgery for Lung Cancer and the Consequences for the Swallow

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (13) ◽  
pp. 162-168
Author(s):  
Pippa Hales ◽  
Corinne Mossey-Gaston
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Vocal Cord Palsy ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Physiological Reserve ◽  
Palliative Phase ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Swallow Function

Lung cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers across Northern America and Europe. Treatment options offered are dependent on the type of cancer, the location of the tumor, the staging, and the overall health of the person. When surgery for lung cancer is offered, difficulty swallowing is a potential complication that can have several influencing factors. Surgical interaction with the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) can lead to unilateral vocal cord palsy, altering swallow function and safety. Understanding whether the RLN has been preserved, damaged, or sacrificed is integral to understanding the effect on the swallow and the subsequent treatment options available. There is also the risk of post-surgical reduction of physiological reserve, which can reduce the strength and function of the swallow in addition to any surgery specific complications. As lung cancer has a limited prognosis, the clinician must also factor in the palliative phase, as this can further increase the burden of an already compromised swallow. By understanding the surgery and the implications this may have for the swallow, there is the potential to reduce the impact of post-surgical complications and so improve quality of life (QOL) for people with lung cancer.

The Laryngeal Epithelium in Reflux

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Erickson-Levendoski ◽  
Mahalakshmi Sivasankar
Keyword(s):  
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Laryngeal Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

The epithelium plays a critical role in the maintenance of laryngeal health. This is evident in that laryngeal disease may result when the integrity of the epithelium is compromised by insults such as laryngopharyngeal reflux. In this article, we will review the structure and function of the laryngeal epithelium and summarize the impact of laryngopharyngeal reflux on the epithelium. Research investigating the ramifications of reflux on the epithelium has improved our understanding of laryngeal disease associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux. It further highlights the need for continued research on the laryngeal epithelium in health and disease.

Investigating Burnt Mounds in Clydesdale during Motorway Construction

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
John A Atkinson ◽  
Camilla Dickson ◽  
Jane Downes ◽  
Paul Robins ◽  
David Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Short Account ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Bronze Age

Summary Two small burnt mounds were excavated as part of the programme to mitigate the impact of motorway construction in the Crawford area. The excavations followed a research strategy designed to address questions of date and function. This paper surveys the various competing theories about burnt mounds and how the archaeological evidence was evaluated against those theories. Both sites produced radiocarbon dates from the Bronze Age and evidence to suggest that they were cooking places. In addition, a short account is presented of two further burnt mounds discovered during the construction of the motorway in Annandale.

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