scholarly journals Modelling predation and mortality rates from the fossil record of gastropods

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham E. Budd ◽  
Richard P. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Rate Of Success ◽  
Low Rate ◽  
Fossil Gastropods

AbstractGastropods often show signs of unsuccessful attacks by predators in the form of healed scars in their shells. As such, fossil gastropods can be taken as providing a record of predation through ge-ological time. However, interpreting the number of such scars has proved to be problematic - would a low number of scars mean a low rate of attack, or a high rate of success, for example? Here we develop a model of scar formation, and formally show that in general these two variables cannot be disambiguated without further information about population structure. Nevertheless, by making the probably reasonable assumptions that the non-predatory death rate is both constant and low, we show that it is possible to use relatively small assemblages of gastropods to produce accurate estimates of both attack and success rates, if the overall death rate can be estimated. We show in addition what sort of information would be required to solve this problem in more general cases. However, it is unlikely that it will be possible to extract the relevant information easily from the fossil record: a variety of important collection and taphonomic biases are likely to intervene to obscure the data that gastropod assemblages may yield.

scholarly journals Modeling durophagous predation and mortality rates from the fossil record of gastropods

Paleobiology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (02) ◽  
pp. 246-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham E. Budd ◽  
Richard P. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Equilibrium Distributions ◽  
Rate Of Success ◽  
Summary Data ◽  
Fossil Gastropods

AbstractGastropods often show signs of unsuccessful attacks by durophagous predators in the form of healed scars in their shells. As such, fossil gastropods can be taken as providing a record of predation through geological time. However, interpreting the number of such scars has proved to be problematic—Would a low number of scars mean a low rate of attack or a high rate of success, for example? Here we develop a model of population dynamics among individuals exposed to predation, including both lethal and nonlethal attacks. Using this model, we calculate the equilibrium distributions of ages and healed scars in the population and among fossilized specimens, based on the assumption that predation is independent of age or scar number. Based on these results, we formally show that the rates of attack and success cannot be disambiguated without further information about population structure. Nevertheless, by making the assumptions that the non-durophagous predatory death rate is both constant and low, we show that it is possible to use relatively small assemblages of gastropods to produce accurate estimates of both attack and success rates, if the overall death rate can be estimated. We consider likely violations of the assumptions in our model and what sort of information would be required to solve this problem in these more general cases. However, it is not easy to extract the relevant information from the fossil record: a variety of important biases are likely to intervene to obscure the data that gastropod assemblages may yield. Nonetheless, the model provides a theoretical framework for interpreting summary data, including for comparison between different assemblages.

Filtration Leukoreduction Followed by Pathogen-Reduction (Mirasol Treatment) Prevents Alloimmune Platelet Refractoriness in a Dog Platelet Transfusion Model

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 271-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherrill J. Slichter ◽  
Esther Pellham ◽  
S. Lawrence Bailey ◽  
Todd Christoffel
Keyword(s):  
Research Funding ◽  
Platelet Transfusion ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Combined Approach ◽  
Blood Products ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Dog Model ◽  
Pathogen Reduction ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Rate Of Success

Abstract Abstract 271 Background: The largest transfusion (tx) trial to evaluate methods of preventing platelet (plt) alloimmunization (TRAP Trial; NEJM 1997;337:1861) demonstrated residual alloimmunization rates of 17% to 21% in AML patients (pts) undergoing induction chemotherapy despite receiving either filter-leukoreduced (F-LR) or UV-B irradiated (UV-BI) blood products, respectively. Our pre-clinical dog plt tx studies, the basis for testing UV-BI in the TRAP Trial, demonstrated this model was able to predict pt results; i.e., prevention of alloimmunization was 45% in the dog but 79% in pts. The greater effectiveness in pts was probably because they had chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression compared to the immunocompetent dogs. Our current dog plt tx studies have focused on evaluating F-LR to remove antigen-presenting WBCs (APCs) or pathogen-reduction (PRT) (Mirasol treatment) to inactivate APCs. Methods: For pts, plts are obtained using either apheresis procedures or as plt concentrates prepared from whole blood (WB). To re-duplicate these types of plts in our dog model, we prepared plt-rich-plasma (PRP) from WB which would be equivalent to non-leukoreduced apheresis plts. The PRP was then either unmodified, F-LR, PRT, or the treatments were combined. Because the success rates were very poor with the single treatments of PRP (see table), the WB studies evaluated only combined F-LR and PRT treatments. In clinical practice, the treated WB would then be used to prepare a plt concentrate. The WB studies assessed either PRT of the WB followed by F-LR of PRP made from the WB or, conversely, F-LR of the WB using a plt-sparing filter (Terumo Immuflex WB-SP) followed by PRT of the WB and then preparation of PRP. After completion of all treatments, PRP from each study was centrifuged to prepare a plt concentrate, the plts were radiolabeled with 51Cr, injected into a recipient, and samples were drawn from the recipient to determine recovery and survival of the donor's (dnr's) plts. Dnr and recipient pairs were selected to be DLA-DRB incompatible and crossmatch-negative. Eight weekly dnr plt txs were given to the same recipient or until the recipient became refractory to the dnr's plts defined as ≤5% of the dnr's plts still circulating in the recipient at 24-hours post-tx following 2 sequential txs. Results: The table shows the percent of recipients who accepted 8 weeks of dnr plts and the total number of dnr plts and WBC injected. Using either filter, there was equal reduction in WBCs to 105/tx. Acceptance of unmodified dnr plts was 1/7 recipients (14%), PRT 1/8 recipients (13%), PL1-B filter 1/5 recipients (20%), and PLS-5A filter 4/6 recipients (66%). None of these differences were statistically significant. In contrast, combining F-LR of the PRP followed by PRT of the PRP was effective in 21/22 recipients (95%), regardless of the filter used. WB studies showed dnr plts were accepted by 2/5 recipients (40%) when WB was first treated with PRT followed by F-LR of the PRP made from the WB. Conversely, if the WB was first F-LR followed by PRT of the WB, 5/6 (83%) accepted dnr plts; more of these studies are in progress. Data are given as average ±1 S.D. Conclusions: F-LR of PRP or WB followed by PRT of the same PRP or WB is highly-effective in preventing alloimmune plt refractoriness in our dog plt tx model. These data suggest that most of the APCs must be removed by filtration before PRT can eliminate the activity of any residual APCs. Based on the high rate of success of this combined approach in our immunocompetent dog model, similar results should be achieved in pts even those who are not immunocompetent as were the AML pts receiving chemotherapy in the TRAP Trial. Disclosures: Slichter: Terumo BCT: Research Funding.

scholarly journals INOVASI PELAYANAN KESEHATAN ‘BUMIL RISTI’ SEBAGAI UPAYA MENURUNKAN ANGKA KEMATIAN IBU DAN BAYI DI PUSKESMAS SEMPU KECAMATAN SEMPU KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Yusticia Tria Parwita
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Service Innovation ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Research Findings

Abstract This paper aims to describe the innovation of public services in the health sector through the Bumil Risti program at the Sempu Health Center, Sempu District, Banyuwangi Regency. Puskesmas Sempu face a problem, namely the high rate of maternal and infant mortality in Banyuwangi. The high mortality rate in this region occurs due to the slow service of pregnant women. Puskesmas Sempu create innovations in their services to be able to overcome the problems that are in the spotlight. The research findings show that the Bumil Risti service innovation carried out by Puskesmas Sempu is effective and efficient in reducing maternal and infant mortality rates in its operational areas. Innovations are made by providing services that end access, which can be obtained inside and outside the health center. By implementing this innovation, Puskesmas Sempu succeeded in eliminating the death rate in 2014 and 2015.Keywords: Innovation, Public Service, Bumil RistiAbstrak Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan inovasi pelayanan publik dibidang kesehatan melalui program Bumil Risti di Puskesmas Sempu, Kecamatan Sempu, Kabupaten Banyuwangi. Puskesmas Sempu menghadapi masalah yaitu tingginya jumlah angka kematian ibu dan bayi tertinggi di Banyuwangi. Tingginya angka kematian di wilayah ini terjadi karena lambatnya pelayanan ibu hamil. Puskesmas Sempu menciptakan inovasi dalam layanan mereka untuk dapat mengatasi masalah yang menjadi sorotan. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa inovasi layanan Bumil Risti yang dilakukan oleh Puskesmas Sempu efektif dan efisien dalam menurunkan angka kematian ibu dan bayi di wilayah operasinya. Inovasi yang dilakukan dengan memberikan pelayanan yang menekankan kemudahan akses, yang dapat diperoleh di dalam dan di luar pusat kesehatan. Dengan menerapkan inovasi ini, Puskesmas Sempu berhasil meniadakan tingkat kematian pada tahun 2014 dan 2015.Kata Kunci : Inovasi, Pelayanan Publik, Bumil Risti

scholarly journals Success of External Dacryocystorhinostomy in a Teaching Hospital

1970 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
Tanjila Alam
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Nasolacrimal Duct ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
External Dacryocystorhinostomy ◽  
Rate Of Success

Epiphora caused by nasolacrimal duct (NDL) obstruction is managed by surgery of dacryocystorhinostomy (OCR) is well established. Now a day OCR can be done by two ways: external OCR and endonasal OCR. There are various success rates reported by various authors. It is seen that the current laser assisted OCR is still not able to attain success over the conventional external OCR. A newer modification of dacryocystorhinostomy operation where flap anastomosis with ceiling stitch with orbicularis and subcutaneous tissue has given high rate of success. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/taj.v14i2.8391 TAJ 2001; 14(2): 78-80

A Note on Groove Depth Changes Without Wear

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-12
Author(s):  
F. C. Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Groove Depth ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Weight Loss Method ◽  
Loss Method ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Low Rate

Abstract Tread wear rates during first wear measured by groove depth and weight changes do not always agree. Sometimes, the groove depth method shows a high rate and the weight loss method a low rate. Reported here are experiments designed to determine if grooves show depth changes without wear. Four tires were measured before mounting on a wheel, after mounting and inflation, and after inflation and storage. The mounted and inflated tires showed shallower shoulder grooves and deeper center grooves than the unmounted tires. In a second experiment, tires were measured immediately after a tread wear test and then stored mounted for two weeks before remeasuring. Each groove became deeper, and there was no change in the crown radius of any tire.

Socio Demographic and Clinical Profile of Indoor Female Patients of RINPAS

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Rajni Suri ◽  
Anshu Suri ◽  
Neelam Kumari ◽  
Amool R. Singh ◽  
Manisha Kiran
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Cross Sectional

The role of women is very crucial in our society. She cares for her parents, partner, children and other relatives. She performs all types of duties in family and also in the society without any expectations. Because of playing many roles, women often face many challenges in their life including both physical and mental. Mental health problems affect women and men equally, but some problems are more common among women including both physical and mental health problems. Aim of the study - The present study is aimed to describe and compare the clinical and socio-demographic correlates of female mentally ill patients. Methods and Materials: The study includes 180 female mentally ill patients based on cross sectional design and the sample for the study was drawn purposively. A semi structured socio-demographic data sheet was prepared to collect relevant information as per the need of the study. Result: The present study reveals that the socio-demographic factors contribute a vital role in mental illness. Findings also showed that majority of patients had mental problems in the age range of 20-30 have high rate. Illiterate and primary level of education and daily wage working women as well as low and middle socio-economic status women are more prone to have mental illness. Other factors like marital status, type of family and religion etc also important factors for mental illness. Keywords: Socio demographic profile, female, psychiatric patient

scholarly journals A birth population-based survey of preterm morbidity and mortality by gestational age

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Guo ◽  
Xiaoqiong Li ◽  
Tingting Qi ◽  
Zhaojun Pan ◽  
Xiaoqin Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Hospital Death

Abstract Background Despite 15–17 millions of annual births in China, there is a paucity of information on prevalence and outcome of preterm birth. We characterized the outcome of preterm births and hospitalized preterm infants by gestational age (GA) in Huai’an in 2015, an emerging prefectural region of China. Methods Of 59,245 regional total births, clinical data on 2651 preterm births and 1941 hospitalized preterm neonates were extracted from Huai’an Women and Children’s Hospital (HWCH) and non-HWCH hospitals in 2018–2020. Preterm prevalence, morbidity and mortality rates were characterized and compared by hospital categories and GA spectra. Death risks of preterm births and hospitalized preterm infants in the whole region were analyzed with multivariable Poisson regression. Results The prevalence of extreme, very, moderate, late and total preterm of the regional total births were 0.14, 0.53, 0.72, 3.08 and 4.47%, with GA-specific neonatal mortality rates being 44.4, 15.8, 3.7, 1.5 and 4.3%, respectively. There were 1025 (52.8% of whole region) preterm admissions in HWCH, with significantly lower in-hospital death rate of inborn (33 of 802, 4.1%) than out-born (23 of 223, 10.3%) infants. Compared to non-HWCH, three-fold more neonates in HWCH were under critical care with higher death rate, including most extremely preterm infants. Significantly all-death risks were found for the total preterm births in birth weight <  1000 g, GA < 32 weeks, amniotic fluid contamination, Apgar-5 min < 7, and birth defects. For the hospitalized preterm infants, significantly in-hospital death risks were found in out-born of HWCH, GA < 32 weeks, birth weight <  1000 g, Apgar-5 min < 7, birth defects, respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis and ventilation, whereas born in HWCH, antenatal glucocorticoids, cesarean delivery and surfactant use decreased the death risks. Conclusions The integrated data revealed the prevalence, GA-specific morbidity and mortality rate of total preterm births and their hospitalization, demonstrating the efficiency of leading referral center and whole regional perinatal-neonatal network in China. The concept and protocol should be validated in further studies for prevention of preterm birth.

scholarly journals Combining High- and Low-Rate Geodetic Data Analysis for Unveiling Rapid Magma Transfer Feeding a Sequence of Violent Summit Paroxysms at Etna in Late 2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4630
Author(s):  
Alessandro Bonforte ◽  
Flavio Cannavò ◽  
Salvatore Gambino ◽  
Francesco Guglielmino
Keyword(s):  
Ground Deformation ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Rate Data ◽  
Scale Analysis ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Magma Sources ◽  
Mt Etna ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Gnss Measurements ◽  
Low Rate

We propose a multi-temporal-scale analysis of ground deformation data using both high-rate tilt and GNSS measurements and the DInSAR and daily GNSS solutions in order to investigate a sequence of four paroxysmal episodes of the Voragine crater occurring in December 2015 at Mt. Etna (Italy). The analysis aimed at inferring the magma sources feeding a sequence of very violent eruptions, in order to understand the dynamics and to image the shallow feeding system of the volcano that enabled such a rapid magma accumulation and discharge. The high-rate data allowed us to constrain the sources responsible for the fast and violent dynamics of each paroxysm, while the cumulated deformation measured by DInSAR and daily GNSS solutions, over a period of 12 days encompassing the entire eruptive sequence, also showed the deeper part of the source involved in the considered period, where magma was stored. We defined the dynamics and rates of the magma transfer, with a middle-depth storage of gas-rich magma that charges, more or less continuously, a shallower level where magma stops temporarily, accumulating pressure due to the gas exsolution. This machine-gun-like mechanism could represent a general conceptual model for similar events at Etna and at all volcanoes.

PARAMETERS FOR DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF W ASTEW ATER TREATMENT PLANTS WITH HIGH-RATE AND LOW-RATE ACTIVATED SLUDGE TANKS

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Brands ◽  
M. Liebeskind ◽  
M. Dohmann
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Dynamic Simulation ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Yield Coefficient ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Low Rate

This study shows a comparison of important parameters for dynamic simulation concerning the highrate and low-rate activated sludge tanks of several municipal wastewater treatment plants. The parameters for the dynamic simulation of the single-stage process are quite well known, but parameters for the high-ratellow-rate activated sludge process are still missi ng, although a considerable number of wastewater treatment plants are designed and operated that way. At present any attempt to simulate their operation is restricted to the second stage due to missing data concerning growth rate, decay rate, yield coefficient and others.

scholarly journals Limited Bilateral Advancement of the Sternocostal Head of Pectoralis Major for Sternal Reconstruction: Preserving the Axillary Fold

2017 ◽  
Vol 102 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 189-195
Author(s):  
Warren M. Rozen ◽  
Ken G. W. Teo ◽  
Gausihi Sivarajah ◽  
Rafael Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Pectoralis Major ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Pectoralis Major Flap ◽  
Limited Sample ◽  
Wound Coverage ◽  
Caudal Portion ◽  
Sternal Reconstruction ◽  
The Right ◽  
Good Cosmesis ◽  
Rate Of Success

The introduction of well-vascularized flaps for infected sternotomy wound reconstruction has improved mortality rates dramatically. Multiple variations of the pectoralis major flap have been described in this context. However, unresolved limitations of this flap include poor cosmesis and problematic coverage of the inferior third of the sternotomy wound. We describe an approach to address these issues. The humeral attachments are preserved and bilateral muscles are advanced in a limited fashion. The left sternocostal head is advanced medially and rotated anticlockwise, using this portion to fill the upper half of the sternum while the caudal portion of the right pectoralis muscle is used as a turnover flap at the lower half of the wound. In all 25 patients, the anterior axillary fold was preserved bilaterally and the infection completely resolved. Complications included 3 cases of hematoma, 2 cases of coagulopathy, and 1 late bone sequestrum (aseptic). Although the study had a limited sample size, we had a high rate of success and few complications. With the preservation of bilateral axillary folds, good cosmesis, and adequate wound coverage, we recommend this modification of the pectoralis major flap in even complicated cases of mediastinitis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document