scholarly journals Vertical transmission of Zika virus in orally-infected Aedes aegypti produces infectious adult progeny

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genevieve Comeau ◽  
Robert A. Zinna ◽  
Taylor Scott ◽  
Kacey Ernst ◽  
Kathleen Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Infected Mosquito ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
C 30

AbstractVertical transmission, or pathogen transfer from mother to offspring, can facilitate persistence of emerging arboviruses, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), in mosquito populations. Understanding vertical transmission and the different environmental and temporal conditions that affect it is important to assess whether new outbreaks could occur without reintroduction of the virus. To determine the rate of vertical transmission for ZIKV, Aedes aegypti females were fed on ZIKV infected blood, maintained under three temperature conditions (27°C, 30°C, and 33°C), and allowed to oviposit three times. Progeny were tested for virus presence at 3, 7, and 14 days after adult emergence. The overall vertical transmission rate was 6.5% (3.9 - 9.9). Vertical transmission was observed across all maternal temperature conditions and was detected in adult progeny as young as 3 days and as late as 14 days post-emergence. In total, 3.4% (1.6 - 6.2) of adult progeny produced saliva with detectable ZIKV, indicating their capacity to transmit ZIKV to humans. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that vertical transmission occurs from orally-infected female Aedes aegypti to their adult progeny at a range of temperatures, and proof that Zika virus can persist in the saliva of those progeny throughout their lifetimes. These results suggest that the virus may be maintained in Ae. aegypti populations without a vertebrate host, allowing for human infections to occur without consistent re-introductions of ZIKV.Author SummaryIn 2015, Zika virus spread to over 50 countries. However, it is not known whether the virus persisted in the outbreak areas or became locally extinct. One way mosquito-borne viruses, like Zika, could become established is by transferring directly between mosquito generations rather than circulating between mosquitoes and humans. This is known as vertical transmission, and happens when the virus infects the developing eggs of infected maternal mosquitoes. As with other mosquito-borne diseases, like dengue, in order to infect humans the virus must be present in the saliva of infected mosquito progeny during blood feeding. We found vertical transmission occurred throughout the infected mother’s reproductive lifetime and across a range of temperature conditions. Vertically infected progeny had Zika virus in their saliva as early as three days after adult emergence, implying that they could infect a person even during their first bloodmeal. Importantly, this work indicates that Zika virus could establish itself in the mosquito population even when human to mosquito transmission is not actively occurring.

scholarly journals Natural Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus in Larval Aedes aegypti Populations, Morelos, Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1477-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica Izquierdo-Suzán ◽  
Selene Zárate ◽  
Jesús Torres-Flores ◽  
Fabián Correa-Morales ◽  
Cassandra González-Acosta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Zika Virus

scholarly journals Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) in Amazonian Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Delays Egg Hatching and Larval Development of Progeny

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1739-1744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Aparecida Chaves ◽  
Ademir Bentes Vieira Junior ◽  
Karine Renata Dias Silveira ◽  
Andreia da Costa Paz ◽  
Evelyn Beatriz da Costa Vaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Immature Development ◽  
F1 Progeny ◽  
Virus Exposure

Abstract Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a globally important arbovirus and has been reported from all states of Brazil. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of an infective Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) or Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895). However, it is important to know if ZIKV transmission also occurs from Ae. aegypti through infected eggs to her offspring. Therefore, a ZIKV and dengue virus (DENV) free colony was established from eggs collected in Manaus and maintained until the third–fourth generation in order to conduct ZIKV vertical transmission (VT) experiments which used an infectious bloodmeal as the route of virus exposure. The eggs from ZIKV-infected females were allowed to hatch. The resulting F1 progeny (larvae, pupae, and adults) were quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assayed for ZIKV. The viability of ZIKV vertically transmitted to F1 progeny was evaluated by cultivation in C6/36 cells. The effects of ZIKV on immature development of Ae. aegypti was assessed and compared with noninfected mosquitoes. AmazonianAe. aegypti were highly susceptible to ZIKV infection (96.7%), and viable virus passed to their progeny via VT. Moreover, eggs from the ZIKV-infected mosquitoes had a significantly lower hatch rate and the slowest hatching. In addition, the larval development period was slower when compared to noninfected, control mosquitoes. This is the first study to illustrate VT initiated by oral infection of the parental population by using mosquitoes, which originated from the field and a ZIKV strain that is naturally circulating in-country. Additionally, this study suggests that ZIKV present in the Ae. aegypti can modify the mosquito life cycle. The data reported here suggest that VT of ZIKV to progeny from naturally infected females may have a critical epidemiological role in the dissemination and maintenance of the virus circulating in the vector.

Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus by Jiegao and Mengding Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Strains in Yunnan Province in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 664-669
Author(s):  
Chunling Zhu ◽  
Yuting Jiang ◽  
Qianghui Zhang ◽  
Jian Gao ◽  
Zhenyu Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Yunnan Province

scholarly journals Highly Efficient Vertical Transmission for Zika Virus in Aedes aegypti after Long Extrinsic Incubation Time

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menchie Manuel ◽  
Dorothée Missé ◽  
Julien Pompon
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Oral Infection ◽  
Gonotrophic Cycle ◽  
Pooled Samples ◽  
Shed Light

While the Zika virus (ZIKV) 2014–2017 pandemic has subsided, there remains active transmission. Apart from horizontal transmission to humans, the main vector Aedes aegypti can transmit the virus vertically from mother to offspring. Large variation in vertical transmission (VT) efficiency between studies indicates the influence of parameters, which remain to be characterized. To determine the roles of extrinsic incubation time and gonotrophic cycle, we deployed an experimental design that quantifies ZIKV in individual progeny and larvae. We observed an early infection of ovaries that exponentially progressed. We quantified VT rate, filial infection rate, and viral load per infected larvae at 10 days post oral infection (d.p.i.) on the second gonotrophic cycle and at 17 d.p.i. on the second and third gonotrophic cycle. As compared to previous reports that studied pooled samples, we detected a relatively high VT efficiency from 1.79% at 10 d.p.i. and second gonotrophic cycle to 66% at 17 d.p.i. and second gonotrophic cycle. At 17 d.p.i., viral load largely varied and averaged around 800 genomic RNA (gRNA) copies. Longer incubation time and fewer gonotrophic cycles promoted VT. These results shed light on the mechanism of VT, how environmental conditions favor VT, and whether VT can maintain ZIKV circulation.

scholarly journals Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

2016 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 1169-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saravanan Thangamani ◽  
Jing Huang ◽  
Charles E. Hart ◽  
Hilda Guzman ◽  
Robert B. Tesh
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Zika Virus

scholarly journals Nootkatone Is an Effective Repellent against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 386
Author(s):  
Taylor C. Clarkson ◽  
Ashley J. Janich ◽  
Irma Sanchez-Vargas ◽  
Erin D. Markle ◽  
Megan Gray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
New Orleans ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Spatial Activity ◽  
Insecticide Activity

We tested a nootkatone product for insecticide activity against the most prominent vectors of Zika virus (ZIKV), Aedes aegypti, and Aedes albopictus. We tested the permethrin-resistant (PERM-R) Vergel strain of A. aegypti and the permethrin-susceptible (PERM-S) New Orleans strain of A. aegypti to determine if insecticide resistance affected their susceptibility to nootkatone. Bottle bioassays showed that the PERM-S strain (New Orleans) was more susceptible to nootkatone than the confirmed A. aegypti permethrin-resistant (PERM-R) strain, Vergel. The A. albopictus strain ATM-NJ95 was a known PERM-S strain and Coatzacoalcos permethrin susceptibility was unknown but proved to be similar to the ATM-NJ95 PERM-S phenotype. The A. albopictus strains (ATM-NJ95 and Coatzacoalcos) were as susceptible to nootkatone as the New Orleans strain. Bottle bioassays conducted with ZIKV-infected mosquitoes showed that the New Orleans (PERM-S) strain was as susceptible to nootkatone as the mock-infected controls, but the PERM-R strain was less susceptible to nootkatone than the mock-infected controls. Repellency/irritancy and biting inhibition bioassays (RIBB) of A. aegypti determined whether the nootkatone-treated arms of three human subjects prevented uninfected A. aegypti mosquitoes from being attracted to the test subjects and blood-feeding on them. The RIBB analyses data calculated the spatial activity index (SAI) and biting inhibition factor (BI) of A. aegypti at different nootkatone concentrations and then compared the SAI and BI of existing repellency products. We concluded that nootkatone repelled mosquitoes at a rate comparable to 7% DEET or 5% picaridin and has the potential to be an efficacious repellent against adult A. aegypti mosquitoes.

scholarly journals Vector competence of Aedes aegypti and screening for differentially expressed microRNAs exposed to Zika virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunling Zhu ◽  
Yuting Jiang ◽  
Qianghui Zhang ◽  
Jian Gao ◽  
Chaojie Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Mirna Expression ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mirna Expression Profiles

Abstract Background Zika virus (ZIKV) is transmitted to humans primarily by Aedes aegypti. Previous studies on Ae. aegypti from Jiegao (JG) and Mengding (MD) in Yunnan province, China have shown that these mosquitoes are able to transmit ZIKV to their offspring through vertical transmission, indicating that these two Ae. aegypti strains pose a potential risk for ZIKV transmission. However, the vector competence of these two Ae. aegypti strains to ZIKV has not been evaluated and the molecular mechanisms influencing vector competence are still unclear. Methods Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from JG and MD were orally infected with ZIKV, and the infection rate (IR), dissemination rate (DR), transmission rate (TR) and transmission efficiency (TE) of these two mosquito strains were explored to evaluate their vector competence to ZIKV. On 2, 4 and 6 days post-infection (dpi), the small RNA profiles between ZIKV-infected and non-infected Ae. aegypti midgut and salivary gland tissues were compared to gain insights into the molecular interactions between ZIKV and Ae. aegypti. Results There were no significant differences in the IR, DR, TR and TE between the two Ae. aegypti strains (P > 0.05). However, ZIKV RNA appeared 2 days earlier in saliva of the JG strain, which indicated a higher competence of the JG strain to transmit ZIKV. Significant differences in the microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles between ZIKV-infected and non-infected Ae. aegypti were found in the 2-dpi libraries of both the midgut and salivary gland tissues from the two strains. In addition, 27 and 74 miRNAs (|log2 fold change| > 2) were selected from the miRNA expression profiles of ZIKV-infected and non-infected midgut and salivary gland tissues from the JG and MD strains, respectively. Conclusions Our results provide novel insights into the ZIKV–mosquito interactions and build a foundation for future research on how miRNAs regulate the vector competence of mosquitoes to this arbovirus. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Vertical transmission of zika virus in Aedes albopictus

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. e0008776
Author(s):  
Zetian Lai ◽  
Tengfei Zhou ◽  
Jiayong Zhou ◽  
Shuang Liu ◽  
Ye Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
Suckling Mice ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr

Background Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Aedes albopictus is an important vector of ZIKV worldwide. To date, most experiments have focused on the vertical transmission of ZIKV in Ae. aegypti, while studies on Ae. albopictus are very limited. To explore vertical transmission in Ae. albopictus, a series of laboratory studies were carried out. Methodology/Principal findings In this study, Ae. albopictus were blood-fed with ZIKV-infectious blood, and the ovaries and offspring viral infection rates were analyzed by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). ZIKV was detected in the ovaries and oviposited eggs in two gonotrophic cycles. The minimum filial egg infection rates in two gonotrophic cycles were 2.06% and 0.69%, and the effective population transmission rate was 1.87%. The hatching, pupation, and emergence rates of infected offspring were not significantly different from those of uninfected offspring, indicating that ZIKV did not prevent the offspring from completing the growth and development process. ZIKV was detected in three of thirteen C57BL/6 suckling mice bitten by ZIKV-positive F1 females, and the viremia persisted for at least seven days. Conclusions/Significance ZIKV can be vertically transmitted in Ae. albopictus via transovarial transmission. The vertical transmission rates in F1 eggs and adults were 2.06% and 1.87%, respectively. Even though the vertical transmission rates were low, the female mosquitoes infected via the congenital route horizontally transmitted ZIKV to suckling mice through bloodsucking. This is the first experimental evidence of offspring with vertically transmitted ZIKV initiating new horizontal transmission. The present study deepens the understanding of the vertical transmission of flaviviruses in Aedes mosquitoes and sheds light on the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases.

scholarly journals Zika Virus Dissemination from the Midgut of Aedes aegypti is Facilitated by Bloodmeal-Mediated Structural Modification of the Midgut Basal Lamina

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingjun Cui ◽  
DeAna G. Grant ◽  
Jingyi Lin ◽  
Xiudao Yu ◽  
Alexander W. E. Franz
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Basal Lamina ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Infected Mosquito ◽  
Pathogenic Virus ◽  
Complete Digestion ◽  
Meal Ingestion ◽  
Post Infectious

The arboviral disease cycle requires that key tissues in the arthropod vector become persistently infected with the virus. The midgut is the first organ in the mosquito that needs to be productively infected with an orally acquired virus. Following midgut infection, the virus then disseminates to secondary tissues including the salivary glands. Once these are productively infected, the mosquito is able to transmit the virus to a vertebrate host. Recently, we described the midgut dissemination pattern for chikungunya virus in Aedes aegypti. Here we assess the dissemination pattern in the same mosquito species for Zika virus (ZIKV), a human pathogenic virus belonging to the Flaviviridae. ZIKV infection of secondary tissues, indicative of dissemination from the midgut, was not observed before 72 h post infectious bloodmeal (pibm). Virion accumulation at the midgut basal lamina (BL) was only sporadic, although at 96–120 h pibm, virions were frequently observed between strands of the BL indicative of their dissemination. Our data suggest that ZIKV dissemination from the mosquito midgut occurs after digestion of the bloodmeal. Using gold-nanoparticles of 5 nm and 50 nm size, we show that meal ingestion leads to severe midgut tissue distention, causing the mesh width of the BL to remain enlarged after complete digestion of the meal. This could explain how ZIKV can exit the midgut via the BL after bloodmeal digestion. Ingestion of a subsequent, non-infectious bloodmeal five days after acquisition of an initial, dengue 4 virus containing bloodmeal resulted in an increased number of virions present in the midgut epithelium adjacent to the BL. Thus, subsequent bloodmeal ingestion by an infected mosquito may primarily stimulate de novo synthesis of virions leading to increased viral titers in the vector.

scholarly journals Evidence of vertical transmission of Zika virus in field-collected eggs of Aedes aegypti in the Brazilian Amazon

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. e0006594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiano Fernandes da Costa ◽  
Arlesson Viana da Silva ◽  
Valdinete Alves do Nascimento ◽  
Victor Costa de Souza ◽  
Dana Cristina da Silva Monteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Brazilian Amazon
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